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authorMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
committerMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
commit80ec1decc49c72efec2a8b87c06245c92c0ab807 (patch)
treee3b229aa94e8dcf0590f2317664176e7b8f7607b /src/core/platform
parent65f86e8f56267192d42f2b629fc6b0c99fb9cd0c (diff)
New upstream version 1.29.90 upstream/1.29.90
Diffstat (limited to 'src/core/platform')
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/linux/nl802154.h450
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.c1403
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.h28
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c9696
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.h30
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-platform-private.h29
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-platform.c8966
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-platform.h2372
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nmp-object.c3457
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nmp-object.h1140
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.c808
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.h53
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/meson.build43
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/monitor.c78
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-address.c465
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-cleanup.c188
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c2731
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-common.h619
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-link.c3823
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-nmp-object.c617
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-platform-general.c772
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-route.c1926
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-tc.c222
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.c909
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h29
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-private.h66
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.c836
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h28
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.c211
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h74
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.c286
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h37
32 files changed, 42392 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/core/platform/linux/nl802154.h b/src/core/platform/linux/nl802154.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c21bd079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/linux/nl802154.h
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+#ifndef __NL802154_H
+#define __NL802154_H
+/*
+ * 802.15.4 netlink interface public header
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Alexander Aring <aar@pengutronix.de>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#define NL802154_GENL_NAME "nl802154"
+
+enum nl802154_commands {
+    /* don't change the order or add anything between, this is ABI! */
+    /* currently we don't shipping this file via uapi, ignore the above one */
+    NL802154_CMD_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_WPAN_PHY, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_WPAN_PHY,
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_WPAN_PHY,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_WPAN_PHY,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_INTERFACE, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_INTERFACE,
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_INTERFACE,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_INTERFACE,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_CHANNEL,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_PAN_ID,
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_SHORT_ADDR,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_TX_POWER,
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_CCA_MODE,
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_CCA_ED_LEVEL,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_MAX_FRAME_RETRIES,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_BACKOFF_EXPONENT,
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_MAX_CSMA_BACKOFFS,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_LBT_MODE,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_ACKREQ_DEFAULT,
+
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_WPAN_PHY_NETNS,
+
+/* add new commands above here */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL
+    NL802154_CMD_SET_SEC_PARAMS,
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_SEC_KEY, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_SEC_KEY,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_SEC_KEY,
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_SEC_DEV, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_SEC_DEV,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_SEC_DEV,
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_SEC_DEVKEY, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_SEC_DEVKEY,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_SEC_DEVKEY,
+    NL802154_CMD_GET_SEC_LEVEL, /* can dump */
+    NL802154_CMD_NEW_SEC_LEVEL,
+    NL802154_CMD_DEL_SEC_LEVEL,
+#endif /* CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL */
+
+    /* used to define NL802154_CMD_MAX below */
+    __NL802154_CMD_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_CMD_MAX = __NL802154_CMD_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_attrs {
+    /* don't change the order or add anything between, this is ABI! */
+    /* currently we don't shipping this file via uapi, ignore the above one */
+    NL802154_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_WPAN_PHY,
+    NL802154_ATTR_WPAN_PHY_NAME,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_IFINDEX,
+    NL802154_ATTR_IFNAME,
+    NL802154_ATTR_IFTYPE,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_WPAN_DEV,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_PAGE,
+    NL802154_ATTR_CHANNEL,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_PAN_ID,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_TX_POWER,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_CCA_MODE,
+    NL802154_ATTR_CCA_OPT,
+    NL802154_ATTR_CCA_ED_LEVEL,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_MAX_FRAME_RETRIES,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_MAX_BE,
+    NL802154_ATTR_MIN_BE,
+    NL802154_ATTR_MAX_CSMA_BACKOFFS,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_LBT_MODE,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_GENERATION,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_CHANNELS_SUPPORTED,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SUPPORTED_CHANNEL,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_EXTENDED_ADDR,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_WPAN_PHY_CAPS,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_ACKREQ_DEFAULT,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_PAD,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_PID,
+    NL802154_ATTR_NETNS_FD,
+
+/* add attributes here, update the policy in nl802154.c */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_ENABLED,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_OUT_LEVEL,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_OUT_KEY_ID,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_FRAME_COUNTER,
+
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_LEVEL,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_DEVICE,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_DEVKEY,
+    NL802154_ATTR_SEC_KEY,
+#endif /* CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL */
+
+    __NL802154_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_iftype {
+    /* for backwards compatibility TODO */
+    NL802154_IFTYPE_UNSPEC = -1,
+
+    NL802154_IFTYPE_NODE,
+    NL802154_IFTYPE_MONITOR,
+    NL802154_IFTYPE_COORD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    NUM_NL802154_IFTYPES,
+    NL802154_IFTYPE_MAX = NUM_NL802154_IFTYPES - 1
+};
+
+/**
+ * enum nl802154_wpan_phy_capability_attr - wpan phy capability attributes
+ *
+ * @__NL802154_CAP_ATTR_INVALID: attribute number 0 is reserved
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CHANNELS: a nested attribute for nl802154_channel_attr
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_TX_POWERS: a nested attribute for nl802154_wpan_phy_tx_power
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_CCA_ED_LEVEL: minimum value for cca_ed_level
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_CCA_ED_LEVEL: maxmimum value for cca_ed_level
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CCA_MODES: nl802154_cca_modes flags
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CCA_OPTS: nl802154_cca_opts flags
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_MINBE: minimum of minbe value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_MINBE: maximum of minbe value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_MAXBE: minimum of maxbe value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_MINBE: maximum of maxbe value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_CSMA_BACKOFFS: minimum of csma backoff value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_CSMA_BACKOFFS: maximum of csma backoffs value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_FRAME_RETRIES: minimum of frame retries value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_FRAME_RETRIES: maximum of frame retries value
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_IFTYPES: nl802154_iftype flags
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_LBT: nl802154_supported_bool_states flags
+ * @NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX: highest cap attribute currently defined
+ * @__NL802154_CAP_ATTR_AFTER_LAST: internal use
+ */
+enum nl802154_wpan_phy_capability_attr {
+    __NL802154_CAP_ATTR_INVALID,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_IFTYPES,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CHANNELS,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_TX_POWERS,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CCA_ED_LEVELS,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CCA_MODES,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_CCA_OPTS,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_MINBE,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_MINBE,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_MAXBE,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_MAXBE,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_CSMA_BACKOFFS,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_CSMA_BACKOFFS,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MIN_FRAME_RETRIES,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX_FRAME_RETRIES,
+
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_LBT,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_CAP_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_CAP_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_CAP_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+/**
+ * enum nl802154_cca_modes - cca modes
+ *
+ * @__NL802154_CCA_INVALID: cca mode number 0 is reserved
+ * @NL802154_CCA_ENERGY: Energy above threshold
+ * @NL802154_CCA_CARRIER: Carrier sense only
+ * @NL802154_CCA_ENERGY_CARRIER: Carrier sense with energy above threshold
+ * @NL802154_CCA_ALOHA: CCA shall always report an idle medium
+ * @NL802154_CCA_UWB_SHR: UWB preamble sense based on the SHR of a frame
+ * @NL802154_CCA_UWB_MULTIPLEXED: UWB preamble sense based on the packet with the multiplexed preamble
+ * @__NL802154_CCA_ATTR_AFTER_LAST: Internal
+ * @NL802154_CCA_ATTR_MAX: Maximum CCA attribute number
+ */
+enum nl802154_cca_modes {
+    __NL802154_CCA_INVALID,
+    NL802154_CCA_ENERGY,
+    NL802154_CCA_CARRIER,
+    NL802154_CCA_ENERGY_CARRIER,
+    NL802154_CCA_ALOHA,
+    NL802154_CCA_UWB_SHR,
+    NL802154_CCA_UWB_MULTIPLEXED,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_CCA_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_CCA_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_CCA_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+/**
+ * enum nl802154_cca_opts - additional options for cca modes
+ *
+ * @NL802154_CCA_OPT_ENERGY_CARRIER_OR: NL802154_CCA_ENERGY_CARRIER with OR
+ * @NL802154_CCA_OPT_ENERGY_CARRIER_AND: NL802154_CCA_ENERGY_CARRIER with AND
+ */
+enum nl802154_cca_opts {
+    NL802154_CCA_OPT_ENERGY_CARRIER_AND,
+    NL802154_CCA_OPT_ENERGY_CARRIER_OR,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_CCA_OPT_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_CCA_OPT_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_CCA_OPT_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+/**
+ * enum nl802154_supported_bool_states - bool states for bool capability entry
+ *
+ * @NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_FALSE: indicates to set false
+ * @NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_TRUE: indicates to set true
+ * @__NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_INVALD: reserved
+ * @NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_BOTH: indicates to set true and false
+ * @__NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_AFTER_LAST: Internal
+ * @NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_MAX: highest value for bool states
+ */
+enum nl802154_supported_bool_states {
+    NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_FALSE,
+    NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_TRUE,
+    /* to handle them in a mask */
+    __NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_INVALD,
+    NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_BOTH,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_MAX = __NL802154_SUPPORTED_BOOL_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+enum nl802154_dev_addr_modes {
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_NONE,
+    __NL802154_DEV_ADDR_INVALID,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_SHORT,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_EXTENDED,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_DEV_ADDR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_MAX = __NL802154_DEV_ADDR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_dev_addr_attrs {
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_PAN_ID,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_MODE,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_SHORT,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_EXTENDED,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_PAD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_DEV_ADDR_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_key_id_modes {
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_IMPLICIT,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_INDEX,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_INDEX_SHORT,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_INDEX_EXTENDED,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_MAX = __NL802154_KEY_ID_MODE_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_key_id_attrs {
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_MODE,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_INDEX,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_IMPLICIT,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_SOURCE_SHORT,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_SOURCE_EXTENDED,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_PAD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_KEY_ID_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_seclevels {
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_NONE,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_MIC32,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_MIC64,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_MIC128,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ENC,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ENC_MIC32,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ENC_MIC64,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ENC_MIC128,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_SECLEVEL_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_MAX = __NL802154_SECLEVEL_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_frames {
+    NL802154_FRAME_BEACON,
+    NL802154_FRAME_DATA,
+    NL802154_FRAME_ACK,
+    NL802154_FRAME_CMD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_FRAME_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_FRAME_MAX = __NL802154_FRAME_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_cmd_frames {
+    __NL802154_CMD_FRAME_INVALID,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_ASSOC_REQUEST,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_ASSOC_RESPONSE,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_DISASSOC_NOTIFY,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_DATA_REQUEST,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_PAN_ID_CONFLICT_NOTIFY,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_ORPHAN_NOTIFY,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_BEACON_REQUEST,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_COORD_REALIGNMENT,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_GTS_REQUEST,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_CMD_FRAME_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_CMD_FRAME_MAX = __NL802154_CMD_FRAME_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_seclevel_attrs {
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_LEVELS,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_FRAME,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_CMD_FRAME,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_DEV_OVERRIDE,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_SECLEVEL_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+/* TODO what is this? couldn't find in mib */
+enum {
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_IGNORE,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_RESTRICT,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_RECORD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_DEVKEY_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_MAX = __NL802154_DEVKEY_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_dev {
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_FRAME_COUNTER,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_PAN_ID,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_EXTENDED_ADDR,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_SECLEVEL_EXEMPT,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_KEY_MODE,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_PAD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_DEV_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_DEV_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_DEV_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_devkey {
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_FRAME_COUNTER,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_EXTENDED_ADDR,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_ID,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_PAD,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_DEVKEY_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+enum nl802154_key {
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_UNSPEC,
+
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_ID,
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_USAGE_FRAMES,
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_USAGE_CMDS,
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_BYTES,
+
+    /* keep last */
+    __NL802154_KEY_ATTR_AFTER_LAST,
+    NL802154_KEY_ATTR_MAX = __NL802154_KEY_ATTR_AFTER_LAST - 1
+};
+
+    #define NL802154_KEY_SIZE         16
+    #define NL802154_CMD_FRAME_NR_IDS 256
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_IEEE802154_NL802154_EXPERIMENTAL */
+
+#endif /* __NL802154_H */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.c b/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81c9f06c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-fake-platform.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform-private.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    char *           udi;
+    struct in6_addr  ip6_lladdr;
+} NMFakePlatformLink;
+
+typedef struct {
+    GHashTable *options;
+    GArray *    links;
+} NMFakePlatformPrivate;
+
+struct _NMFakePlatform {
+    NMPlatform            parent;
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate _priv;
+};
+
+struct _NMFakePlatformClass {
+    NMPlatformClass parent;
+};
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMFakePlatform, nm_fake_platform, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM)
+
+#define NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) \
+    _NM_GET_PRIVATE(self, NMFakePlatform, NM_IS_FAKE_PLATFORM, NMPlatform)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "platform-fake"
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...) _LOG(level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, platform, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define _LOG(level, domain, self, ...)                                                        \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                         \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                                                 \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                                                \
+                                                                                              \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {                                          \
+            char              __prefix[32];                                                   \
+            const char *      __p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME;                                \
+            NMPlatform *const __self     = (self);                                            \
+                                                                                              \
+            if (__self && nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(self)) {                               \
+                g_snprintf(__prefix, sizeof(__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
+                __p_prefix = __prefix;                                                        \
+            }                                                                                 \
+            _nm_log(__level,                                                                  \
+                    __domain,                                                                 \
+                    0,                                                                        \
+                    NULL,                                                                     \
+                    NULL,                                                                     \
+                    "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                                \
+                    __p_prefix _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));                            \
+        }                                                                                     \
+    }                                                                                         \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void link_changed(NMPlatform *        platform,
+                         NMFakePlatformLink *device,
+                         NMPCacheOpsType     cache_op,
+                         const NMPObject *   obj_old);
+
+static gboolean ipx_address_delete(NMPlatform *  platform,
+                                   int           addr_family,
+                                   int           ifindex,
+                                   gconstpointer addr,
+                                   const guint8 *plen,
+                                   gconstpointer peer_addr);
+
+static gboolean
+ipx_route_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int addr_family, int ifindex, const NMPObject *obj);
+
+static gboolean ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                                int             ifindex,
+                                struct in6_addr addr,
+                                guint8          plen,
+                                struct in6_addr peer_addr,
+                                guint32         lifetime,
+                                guint32         preferred,
+                                guint           flags);
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct in6_addr addr, guint8 plen);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path)                                                  \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                            \
+        const char *const _pathid = (pathid);                                                    \
+        const int         _dirfd  = (dirfd);                                                     \
+        const char *const _path   = (path);                                                      \
+                                                                                                 \
+        g_assert(_path &&_path[0]);                                                              \
+        g_assert(!strstr(_path, "/../"));                                                        \
+        if (_dirfd < 0) {                                                                        \
+            g_assert(!_pathid);                                                                  \
+            g_assert(_path[0] == '/');                                                           \
+            g_assert(g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/proc/sys/") || g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/sys/")); \
+        } else {                                                                                 \
+            g_assert_not_reached();                                                              \
+        }                                                                                        \
+    }                                                                                            \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static gboolean
+sysctl_set(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, const char *value)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(priv->options, g_strdup(path), g_strdup(value));
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static char *
+sysctl_get(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    const char *           v;
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    v = g_hash_table_lookup(priv->options, path);
+    if (!v) {
+        errno = ENOENT;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return g_strdup(v);
+}
+
+static NMFakePlatformLink *
+link_get(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    NMFakePlatformLink *   device;
+    int                    idx;
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+
+    idx = ifindex - 1;
+    if (idx >= priv->links->len)
+        goto not_found;
+
+    device = &g_array_index(priv->links, NMFakePlatformLink, idx);
+    if (!device->obj)
+        goto not_found;
+
+    g_assert(ifindex == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(device->obj)->ifindex);
+    g_assert(device->obj == nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, FALSE));
+
+    return device;
+not_found:
+    _LOGD("link not found: %d", ifindex);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+link_add_prepare(NMPlatform *platform, NMFakePlatformLink *device, NMPObject *obj_tmp)
+{
+    gboolean connected;
+
+    /* we must clear the driver, because platform cache wants to set it */
+    g_assert(obj_tmp->link.driver == g_intern_string(obj_tmp->link.driver));
+    obj_tmp->link.driver = NULL;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(obj_tmp->link.type, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND)) {
+        connected = FALSE;
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP)) {
+            NMPLookup        lookup;
+            NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+            const NMPObject *slave_candidate = NULL;
+
+            nmp_cache_iter_for_each (
+                &iter,
+                nmp_cache_lookup(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                 nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK)),
+                &slave_candidate) {
+                if (nmp_cache_link_connected_for_slave(obj_tmp->link.ifindex, slave_candidate)) {
+                    connected = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else
+        connected = NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP);
+
+    obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags = NM_FLAGS_ASSIGN(obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP, connected);
+    obj_tmp->link.connected   = connected;
+}
+
+static NMFakePlatformLink *
+link_add_pre(NMPlatform *platform,
+             const char *name,
+             NMLinkType  type,
+             const void *address,
+             size_t      address_len,
+             guint32     mtu)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    NMFakePlatformLink *   device;
+    int                    ifindex;
+    NMPObject *            o;
+    NMPlatformLink *       link;
+    gs_free char *         ip6_lladdr = NULL;
+
+    g_assert(!name || strlen(name) < IFNAMSIZ);
+
+    g_array_set_size(priv->links, priv->links->len + 1);
+    device  = &g_array_index(priv->links, NMFakePlatformLink, priv->links->len - 1);
+    ifindex = priv->links->len;
+
+    memset(device, 0, sizeof(*device));
+
+    o    = nmp_object_new_link(ifindex);
+    link = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(o);
+
+    ip6_lladdr =
+        ifindex > 0 ? g_strdup_printf("fe80::fa1e:%0x:%0x", ifindex / 256, ifindex % 256) : NULL;
+
+    link->ifindex     = name ? ifindex : 0;
+    link->type        = type;
+    link->kind        = g_intern_string(nm_link_type_to_string(type));
+    link->mtu         = mtu;
+    link->initialized = TRUE;
+    if (name)
+        strcpy(link->name, name);
+    switch (link->type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY:
+        link->n_ifi_flags = NM_FLAGS_SET(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP);
+        break;
+    default:
+        link->n_ifi_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    o->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+
+    if (address) {
+        g_assert(address_len > 0 && address_len <= sizeof(link->l_address.data));
+        memcpy(link->l_address.data, address, address_len);
+        link->l_address.len = address_len;
+    } else
+        g_assert(address_len == 0);
+
+    device->obj        = o;
+    device->ip6_lladdr = *nmtst_inet6_from_string(ip6_lladdr);
+
+    return device;
+}
+
+static int
+link_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+         NMLinkType             type,
+         const char *           name,
+         int                    parent,
+         const void *           address,
+         size_t                 address_len,
+         guint32                mtu,
+         gconstpointer          extra_data,
+         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink * device;
+    NMFakePlatformLink * device_veth             = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old      = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new      = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old_veth = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new_veth = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op_veth = NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    const char *                    veth_peer     = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                     dev_obj;
+    NMPObject *                     dev_lnk = NULL;
+
+    device = link_add_pre(platform, name, type, address, address_len, mtu);
+
+    g_assert(device);
+
+    dev_obj = (NMPObject *) device->obj;
+
+    if (parent > 0)
+        dev_obj->link.parent = parent;
+    else
+        g_assert(parent == 0);
+
+    g_assert((parent != 0) == NM_IN_SET(type, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN));
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkBridge *props = extra_data;
+
+        g_assert(props);
+
+        dev_lnk = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE, props);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH:
+        veth_peer = extra_data;
+        g_assert(veth_peer);
+        device_veth = link_add_pre(platform, veth_peer, type, NULL, 0, 0);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        g_assert(props);
+
+        dev_lnk = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN, props);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        g_assert(props);
+
+        dev_lnk = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN, props);
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        g_assert(!extra_data);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (dev_lnk)
+        dev_obj->_link.netlink.lnk = dev_lnk;
+
+    link_add_prepare(platform, device, (NMPObject *) device->obj);
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                        (NMPObject *) device->obj,
+                                        FALSE,
+                                        &obj_old,
+                                        &obj_new);
+    g_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    nmp_object_unref(device->obj);
+    device->obj = nmp_object_ref(obj_new);
+    if (veth_peer) {
+        link_add_prepare(platform, device_veth, (NMPObject *) device_veth->obj);
+        cache_op_veth = nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                                 (NMPObject *) device_veth->obj,
+                                                 FALSE,
+                                                 &obj_old_veth,
+                                                 &obj_new_veth);
+        g_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+        nmp_object_unref(device->obj);
+        device->obj = nmp_object_ref(obj_new);
+    }
+
+    if (out_link)
+        *out_link = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(device->obj);
+
+    link_changed(platform, device, cache_op, NULL);
+    if (veth_peer)
+        link_changed(platform, device_veth, cache_op_veth, NULL);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static NMFakePlatformLink *
+link_add_one(NMPlatform *platform,
+             const char *name,
+             NMLinkType  link_type,
+             void (*prepare_fcn)(NMPlatform *        platform,
+                                 NMFakePlatformLink *device,
+                                 gconstpointer       user_data),
+             gconstpointer          user_data,
+             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink * device;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+    int                             ifindex;
+
+    device = link_add_pre(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, NULL, 0, 0);
+
+    ifindex = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(device->obj)->ifindex;
+
+    if (prepare_fcn)
+        prepare_fcn(platform, device, user_data);
+
+    link_add_prepare(platform, device, (NMPObject *) device->obj);
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                        (NMPObject *) device->obj,
+                                        FALSE,
+                                        &obj_old,
+                                        &obj_new);
+    g_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    nmp_object_unref(device->obj);
+    device->obj = nmp_object_ref(obj_new);
+
+    link_changed(platform, device, cache_op, obj_old);
+
+    device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+    if (!device)
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_link, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(device->obj));
+    return device;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink * device              = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old  = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old2 = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+
+    if (!device)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    obj_old = g_steal_pointer(&device->obj);
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj_old, FALSE, FALSE, &obj_old2);
+    g_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+    g_assert(obj_old2);
+    g_assert(obj_old == obj_old2);
+
+    /* Remove addresses and routes which belong to the deleted interface */
+    ipx_address_delete(platform, AF_INET, ifindex, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    ipx_address_delete(platform, AF_INET6, ifindex, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    ipx_route_delete(platform, AF_INET, ifindex, NULL);
+    ipx_route_delete(platform, AF_INET6, ifindex, NULL);
+
+    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old2, NULL);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static void
+link_set_obj(NMPlatform *platform, NMFakePlatformLink *device, NMPObject *obj_tmp)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp_tmp   = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType           cache_op;
+
+    g_assert(device);
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(device->obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    if (!obj_tmp) {
+        obj_tmp_tmp = nmp_object_clone(device->obj, FALSE);
+        obj_tmp     = obj_tmp_tmp;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_tmp) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    link_add_prepare(platform, device, obj_tmp);
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                        obj_tmp,
+                                        FALSE,
+                                        &obj_old,
+                                        &obj_new);
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED));
+    g_assert(obj_old == device->obj);
+    g_assert(obj_new);
+
+    nmp_object_unref(device->obj);
+    device->obj = nmp_object_ref(obj_new);
+
+    link_changed(platform, device, cache_op, obj_old);
+}
+
+static void
+link_set_flags(NMPlatform *platform, NMFakePlatformLink *device, guint n_ifi_flags)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp = NULL;
+
+    g_assert(device);
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(device->obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    obj_tmp                   = nmp_object_clone(device->obj, FALSE);
+    obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags = n_ifi_flags;
+    link_set_obj(platform, device, obj_tmp);
+}
+
+static void
+link_changed(NMPlatform *        platform,
+             NMFakePlatformLink *device,
+             NMPCacheOpsType     cache_op,
+             const NMPObject *   obj_old)
+{
+    g_assert(device->obj);
+
+    g_assert(!nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                                    device->obj,
+                                                    NULL,
+                                                    NULL));
+
+    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, device->obj);
+
+    if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&device->ip6_lladdr)) {
+        if (device->obj->link.connected)
+            ip6_address_add(platform,
+                            device->obj->link.ifindex,
+                            device->ip6_lladdr,
+                            64,
+                            in6addr_any,
+                            NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                            NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                            0);
+        else
+            ip6_address_delete(platform, device->obj->link.ifindex, device->ip6_lladdr, 64);
+    }
+
+    if (device->obj->link.master) {
+        NMFakePlatformLink *master;
+
+        master = link_get(platform, device->obj->link.master);
+        link_set_obj(platform, master, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_up(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (out_no_firmware)
+        *out_no_firmware = FALSE;
+
+    if (!device) {
+        _LOGE("failure changing link: netlink error (No such device)");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    link_set_flags(platform, device, NM_FLAGS_ASSIGN(device->obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP, TRUE));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_down(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device) {
+        _LOGE("failure changing link: netlink error (No such device)");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    link_set_flags(platform, device, NM_FLAGS_UNSET(device->obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_arp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device) {
+        _LOGE("failure changing link: netlink error (No such device)");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    link_set_flags(platform, device, NM_FLAGS_UNSET(device->obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device) {
+        _LOGE("failure changing link: netlink error (No such device)");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    link_set_flags(platform, device, NM_FLAGS_SET(device->obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_address(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gconstpointer addr, size_t len)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device        = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp = NULL;
+
+    if (len == 0 || len > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX || !addr)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (!device)
+        return -NME_PL_EXISTS;
+
+    obj_tmp                     = nmp_object_clone(device->obj, FALSE);
+    obj_tmp->link.l_address.len = len;
+    memset(obj_tmp->link.l_address.data, 0, sizeof(obj_tmp->link.l_address.data));
+    memcpy(obj_tmp->link.l_address.data, addr, len);
+
+    link_set_obj(platform, device, obj_tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device        = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp = NULL;
+
+    if (!device) {
+        _LOGE("failure changing link: netlink error (No such device)");
+        return -NME_PL_EXISTS;
+    }
+
+    obj_tmp           = nmp_object_clone(device->obj, FALSE);
+    obj_tmp->link.mtu = mtu;
+    link_set_obj(platform, device, obj_tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     int         ifindex,
+                     char **     out_driver_name,
+                     char **     out_driver_version,
+                     char **     out_fw_version)
+{
+    if (out_driver_name)
+        *out_driver_name = NULL;
+    if (out_driver_version)
+        *out_driver_version = NULL;
+    if (out_fw_version)
+        *out_fw_version = NULL;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    switch (device->obj->link.type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY:
+        return FALSE;
+    default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    switch (device->obj->link.type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK:
+        return FALSE;
+    default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!device)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    switch (device->obj->link.type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK:
+        return FALSE;
+    default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_enslave(NMPlatform *platform, int master, int slave)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device        = link_get(platform, slave);
+    NMFakePlatformLink *master_device = link_get(platform, master);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(device, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master_device, FALSE);
+
+    if (device->obj->link.master != master) {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp = NULL;
+
+        obj_tmp              = nmp_object_clone(device->obj, FALSE);
+        obj_tmp->link.master = master;
+        if (NM_IN_SET(master_device->obj->link.type, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM))
+            obj_tmp->link.n_ifi_flags = NM_FLAGS_SET(device->obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP);
+        link_set_obj(platform, device, obj_tmp);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_release(NMPlatform *platform, int master_idx, int slave_idx)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *master        = link_get(platform, master_idx);
+    NMFakePlatformLink *slave         = link_get(platform, slave_idx);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_tmp = NULL;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(slave, FALSE);
+
+    if (slave->obj->link.master != master->obj->link.ifindex)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    obj_tmp              = nmp_object_clone(slave->obj, FALSE);
+    obj_tmp->link.master = 0;
+    link_set_obj(platform, slave, obj_tmp);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                 int                     ifindex,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                 gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                 gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_egress_map)
+{
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+struct infiniband_add_data {
+    int parent;
+    int p_key;
+};
+
+static void
+_infiniband_add_prepare(NMPlatform *platform, NMFakePlatformLink *device, gconstpointer user_data)
+{
+    const struct infiniband_add_data *d = user_data;
+    NMPObject *                       obj_tmp;
+    NMPObject *                       lnk;
+
+    obj_tmp = (NMPObject *) device->obj;
+
+    lnk                       = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND, NULL);
+    lnk->lnk_infiniband.p_key = d->p_key;
+    lnk->lnk_infiniband.mode  = "datagram";
+
+    obj_tmp->link.parent       = d->parent;
+    obj_tmp->_link.netlink.lnk = lnk;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                         int                    parent,
+                         int                    p_key,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *             parent_device;
+    char                             name[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const struct infiniband_add_data d = {
+        .parent = parent,
+        .p_key  = p_key,
+    };
+
+    parent_device = link_get(platform, parent);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent_device != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, parent_device->obj->link.name, p_key);
+
+    link_add_one(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, _infiniband_add_prepare, &d, out_link);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int parent, int p_key)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *parent_device;
+    gs_free char *      name = NULL;
+
+    parent_device = link_get(platform, parent);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent_device != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, parent_device->obj->link.name, p_key);
+    return link_delete(platform, nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(platform, name));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformLink *device = link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(device, FALSE);
+
+    if (device->obj->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (caps) {
+        *caps = (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP40 | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP104
+                 | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP
+                 | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_AP
+                 | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_ADHOC);
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_bssid(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint8 *bssid)
+{
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+wifi_get_quality(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_get_rate(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    ;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    return freqs[0];
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean running)
+{}
+
+static guint32
+mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
+{
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+ipx_address_add(NMPlatform *platform, int addr_family, const NMPlatformObject *address)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType           cache_op;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCache *                      cache   = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(addr_family == AF_INET ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS
+                                                : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                         address);
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj, FALSE, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                int         ifindex,
+                in_addr_t   addr,
+                guint8      plen,
+                in_addr_t   peer_addr,
+                in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                guint32     lifetime,
+                guint32     preferred,
+                guint32     flags,
+                const char *label)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP4Address address;
+
+    address = (NMPlatformIP4Address){
+        .addr_source               = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_KERNEL,
+        .ifindex                   = ifindex,
+        .address                   = addr,
+        .plen                      = plen,
+        .peer_address              = peer_addr,
+        .broadcast_address         = broadcast_address,
+        .use_ip4_broadcast_address = TRUE,
+        .timestamp                 = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec(),
+        .lifetime                  = lifetime,
+        .preferred                 = preferred,
+        .n_ifa_flags               = flags,
+    };
+    if (label)
+        g_strlcpy(address.label, label, sizeof(address.label));
+
+    return ipx_address_add(platform, AF_INET, (const NMPlatformObject *) &address);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                int             ifindex,
+                struct in6_addr addr,
+                guint8          plen,
+                struct in6_addr peer_addr,
+                guint32         lifetime,
+                guint32         preferred,
+                guint32         flags)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP6Address address;
+
+    memset(&address, 0, sizeof(address));
+    address.addr_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_KERNEL;
+    address.ifindex     = ifindex;
+    address.address     = addr;
+    address.peer_address =
+        (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_addr) || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&addr, &peer_addr)) ? in6addr_any
+                                                                                       : peer_addr;
+    address.plen        = plen;
+    address.timestamp   = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    address.lifetime    = lifetime;
+    address.preferred   = preferred;
+    address.n_ifa_flags = flags;
+
+    return ipx_address_add(platform, AF_INET6, (const NMPlatformObject *) &address);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ipx_address_delete(NMPlatform *  platform,
+                   int           addr_family,
+                   int           ifindex,
+                   gconstpointer addr,
+                   const guint8 *plen,
+                   gconstpointer peer_addr)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs =
+        g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    const NMPObject *o = NULL;
+    guint            i;
+    guint32          peer_addr_i;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    peer_addr_i = peer_addr ? *((guint32 *) peer_addr) : 0;
+
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter,
+                             nm_platform_lookup_object(platform,
+                                                       addr_family == AF_INET
+                                                           ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS
+                                                           : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                                                       0),
+                             &o) {
+        const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Address *address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(o);
+
+            if (address->ifindex != ifindex || (addr && address->address != *((guint32 *) addr))
+                || (plen && address->plen != *plen)
+                || (peer_addr
+                    && (((peer_addr_i ^ address->peer_address)
+                         & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(address->plen))
+                        != 0)))
+                continue;
+        } else {
+            const NMPlatformIP6Address *address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(o);
+
+            g_assert(!peer_addr);
+            if (address->ifindex != ifindex
+                || (addr && !IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&address->address, addr))
+                || (plen && address->plen != *plen))
+                continue;
+        }
+
+        if (nmp_cache_remove(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), o, TRUE, FALSE, &obj_old)
+            != NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED)
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        g_assert(obj_old);
+        g_ptr_array_add(objs, (gpointer) obj_old);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < objs->len; i++) {
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED, objs->pdata[i], NULL);
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                   int         ifindex,
+                   in_addr_t   addr,
+                   guint8      plen,
+                   in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    return ipx_address_delete(platform, AF_INET, ifindex, &addr, &plen, &peer_address);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct in6_addr addr, guint8 plen)
+{
+    return ipx_address_delete(platform, AF_INET6, ifindex, &addr, &plen, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+ipx_route_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int addr_family, int ifindex, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs =
+        g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    const NMPObject *o = NULL;
+    guint            i;
+    NMPObjectType    obj_type;
+
+    if (addr_family == AF_UNSPEC) {
+        g_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj),
+                           NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                           NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+        g_assert(ifindex == -1);
+        ifindex  = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->ifindex;
+        obj_type = NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj);
+    } else {
+        g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+        g_assert(!obj);
+        g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+        obj_type = addr_family == AF_INET ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE;
+    }
+
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, obj_type, ifindex), &o) {
+        const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+
+        if (obj) {
+            if (obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE) {
+                const NMPlatformIP4Route *route = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o);
+                const NMPlatformIP4Route *r     = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj);
+
+                if (route->network != r->network || route->plen != r->plen
+                    || route->metric != r->metric)
+                    continue;
+            } else {
+                const NMPlatformIP6Route *route = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o);
+                const NMPlatformIP6Route *r     = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj);
+
+                if (!IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&route->network, &r->network) || route->plen != r->plen
+                    || route->metric != r->metric)
+                    continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (nmp_cache_remove(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), o, TRUE, FALSE, &obj_old)
+            != NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED)
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        g_assert(obj_old);
+        g_ptr_array_add(objs, (gpointer) obj_old);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < objs->len; i++) {
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED, objs->pdata[i], NULL);
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+object_delete(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    g_assert(NM_IS_FAKE_PLATFORM(platform));
+    g_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+    return ipx_route_delete(platform, AF_UNSPEC, -1, obj);
+}
+
+static int
+ip_route_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+             NMPNlmFlags              flags,
+             int                      addr_family,
+             const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType           cache_op;
+    const NMPObject *         o                 = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old     = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new     = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_replace = NULL;
+    NMPCache *                      cache       = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+    gboolean                        has_gateway = FALSE;
+    NMPlatformIPRoute *             r           = NULL;
+    NMPlatformIP4Route *            r4          = NULL;
+    NMPlatformIP6Route *            r6          = NULL;
+    gboolean                        has_same_weak_id;
+    gboolean                        only_dirty;
+    guint16                         nlmsgflags;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(flags, NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE);
+
+    /* currently, only replace is implemented. */
+    g_assert(flags == NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(addr_family == AF_INET ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE
+                                                : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+                         (const NMPlatformObject *) route);
+    r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj);
+    nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(addr_family, r);
+
+    switch (addr_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        r4 = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj);
+        if (r4->gateway)
+            has_gateway = TRUE;
+        break;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        r6 = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&r6->gateway))
+            has_gateway = TRUE;
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    if (has_gateway) {
+        gboolean has_route_to_gw = FALSE;
+
+        nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter,
+                                 nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), 0),
+                                 &o) {
+            if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+                const NMPlatformIP4Route *item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o);
+                guint32 n = nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(item->network, item->plen);
+                guint32 g = nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(r4->gateway, item->plen);
+
+                if (r->ifindex == item->ifindex && n == g) {
+                    has_route_to_gw = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                const NMPlatformIP6Route *item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o);
+
+                if (r->ifindex == item->ifindex
+                    && nm_utils_ip6_address_same_prefix(&r6->gateway, &item->network, item->plen)) {
+                    has_route_to_gw = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!has_route_to_gw) {
+            char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+            if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+                nm_log_warn(
+                    LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                    "Fake platform: failure adding ip4-route '%d: %s/%d %d': Network Unreachable",
+                    r->ifindex,
+                    _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(r4->network, sbuf),
+                    r->plen,
+                    r->metric);
+            } else {
+                nm_log_warn(
+                    LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                    "Fake platform: failure adding ip6-route '%d: %s/%d %d': Network Unreachable",
+                    r->ifindex,
+                    _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&r6->network, sbuf),
+                    r->plen,
+                    r->metric);
+            }
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+        }
+    }
+
+    has_same_weak_id = FALSE;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (
+        &iter,
+        nm_platform_lookup_all(platform, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID, obj),
+        &o) {
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            if (nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o),
+                                          r4,
+                                          NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+                == 0)
+                continue;
+        } else {
+            if (nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o),
+                                          r6,
+                                          NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+                == 0)
+                continue;
+        }
+        has_same_weak_id = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    nlmsgflags = 0;
+    if (has_same_weak_id) {
+        switch (flags) {
+        case NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE:
+            nlmsgflags = NLM_F_REPLACE;
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* we manipulate the cache the same was as NMLinuxPlatform does it. */
+    cache_op   = nmp_cache_update_netlink_route(cache,
+                                              obj,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              nlmsgflags,
+                                              &obj_old,
+                                              &obj_new,
+                                              &obj_replace,
+                                              NULL);
+    only_dirty = FALSE;
+    if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+        if (obj_replace) {
+            const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_replace;
+
+            entry_replace = nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, obj_replace);
+            nm_assert(entry_replace && entry_replace->obj == obj_replace);
+            nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry_replace, TRUE);
+            only_dirty = TRUE;
+        }
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    }
+
+    if (obj_replace) {
+        cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(cache, obj_replace, TRUE, only_dirty, NULL);
+        if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+            nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+            nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_replace, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_fake_platform_init(NMFakePlatform *fake_platform)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(fake_platform);
+
+    priv->options = g_hash_table_new_full(nm_str_hash, g_str_equal, g_free, g_free);
+    priv->links   = g_array_new(TRUE, TRUE, sizeof(NMFakePlatformLink));
+}
+
+void
+nm_fake_platform_setup(void)
+{
+    NMPlatform *platform;
+
+    platform = g_object_new(NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM, NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR, FALSE, NULL);
+
+    nm_platform_setup(platform);
+
+    link_add(platform, NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK, "lo", 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    link_add(platform, NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET, "eth0", 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    link_add(platform, NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET, "eth1", 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    link_add(platform, NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET, "eth2", 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMFakePlatformPrivate *priv = NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(object);
+    int                    i;
+
+    g_hash_table_unref(priv->options);
+    for (i = 0; i < priv->links->len; i++) {
+        NMFakePlatformLink *device = &g_array_index(priv->links, NMFakePlatformLink, i);
+
+        nm_clear_pointer(&device->obj, nmp_object_unref);
+    }
+    g_array_unref(priv->links);
+
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_fake_platform_parent_class)->finalize(object);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_fake_platform_class_init(NMFakePlatformClass *klass)
+{
+    GObjectClass *              object_class   = G_OBJECT_CLASS(klass);
+    NMPlatformClass *           platform_class = NM_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass);
+    NMPlatformKernelSupportType kernel_support;
+
+    for (kernel_support = 0; kernel_support < _NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM; kernel_support++)
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(kernel_support, -1);
+
+    object_class->finalize = finalize;
+
+    platform_class->sysctl_set = sysctl_set;
+    platform_class->sysctl_get = sysctl_get;
+
+    platform_class->link_add    = link_add;
+    platform_class->link_delete = link_delete;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_up    = link_set_up;
+    platform_class->link_set_down  = link_set_down;
+    platform_class->link_set_arp   = link_set_arp;
+    platform_class->link_set_noarp = link_set_noarp;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_address = link_set_address;
+    platform_class->link_set_mtu     = link_set_mtu;
+
+    platform_class->link_get_driver_info = link_get_driver_info;
+
+    platform_class->link_supports_carrier_detect = link_supports_carrier_detect;
+    platform_class->link_supports_vlans          = link_supports_vlans;
+    platform_class->link_supports_sriov          = link_supports_sriov;
+
+    platform_class->link_enslave = link_enslave;
+    platform_class->link_release = link_release;
+
+    platform_class->link_vlan_change = link_vlan_change;
+
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_add    = infiniband_partition_add;
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_delete = infiniband_partition_delete;
+
+    platform_class->wifi_get_capabilities            = wifi_get_capabilities;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_bssid                   = wifi_get_bssid;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_frequency               = wifi_get_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_quality                 = wifi_get_quality;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_rate                    = wifi_get_rate;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_mode                    = wifi_get_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_mode                    = wifi_set_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_find_frequency              = wifi_find_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_indicate_addressing_running = wifi_indicate_addressing_running;
+
+    platform_class->mesh_get_channel = mesh_get_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_channel = mesh_set_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_ssid    = mesh_set_ssid;
+
+    platform_class->ip4_address_add    = ip4_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_add    = ip6_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip4_address_delete = ip4_address_delete;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_delete = ip6_address_delete;
+
+    platform_class->ip_route_add  = ip_route_add;
+    platform_class->object_delete = object_delete;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.h b/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1d44f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-fake-platform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __NETWORKMANAGER_FAKE_PLATFORM_H__
+#define __NETWORKMANAGER_FAKE_PLATFORM_H__
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+#define NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM (nm_fake_platform_get_type())
+#define NM_FAKE_PLATFORM(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM, NMFakePlatform))
+#define NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM, NMFakePlatformClass))
+#define NM_IS_FAKE_PLATFORM(obj)         (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_IS_FAKE_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_FAKE_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_FAKE_PLATFORM, NMFakePlatformClass))
+
+typedef struct _NMFakePlatform      NMFakePlatform;
+typedef struct _NMFakePlatformClass NMFakePlatformClass;
+
+GType nm_fake_platform_get_type(void);
+
+void nm_fake_platform_setup(void);
+
+#endif /* __NETWORKMANAGER_FAKE_PLATFORM_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bd42bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9696 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-linux-platform.h"
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <endian.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_bridge.h>
+#include <linux/if_link.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/if_vlan.h>
+#include <linux/ip6_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/tc_act/tc_mirred.h>
+#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <net/if_arp.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "nm-std-aux/unaligned.h"
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "nm-setting-vlan.h"
+
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-secret-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-c-list.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform-private.h"
+#include "wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h"
+#include "wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h"
+#include "wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-io-utils.h"
+#include "nm-udev-aux/nm-udev-utils.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* re-implement <linux/tc_act/tc_defact.h> to build against kernel
+ * headers that lack this. */
+
+#include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
+
+struct tc_defact {
+    tc_gen;
+};
+
+enum { TCA_DEF_UNSPEC, TCA_DEF_TM, TCA_DEF_PARMS, TCA_DEF_DATA, TCA_DEF_PAD, __TCA_DEF_MAX };
+#define TCA_DEF_MAX (__TCA_DEF_MAX - 1)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Compat with older kernels. */
+
+#define TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD 7
+#define TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT 9
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define VLAN_FLAG_MVRP 0x8
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IFQDISCSIZ 32
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef IFLA_PROMISCUITY
+    #define IFLA_PROMISCUITY 30
+#endif
+#define IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES 31
+#define IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES 32
+#define IFLA_CARRIER       33
+#define IFLA_PHYS_PORT_ID  34
+#define IFLA_LINK_NETNSID  37
+#define __IFLA_MAX         39
+
+#define IFLA_INET6_TOKEN         7
+#define IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE 8
+#define __IFLA_INET6_MAX         9
+
+#define IFLA_VLAN_PROTOCOL 5
+#define __IFLA_VLAN_MAX    6
+
+#define IFA_FLAGS 8
+#define __IFA_MAX 9
+
+#define IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS 2
+#define __IFLA_MACVLAN_MAX 3
+
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_LINK        1
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL       2
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE      3
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_TTL         4
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_TOS         5
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT 6
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO    7
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS       8
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO       9
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC    10
+#define __IFLA_IPTUN_MAX       19
+#ifndef IFLA_IPTUN_MAX
+    #define IFLA_IPTUN_MAX (__IFLA_IPTUN_MAX - 1)
+#endif
+
+#define IFLA_TUN_UNSPEC              0
+#define IFLA_TUN_OWNER               1
+#define IFLA_TUN_GROUP               2
+#define IFLA_TUN_TYPE                3
+#define IFLA_TUN_PI                  4
+#define IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR            5
+#define IFLA_TUN_PERSIST             6
+#define IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE         7
+#define IFLA_TUN_NUM_QUEUES          8
+#define IFLA_TUN_NUM_DISABLED_QUEUES 9
+#define __IFLA_TUN_MAX               10
+#define IFLA_TUN_MAX                 (__IFLA_TUN_MAX - 1)
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(RTA_MAX == (__RTA_MAX - 1));
+#define RTA_PREF 20
+#undef RTA_MAX
+#define RTA_MAX (MAX((__RTA_MAX - 1), RTA_PREF))
+
+#ifndef MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC
+    #define MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC 1
+#endif
+
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK    0x0FF00000
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT   20
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK 0x000FFFFF
+
+#define IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED 41
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Appeared in the kernel prior to 3.13 dated 19 January, 2014 */
+#ifndef ARPHRD_6LOWPAN
+    #define ARPHRD_6LOWPAN 825
+#endif
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define FRA_TUN_ID             12
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP   13
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN 14
+#define FRA_PAD                18
+#define FRA_L3MDEV             19
+#define FRA_UID_RANGE          20
+#define FRA_PROTOCOL           21
+#define FRA_IP_PROTO           22
+#define FRA_SPORT_RANGE        23
+#define FRA_DPORT_RANGE        24
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_UNSPEC         0
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_SCI            1
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PORT           2
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN        3
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE   4
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW         5
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA    6
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT        7
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT        8
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI        9
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ES             10
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_SCB            11
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT 12
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION     13
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PAD            14
+#define __IFLA_MACSEC_MAX          15
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WG_CMD_GET_DEVICE 0
+#define WG_CMD_SET_DEVICE 1
+
+#define WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS ((guint32)(1U << 0))
+
+#define WGPEER_F_REMOVE_ME          ((guint32)(1U << 0))
+#define WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS ((guint32)(1U << 1))
+
+#define WGDEVICE_A_UNSPEC      0
+#define WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX     1
+#define WGDEVICE_A_IFNAME      2
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY 3
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY  4
+#define WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS       5
+#define WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT 6
+#define WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK      7
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PEERS       8
+#define WGDEVICE_A_MAX         8
+
+#define WGPEER_A_UNSPEC                        0
+#define WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY                    1
+#define WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY                 2
+#define WGPEER_A_FLAGS                         3
+#define WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT                      4
+#define WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL 5
+#define WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME           6
+#define WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES                      7
+#define WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES                      8
+#define WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS                    9
+#define WGPEER_A_MAX                           9
+
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_UNSPEC    0
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY    1
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR    2
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK 3
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_MAX       3
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Redefine VF enums and structures that are not available on older kernels. */
+
+#define IFLA_VF_UNSPEC       0
+#define IFLA_VF_MAC          1
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN         2
+#define IFLA_VF_TX_RATE      3
+#define IFLA_VF_SPOOFCHK     4
+#define IFLA_VF_LINK_STATE   5
+#define IFLA_VF_RATE         6
+#define IFLA_VF_RSS_QUERY_EN 7
+#define IFLA_VF_STATS        8
+#define IFLA_VF_TRUST        9
+#define IFLA_VF_IB_NODE_GUID 10
+#define IFLA_VF_IB_PORT_GUID 11
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_LIST    12
+
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO_UNSPEC 0
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO        1
+
+/* valid for TRUST, SPOOFCHK, LINK_STATE, RSS_QUERY_EN */
+struct _ifla_vf_setting {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 setting;
+};
+
+struct _ifla_vf_rate {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 min_tx_rate;
+    guint32 max_tx_rate;
+};
+
+struct _ifla_vf_vlan_info {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 vlan; /* 0 - 4095, 0 disables VLAN filter */
+    guint32 qos;
+    guint16 vlan_proto; /* VLAN protocol, either 802.1Q or 802.1ad */
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Appeared in the kernel 4.0 dated April 12, 2015 */
+#ifndef BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN
+    #define BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN (1 << 3) /* VLAN is start of vlan range */
+    #define BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END   (1 << 4) /* VLAN is end of vlan range */
+#endif
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC 1000000
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum {
+    INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD,
+    INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD,
+} InfinibandAction;
+
+typedef enum {
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC,
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU,
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS,
+} ChangeLinkType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    union {
+        struct {
+            gconstpointer address;
+            gsize         length;
+        } set_address;
+    };
+} ChangeLinkData;
+
+typedef enum {
+    _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_FIRST = 0,
+
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS             = 0,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES     = 1,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES     = 2,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES        = 3,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES        = 4,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4 = 5,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6 = 6,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS            = 7,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS          = 8,
+
+    _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM,
+} RefreshAllType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPObjectType obj_type;
+
+    /* for NLM_F_DUMP, which address family to request. */
+    int addr_family;
+} RefreshAllInfo;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE = 0,
+
+#define F(val, name) ((sizeof(char[(((val)) == (name)) ? 1 : -1]) * 0) + (val))
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS             = 1 << F(0, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES     = 1 << F(1, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES     = 1 << F(2, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES        = 1 << F(3, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES        = 1 << F(4, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4 = 1
+                                                        << F(5, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6 = 1
+                                                        << F(6, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS   = 1 << F(7, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS = 1 << F(8, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS),
+#undef F
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK         = 1 << 9,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED     = 1 << 10,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK         = 1 << 11,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE = 1 << 12,
+
+    __DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL =
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL =
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX = __DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX - 1,
+} DelayedActionType;
+
+#define FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, flags_all)          \
+    for ((iflags) = (DelayedActionType) 0x1LL; ({           \
+             gboolean _good = FALSE;                        \
+                                                            \
+             nm_assert(nm_utils_is_power_of_two(iflags));   \
+                                                            \
+             while ((iflags) <= DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX) {  \
+                 if (NM_FLAGS_ANY((flags_all), (iflags))) { \
+                     _good = TRUE;                          \
+                     break;                                 \
+                 }                                          \
+                 (iflags) <<= 1;                            \
+             }                                              \
+             _good;                                         \
+         });                                                \
+         (iflags) <<= 1)
+
+typedef enum {
+    /* Negative values are errors from kernel. Add dummy member to
+     * make enum signed. */
+    _WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_SYSTEM_ERROR = G_MININT,
+
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN = 0,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_POLL,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_TIMEOUT,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_DISPOSING,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_SETNS,
+} WaitForNlResponseResult;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID                    = 0,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS = 1,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET               = 2,
+} DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32                            seq_number;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult            seq_result;
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type;
+    gint64                             timeout_abs_ns;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result;
+    char **                            out_errmsg;
+    union {
+        int *       out_refresh_all_in_progress;
+        NMPObject **out_route_get;
+        gpointer    out_data;
+    } response;
+} DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    struct nl_sock *genl;
+
+    struct nl_sock *nlh;
+
+    GSource *event_source;
+
+    guint32 nlh_seq_next;
+#if NM_MORE_LOGGING
+    guint32 nlh_seq_last_handled;
+#endif
+    guint32 nlh_seq_last_seen;
+
+    guint32 pruning[_REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM];
+
+    GHashTable *sysctl_get_prev_values;
+    CList       sysctl_list;
+
+    NMUdevClient *udev_client;
+
+    struct {
+        /* which delayed actions are scheduled, as marked in @flags.
+         * Some types have additional arguments in the fields below. */
+        DelayedActionType flags;
+
+        /* counter that a refresh all action is in progress, separated
+         * by type. */
+        int refresh_all_in_progress[_REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM];
+
+        GPtrArray *list_master_connected;
+        GPtrArray *list_refresh_link;
+        GArray *   list_wait_for_nl_response;
+
+        int is_handling;
+    } delayed_action;
+} NMLinuxPlatformPrivate;
+
+struct _NMLinuxPlatform {
+    NMPlatform             parent;
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate _priv;
+};
+
+struct _NMLinuxPlatformClass {
+    NMPlatformClass parent;
+};
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMLinuxPlatform, nm_linux_platform, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM)
+
+#define NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) \
+    _NM_GET_PRIVATE(self, NMLinuxPlatform, NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM, NMPlatform)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME             "platform-linux"
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN                  LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG2_DOMAIN                 LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)             _LOG(level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, platform, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG_err(errsv, level, ...)  _LOG_err(errsv, level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, platform, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG2(level, ...)            _LOG(level, _NMLOG2_DOMAIN, NULL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG2_err(errsv, level, ...) _LOG_err(errsv, level, _NMLOG2_DOMAIN, NULL, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define _LOG_print(__level, __domain, __errsv, self, ...)                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                          \
+    {                                                                                     \
+        char              __prefix[32];                                                   \
+        const char *      __p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME;                                \
+        NMPlatform *const __self     = (self);                                            \
+                                                                                          \
+        if (__self && nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(__self)) {                             \
+            g_snprintf(__prefix, sizeof(__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
+            __p_prefix = __prefix;                                                        \
+        }                                                                                 \
+        _nm_log(__level,                                                                  \
+                __domain,                                                                 \
+                __errsv,                                                                  \
+                NULL,                                                                     \
+                NULL,                                                                     \
+                "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                                \
+                __p_prefix _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));                            \
+    }                                                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _LOG(level, domain, self, ...)                           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                 \
+    {                                                            \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                    \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                   \
+                                                                 \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {             \
+            _LOG_print(__level, __domain, 0, self, __VA_ARGS__); \
+        }                                                        \
+    }                                                            \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _LOG_err(errsv, level, domain, self, ...)                                                   \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                    \
+    {                                                                                               \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                                                       \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                                                      \
+                                                                                                    \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {                                                \
+            int __errsv = (errsv);                                                                  \
+                                                                                                    \
+            /* The %m format specifier (GNU extension) would already allow you to specify the error
+             * message conveniently (and nm_log would get that right too). But we don't want to depend
+             * on that, so instead append the message at the end.
+             * Currently, users are expected not to use %m in the format string. */ \
+            _LOG_print(                                                                             \
+                __level,                                                                            \
+                __domain,                                                                           \
+                __errsv,                                                                            \
+                self,                                                                               \
+                _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__) ": %s (%d)" _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__),   \
+                nm_strerror_native(__errsv),                                                        \
+                __errsv);                                                                           \
+        }                                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                               \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type, gpointer user_data);
+static gboolean delayed_action_handle_all(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean read_netlink);
+static void do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name);
+static void do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type);
+static void cache_on_change(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                            NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                            const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                            const NMPObject *obj_new);
+static void cache_prune_all(NMPlatform *platform);
+static gboolean        event_handler_read_netlink(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean wait_for_acks);
+static struct nl_sock *_genl_sock(NMLinuxPlatform *platform);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result)
+{
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return (int) seq_result;
+    return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+}
+
+static const char *
+wait_for_nl_response_to_string(WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result,
+                               const char *            errmsg,
+                               char *                  buf,
+                               gsize                   buf_size)
+{
+    char *buf0 = buf;
+
+    switch (seq_result) {
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "unknown");
+        break;
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "success");
+        break;
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "failure");
+        break;
+    default:
+        if (seq_result < 0) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                                   &buf_size,
+                                   "failure %d (%s%s%s)",
+                                   -((int) seq_result),
+                                   nm_strerror_native(-((int) seq_result)),
+                                   errmsg ? " - " : "",
+                                   errmsg ?: "");
+        } else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, "internal failure %d", (int) seq_result);
+        break;
+    }
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Various utilities
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+static int
+_vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *map_a = a;
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *map_b = b;
+
+    if (map_a->from != map_b->from)
+        return map_a->from < map_b->from ? -1 : 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from_ptr(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    return _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from(*((const NMVlanQosMapping **) a),
+                                      *((const NMVlanQosMapping **) b),
+                                      NULL);
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * NMLinkType functions
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *type_string;
+
+    /* IFLA_INFO_KIND / rtnl_link_get_type() where applicable; the rtnl type
+     * should only be specified if the device type can be created without
+     * additional parameters, and if the device type can be determined from
+     * the rtnl_type.  eg, tun/tap should not be specified since both
+     * tun and tap devices use "tun", and InfiniBand should not be
+     * specified because a PKey is required at creation. Drivers set this
+     * value from their 'struct rtnl_link_ops' structure.
+     */
+    const char *rtnl_type;
+
+    /* uevent DEVTYPE where applicable, from /sys/class/net/<ifname>/uevent;
+     * drivers set this value from their SET_NETDEV_DEV() call and the
+     * 'struct device_type' name member.
+     */
+    const char *devtype;
+} LinkDesc;
+
+static const LinkDesc link_descs[] = {
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE]    = {"none", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN] = {"unknown", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_ANY]     = {"any", NULL, NULL},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET]   = {"ethernet", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND] = {"infiniband", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH]  = {"olpc-mesh", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI]       = {"wifi", NULL, "wlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET]   = {"wwan", NULL, "wwan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX]      = {"wimax", "wimax", "wimax"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN]       = {"wpan", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN]    = {"6lowpan", NULL, NULL},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP]        = {"bluetooth", NULL, "bluetooth"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY]       = {"dummy", "dummy", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE]         = {"gre", "gre", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP]      = {"gretap", "gretap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IFB]         = {"ifb", "ifb", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL]      = {"ip6tnl", "ip6tnl", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE]      = {"ip6gre", "ip6gre", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP]   = {"ip6gretap", "ip6gretap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP]        = {"ipip", "ipip", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK]    = {"loopback", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC]      = {"macsec", "macsec", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN]     = {"macvlan", "macvlan", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP]     = {"macvtap", "macvtap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH] = {"openvswitch", "openvswitch", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP]         = {"ppp", NULL, "ppp"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT]         = {"sit", "sit", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN]         = {"tun", "tun", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH]        = {"veth", "veth", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN]        = {"vlan", "vlan", "vlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF]         = {"vrf", "vrf", "vrf"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN]       = {"vxlan", "vxlan", "vxlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD]   = {"wireguard", "wireguard", "wireguard"},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE] = {"bridge", "bridge", "bridge"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND]   = {"bond", "bond", "bond"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM]   = {"team", "team", NULL},
+};
+
+static const LinkDesc *
+_link_desc_from_link_type(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(link_type));
+    nm_assert(link_type < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs));
+    nm_assert(link_descs[link_type].type_string);
+
+    return &link_descs[link_type];
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_link_type_from_rtnl_type(const char *name)
+{
+    static const NMLinkType LIST[] = {
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND,        /* "bond"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,      /* "bridge"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY,       /* "dummy"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,         /* "gre"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP,      /* "gretap"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IFB,         /* "ifb"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,      /* "ip6gre"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP,   /* "ip6gretap"   */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL,      /* "ip6tnl"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP,        /* "ipip"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC,      /* "macsec"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,     /* "macvlan"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP,     /* "macvtap"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH, /* "openvswitch" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT,         /* "sit"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM,        /* "team"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,         /* "tun"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH,        /* "veth"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,        /* "vlan"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF,         /* "vrf"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN,       /* "vxlan"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX,       /* "wimax"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD,   /* "wireguard"   */
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(name);
+
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERT_ONCE(5)) {
+        int i, j, k;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); i++) {
+            nm_assert(_link_desc_from_link_type(LIST[i]) == &link_descs[LIST[i]]);
+            nm_assert(link_descs[LIST[i]].rtnl_type);
+            if (i > 0)
+                nm_assert(strcmp(link_descs[LIST[i - 1]].rtnl_type, link_descs[LIST[i]].rtnl_type)
+                          < 0);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs); i++) {
+            if (!link_descs[i].rtnl_type)
+                continue;
+            for (j = 0, k = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); j++)
+                k += (LIST[j] == i);
+            nm_assert(k == 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        int imin = 0;
+        int imax = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1);
+        int imid = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1) / 2;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            const int cmp = strcmp(link_descs[LIST[imid]].rtnl_type, name);
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(cmp == 0))
+                return LIST[imid];
+
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                imin = imid + 1;
+            else
+                imax = imid - 1;
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(imin > imax))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+
+            imid = (imin + imax) / 2;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_link_type_from_devtype(const char *name)
+{
+    static const NMLinkType LIST[] = {
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP,      /* "bluetooth" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND,      /* "bond"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,    /* "bridge"    */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP,       /* "ppp"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,      /* "vlan"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF,       /* "vrf"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN,     /* "vxlan"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX,     /* "wimax"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, /* "wireguard" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI,      /* "wlan"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET,  /* "wwan"      */
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(name);
+
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERT_ONCE(5)) {
+        int i, j, k;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); i++) {
+            nm_assert(_link_desc_from_link_type(LIST[i]) == &link_descs[LIST[i]]);
+            nm_assert(link_descs[LIST[i]].devtype);
+            if (i > 0)
+                nm_assert(strcmp(link_descs[LIST[i - 1]].devtype, link_descs[LIST[i]].devtype) < 0);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs); i++) {
+            if (!link_descs[i].devtype)
+                continue;
+            for (j = 0, k = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); j++)
+                k += (LIST[j] == i);
+            nm_assert(k == 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        int imin = 0;
+        int imax = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1);
+        int imid = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1) / 2;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            const int cmp = strcmp(link_descs[LIST[imid]].devtype, name);
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(cmp == 0))
+                return LIST[imid];
+
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                imin = imid + 1;
+            else
+                imax = imid - 1;
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(imin > imax))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+
+            imid = (imin + imax) / 2;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+nm_link_type_to_rtnl_type_string(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    return _link_desc_from_link_type(link_type)->rtnl_type;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_link_type_to_string(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    return _link_desc_from_link_type(link_type)->type_string;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Utilities
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+/* _timestamp_nl_to_ms:
+ * @timestamp_nl: a timestamp from ifa_cacheinfo.
+ * @monotonic_ms: *now* in CLOCK_MONOTONIC. Needed to estimate the current
+ * uptime and how often timestamp_nl wrapped.
+ *
+ * Convert the timestamp from ifa_cacheinfo to CLOCK_MONOTONIC milliseconds.
+ * The ifa_cacheinfo fields tstamp and cstamp contains timestamps that counts
+ * with in 1/100th of a second of clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC). However,
+ * the uint32 counter wraps every 497 days of uptime, so we have to compensate
+ * for that. */
+static gint64
+_timestamp_nl_to_ms(guint32 timestamp_nl, gint64 monotonic_ms)
+{
+    const gint64 WRAP_INTERVAL = (((gint64) G_MAXUINT32) + 1) * (1000 / 100);
+    gint64       timestamp_nl_ms;
+
+    /* convert timestamp from 1/100th of a second to msec. */
+    timestamp_nl_ms = ((gint64) timestamp_nl) * (1000 / 100);
+
+    /* timestamp wraps every 497 days. Try to compensate for that.*/
+    if (timestamp_nl_ms > monotonic_ms) {
+        /* timestamp_nl_ms is in the future. Truncate it to *now* */
+        timestamp_nl_ms = monotonic_ms;
+    } else if (monotonic_ms >= WRAP_INTERVAL) {
+        timestamp_nl_ms += (monotonic_ms / WRAP_INTERVAL) * WRAP_INTERVAL;
+        if (timestamp_nl_ms > monotonic_ms)
+            timestamp_nl_ms -= WRAP_INTERVAL;
+    }
+
+    return timestamp_nl_ms;
+}
+
+static guint32
+_addrtime_timestamp_to_nm(guint32 timestamp, gint32 *out_now_nm)
+{
+    gint64 now_nl;
+    gint64 now_nm;
+    gint64 result;
+
+    /* timestamp is unset. Default to 1. */
+    if (!timestamp) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_now_nm, 0);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* do all the calculations in milliseconds scale */
+
+    now_nm = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+    now_nl = nm_utils_clock_gettime_msec(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+    nm_assert(now_nm >= 1000);
+    nm_assert(now_nl >= 0);
+
+    result = now_nm - (now_nl - _timestamp_nl_to_ms(timestamp, now_nl));
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_now_nm, now_nm / 1000);
+
+    /* converting the timestamp into nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() scale is
+     * a good guess but fails in the following situations:
+     *
+     * - If the address existed before start of the process, the timestamp in nm scale would
+     *   be negative or zero. In this case we default to 1.
+     * - during hibernation, the CLOCK_MONOTONIC/timestamp drifts from
+     *   nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() scale.
+     */
+    if (result <= 1000)
+        return 1;
+
+    if (result > now_nm)
+        return now_nm / 1000;
+
+    return result / 1000;
+}
+
+static guint32
+_addrtime_extend_lifetime(guint32 lifetime, guint32 seconds)
+{
+    guint64 v;
+
+    if (lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || seconds == 0)
+        return lifetime;
+
+    v = (guint64) lifetime + (guint64) seconds;
+    return MIN(v, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT - 1);
+}
+
+/* The rtnl_addr object contains relative lifetimes @valid and @preferred
+ * that count in seconds, starting from the moment when the kernel constructed
+ * the netlink message.
+ *
+ * There is also a field rtnl_addr_last_update_time(), which is the absolute
+ * time in 1/100th of a second of clock_gettime (CLOCK_MONOTONIC) when the address
+ * was modified (wrapping every 497 days).
+ * Immediately at the time when the address was last modified, #NOW and @last_update_time
+ * are the same, so (only) in that case @valid and @preferred are anchored at @last_update_time.
+ * However, this is not true in general. As time goes by, whenever kernel sends a new address
+ * via netlink, the lifetimes keep counting down.
+ **/
+static void
+_addrtime_get_lifetimes(guint32  timestamp,
+                        guint32  lifetime,
+                        guint32  preferred,
+                        guint32 *out_timestamp,
+                        guint32 *out_lifetime,
+                        guint32 *out_preferred)
+{
+    gint32 now;
+
+    if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        if (preferred > lifetime)
+            preferred = lifetime;
+        timestamp = _addrtime_timestamp_to_nm(timestamp, &now);
+
+        if (now == 0) {
+            /* strange. failed to detect the last-update time and assumed that timestamp is 1. */
+            nm_assert(timestamp == 1);
+            now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+        }
+        if (timestamp < now) {
+            guint32 diff = now - timestamp;
+
+            lifetime  = _addrtime_extend_lifetime(lifetime, diff);
+            preferred = _addrtime_extend_lifetime(preferred, diff);
+        } else
+            nm_assert(timestamp == now);
+    } else
+        timestamp = 0;
+    *out_timestamp = timestamp;
+    *out_lifetime  = lifetime;
+    *out_preferred = preferred;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_lookup_cached_link(const NMPCache *  cache,
+                    int               ifindex,
+                    gboolean *        completed_from_cache,
+                    const NMPObject **link_cached)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    nm_assert(completed_from_cache && link_cached);
+
+    if (!*completed_from_cache) {
+        obj = ifindex > 0 && cache ? nmp_cache_lookup_link(cache, ifindex) : NULL;
+
+        *link_cached          = obj;
+        *completed_from_cache = TRUE;
+    }
+    return *link_cached;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define DEVTYPE_PREFIX "DEVTYPE="
+
+static char *
+_linktype_read_devtype(int dirfd)
+{
+    gs_free char *contents = NULL;
+    char *        cont, *end;
+
+    nm_assert(dirfd >= 0);
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    "uevent",
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL))
+        return NULL;
+    for (cont = contents; cont; cont = end) {
+        end = strpbrk(cont, "\r\n");
+        if (end)
+            *end++ = '\0';
+        if (strncmp(cont, DEVTYPE_PREFIX, NM_STRLEN(DEVTYPE_PREFIX)) == 0) {
+            cont += NM_STRLEN(DEVTYPE_PREFIX);
+            memmove(contents, cont, strlen(cont) + 1);
+            return g_steal_pointer(&contents);
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_linktype_get_type(NMPlatform *      platform,
+                   const NMPCache *  cache,
+                   const char *      kind,
+                   int               ifindex,
+                   const char *      ifname,
+                   unsigned          flags,
+                   unsigned          arptype,
+                   gboolean *        completed_from_cache,
+                   const NMPObject **link_cached,
+                   const char **     out_kind)
+{
+    NMLinkType link_type;
+
+    NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT(platform);
+    nm_assert(ifname);
+    nm_assert(_link_type_from_devtype("wlan") == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI);
+    nm_assert(_link_type_from_rtnl_type("bond") == NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND);
+
+    if (completed_from_cache) {
+        const NMPObject *obj;
+
+        obj = _lookup_cached_link(cache, ifindex, completed_from_cache, link_cached);
+
+        /* If we detected the link type before, we stick to that
+         * decision unless the "kind" or "name" changed. If "name" changed,
+         * it means that their type may not have been determined correctly
+         * due to race conditions while accessing sysfs.
+         *
+         * This way, we save additional ethtool/sysctl lookups, but moreover,
+         * we keep the linktype stable and don't change it as long as the link
+         * exists.
+         *
+         * Note that kernel *can* reuse the ifindex (on integer overflow, and
+         * when moving interface to other netns). Thus here there is a tiny potential
+         * of messing stuff up. */
+        if (obj && obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+            && !NM_IN_SET(obj->link.type, NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+            && nm_streq(ifname, obj->link.name) && (!kind || nm_streq0(kind, obj->link.kind))) {
+            nm_assert(obj->link.kind == g_intern_string(obj->link.kind));
+            *out_kind = obj->link.kind;
+            return obj->link.type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* we intern kind to not require us to keep the pointer alive. Essentially
+     * leaking it in a global cache. That should be safe enough, because the
+     * kind comes only from kernel messages, which depend on the number of
+     * available drivers. So, there is not the danger that we leak uncontrolled
+     * many kinds. */
+    *out_kind = g_intern_string(kind);
+
+    if (kind) {
+        link_type = _link_type_from_rtnl_type(kind);
+        if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+            return link_type;
+    }
+
+    if (arptype == ARPHRD_LOOPBACK)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_INFINIBAND)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_SIT)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_TUNNEL6)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_PPP)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_IEEE802154)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_6LOWPAN)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN;
+
+    {
+        NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo driver_info;
+
+        /* Fallback OVS detection for kernel <= 3.16 */
+        if (nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(ifindex, &driver_info)) {
+            if (nm_streq(driver_info.driver, "openvswitch"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH;
+
+            if (arptype == 256) {
+                /* Some s390 CTC-type devices report 256 for the encapsulation type
+                 * for some reason, but we need to call them Ethernet.
+                 */
+                if (nm_streq(driver_info.driver, "ctcm"))
+                    return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        nm_auto_close int dirfd   = -1;
+        gs_free char *    devtype = NULL;
+        char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+        dirfd = nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir(ifindex, ifname, ifname_verified);
+        if (dirfd >= 0) {
+            if (faccessat(dirfd, "anycast_mask", F_OK, 0) == 0)
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH;
+
+            devtype = _linktype_read_devtype(dirfd);
+            if (devtype) {
+                link_type = _link_type_from_devtype(devtype);
+                if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE) {
+                    if (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP && arptype != ARPHRD_ETHER) {
+                        /* Both BNEP and 6lowpan use DEVTYPE=bluetooth, so we must
+                         * use arptype to distinguish between them.
+                         */
+                    } else
+                        return link_type;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Fallback for drivers that don't call SET_NETDEV_DEVTYPE() */
+            if (nm_wifi_utils_is_wifi(dirfd, ifname_verified))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI;
+        }
+
+        if (arptype == ARPHRD_ETHER) {
+            /* Misc non-upstream WWAN drivers.  rmnet is Qualcomm's proprietary
+             * modem interface, ccmni is MediaTek's.  FIXME: these drivers should
+             * really set devtype=WWAN.
+             */
+            if (g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "rmnet") || g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "rev_rmnet")
+                || g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "ccmni"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET;
+
+            /* Standard wired ethernet interfaces don't report an rtnl_link_type, so
+             * only allow fallback to Ethernet if no type is given.  This should
+             * prevent future virtual network drivers from being treated as Ethernet
+             * when they should be Generic instead.
+             */
+            if (!kind && !devtype)
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+
+            /* The USB gadget interfaces behave and look like ordinary ethernet devices
+             * aside from the DEVTYPE. */
+            if (nm_streq0(devtype, "gadget"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+
+            /* Distributed Switch Architecture switch chips */
+            if (nm_streq0(devtype, "dsa"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * libnl unility functions and wrappers
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+#define NLMSG_TAIL(nmsg) ((struct rtattr *) (((char *) (nmsg)) + NLMSG_ALIGN((nmsg)->nlmsg_len)))
+
+/* copied from iproute2's addattr_l(). */
+static gboolean
+_nl_addattr_l(struct nlmsghdr *n, int maxlen, int type, const void *data, int alen)
+{
+    int            len = RTA_LENGTH(alen);
+    struct rtattr *rta;
+
+    if (NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(len) > maxlen)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    rta           = NLMSG_TAIL(n);
+    rta->rta_type = type;
+    rta->rta_len  = len;
+    memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data, alen);
+    n->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(len);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * NMPObject/netlink functions
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+#define _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, attr, addr_len, ret_val) \
+    ({                                                         \
+        const struct nlattr *__t = (tb)[(attr)];               \
+                                                               \
+        if (__t) {                                             \
+            if (nla_len(__t) != (addr_len)) {                  \
+                return ret_val;                                \
+            }                                                  \
+        }                                                      \
+        !!__t;                                                 \
+    })
+
+#define _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, attr, addr_len) \
+    _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, attr, addr_len, NULL)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's inet6_parse_protinfo(). */
+static gboolean
+_parse_af_inet6(NMPlatform *        platform,
+                struct nlattr *     attr,
+                NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId *out_token,
+                gboolean *          out_token_valid,
+                guint8 *            out_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                gboolean *          out_addr_gen_mode_valid)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_INET6_FLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_INET6_CACHEINFO]  = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifla_cacheinfo, retrans_time)},
+        [IFLA_INET6_CONF]       = {.minlen = 4},
+        [IFLA_INET6_STATS]      = {.minlen = 8},
+        [IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS] = {.minlen = 8},
+        [IFLA_INET6_TOKEN]      = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr * tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    struct in6_addr i6_token;
+    gboolean        token_valid          = FALSE;
+    gboolean        addr_gen_mode_valid  = FALSE;
+    guint8          i6_addr_gen_mode_inv = 0;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, attr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_CONF] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_CONF]) % 4)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_STATS] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_STATS]) % 8)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS]) % 8)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_val(tb, IFLA_INET6_TOKEN, sizeof(struct in6_addr), FALSE)) {
+        nla_memcpy(&i6_token, tb[IFLA_INET6_TOKEN], sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+        token_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Hack to detect support addrgenmode of the kernel. We only parse
+     * netlink messages that we receive from kernel, hence this check
+     * is valid. */
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL)) {
+        /* IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE was added in kernel 3.17, dated 5 October, 2014. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL,
+                                         tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE]) {
+        i6_addr_gen_mode_inv = _nm_platform_uint8_inv(nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE]));
+        if (i6_addr_gen_mode_inv == 0) {
+            /* an inverse addrgenmode of zero is unexpected. We need to reserve zero
+             * to signal "unset". */
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        addr_gen_mode_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (token_valid) {
+        *out_token_valid = token_valid;
+        nm_utils_ipv6_interface_identifier_get_from_addr(out_token, &i6_token);
+    }
+    if (addr_gen_mode_valid) {
+        *out_addr_gen_mode_valid = addr_gen_mode_valid;
+        *out_addr_gen_mode_inv   = i6_addr_gen_mode_inv;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_bridge(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY]              = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME]                 = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE]                    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME]                = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_STP_STATE]                  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_PRIORITY]                   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL]              = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK]             = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR]                 = {.minlen = sizeof(NMEtherAddr)},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER]               = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER]              = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX]             = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL]    = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL]     = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL]        = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL]          = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL] = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL]  = {.type = NLA_U64},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkBridge *props;
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "bridge"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE, NULL);
+
+    props  = &obj->lnk_bridge;
+    *props = nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default;
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(
+            NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED)) {
+        /* IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED was added in kernel 4.10 on April 30, 2016.
+         * See commit 6dada9b10a0818ba72c249526a742c8c41274a73. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED,
+                                         tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY])
+        props->forward_delay = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME])
+        props->hello_time = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE])
+        props->max_age = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME])
+        props->ageing_time = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_STP_STATE])
+        props->stp_state = !!nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_STP_STATE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_PRIORITY])
+        props->priority = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_PRIORITY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL])
+        props->vlan_protocol = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED])
+        props->vlan_stats_enabled = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK])
+        props->group_fwd_mask = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR])
+        props->group_addr = *nla_data_as(NMEtherAddr, tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING])
+        props->mcast_snooping = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER])
+        props->mcast_router = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR])
+        props->mcast_query_use_ifaddr = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER])
+        props->mcast_querier = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX])
+        props->mcast_hash_max = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT])
+        props->mcast_last_member_count = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT])
+        props->mcast_startup_query_count = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_last_member_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_membership_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_querier_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_query_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_query_response_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_startup_query_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_gre(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_GRE_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IKEY]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OKEY]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkGre *props;
+    gboolean          is_tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "gretap"))
+        is_tap = TRUE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "gre"))
+        is_tap = FALSE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(is_tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRETAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRE, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_gre;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->input_flags        = tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS] ? ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS])) : 0;
+    props->output_flags       = tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS] ? ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS])) : 0;
+    props->input_key          = tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY] ? ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY])) : 0;
+    props->output_key         = tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY] ? ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY])) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_GRE_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC]);
+    props->is_tap             = is_tap;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* IFLA_IPOIB_* were introduced in the 3.7 kernel, but the kernel headers
+ * we're building against might not have those properties even though the
+ * running kernel might.
+ */
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_UNSPEC 0
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY   1
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_MODE   2
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST 3
+#undef IFLA_IPOIB_MAX
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_MAX IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST
+
+#define IPOIB_MODE_DATAGRAM  0 /* using unreliable datagram QPs */
+#define IPOIB_MODE_CONNECTED 1 /* using connected QPs */
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_infiniband(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_MODE]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *          tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *info;
+    NMPObject *              obj;
+    const char *             mode;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ipoib"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY] || !tb[IFLA_IPOIB_MODE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch (nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPOIB_MODE])) {
+    case IPOIB_MODE_DATAGRAM:
+        mode = "datagram";
+        break;
+    case IPOIB_MODE_CONNECTED:
+        mode = "connected";
+        break;
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    obj  = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND, NULL);
+    info = &obj->lnk_infiniband;
+
+    info->p_key = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY]);
+    info->mode  = mode;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ip6tnl(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]       = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]      = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]       = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props;
+    guint32              flowinfo;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ip6tnl"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6TNL, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL])
+        props->local = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE])
+        props->remote = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT])
+        props->encap_limit = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]) {
+        flowinfo          = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]));
+        props->flow_label = flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        props->tclass     = (flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK) >> IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT;
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO])
+        props->proto = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS])
+        props->flags = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ip6gre(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_GRE_LINK]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IKEY]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OKEY]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]       = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]      = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TTL]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props;
+    guint32              flowinfo;
+    gboolean             is_tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "ip6gre"))
+        is_tap = FALSE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "ip6gretap"))
+        is_tap = TRUE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRETAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRE, NULL);
+    props         = &obj->lnk_ip6tnl;
+    props->is_gre = TRUE;
+    props->is_tap = is_tap;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS])
+        props->input_flags = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS])
+        props->output_flags = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY])
+        props->input_key = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY])
+        props->output_key = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL])
+        props->local = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE])
+        props->remote = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT])
+        props->encap_limit = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]) {
+        flowinfo          = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]));
+        props->flow_label = flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        props->tclass     = (flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK) >> IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT;
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_FLAGS])
+        props->flags = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_FLAGS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ipip(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *    tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *        obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ipip"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IPIP, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_ipip;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_macvlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE]  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props;
+    struct nlattr *       tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *           obj;
+    gboolean              tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "macvlan"))
+        tap = FALSE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "macvtap"))
+        tap = TRUE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVTAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVLAN, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_macvlan;
+    props->mode = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE]);
+    props->tap  = tap;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS])
+        props->no_promisc =
+            NM_FLAGS_HAS(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS]), MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_macsec(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]            = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]   = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]    = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ES]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]            = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "macsec"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACSEC, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_macsec;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]) {
+        props->sci = nla_get_be64(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]) {
+        props->icv_length = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]) {
+        props->cipher_suite = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]) {
+        props->window = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]) {
+        props->encoding_sa = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]) {
+        props->encrypt = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]) {
+        props->protect = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]) {
+        props->include_sci = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ES]) {
+        props->es = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ES]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]) {
+        props->scb = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT]) {
+        props->replay_protect = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]) {
+        props->validation = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_sit(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]    = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkSit *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "sit"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_SIT, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_sit;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC]);
+    props->flags              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS] ? nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]) : 0;
+    props->proto              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]) : 0;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_tun(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_TUN_OWNER]               = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_GROUP]               = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_TYPE]                = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_PI]                  = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR]            = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_PERSIST]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_NUM_QUEUES]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_NUM_DISABLED_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkTun *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "tun"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_TUN_TYPE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_tun;
+
+    props->type = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_TUN_TYPE]);
+
+    props->pi          = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_PI, FALSE);
+    props->vnet_hdr    = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR, FALSE);
+    props->multi_queue = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE, FALSE);
+    props->persist     = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_PERSIST, FALSE);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_TUN_OWNER]) {
+        props->owner_valid = TRUE;
+        props->owner       = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_TUN_OWNER]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_TUN_GROUP]) {
+        props->group_valid = TRUE;
+        props->group       = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_TUN_GROUP]);
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(struct nlattr *          nlattr,
+                           const NMVlanQosMapping **out_map,
+                           guint *                  out_n_map)
+{
+    struct nlattr *   nla;
+    int               remaining;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *array = NULL;
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping) == sizeof(struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->to)
+                    == sizeof(((struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping *) 0)->to));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->from)
+                    == sizeof(((struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping *) 0)->from));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping)
+                    == sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->from)
+                           + sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->to));
+
+    nm_assert(out_map && !*out_map);
+    nm_assert(out_n_map && !*out_n_map);
+
+    if (!nlattr)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    array = g_ptr_array_new();
+    nla_for_each_nested (nla, nlattr, remaining) {
+        if (nla_len(nla) < sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping))
+            return FALSE;
+        g_ptr_array_add(array, nla_data(nla));
+    }
+
+    if (array->len > 0) {
+        NMVlanQosMapping *list;
+        guint             i, j;
+
+        /* The sorting is necessary, because for egress mapping, kernel
+         * doesn't sent the items strictly sorted by the from field. */
+        g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(array, _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from_ptr, NULL);
+
+        list = g_new(NMVlanQosMapping, array->len);
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < array->len; i++) {
+            NMVlanQosMapping *map;
+
+            map = array->pdata[i];
+
+            /* kernel doesn't really send us duplicates. Just be extra cautious
+             * because we want strong guarantees about the sort order and uniqueness
+             * of our mapping list (for simpler equality comparison). */
+            if (j > 0 && list[j - 1].from == map->from)
+                list[j - 1] = *map;
+            else
+                list[j++] = *map;
+        }
+
+        *out_n_map = j;
+        *out_map   = list;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's vlan_parse() */
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VLAN_ID]          = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS]       = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifla_vlan_flags, flags)},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS]  = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_PROTOCOL]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPObject *               obj_result;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vlan"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_VLAN_ID])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj              = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN, NULL);
+    obj->lnk_vlan.id = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_VLAN_ID]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS]) {
+        struct ifla_vlan_flags flags;
+
+        nla_memcpy(&flags, tb[IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS], sizeof(flags));
+
+        obj->lnk_vlan.flags = flags.flags;
+    }
+
+    if (!_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(tb[IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS],
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map,
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(tb[IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS],
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map,
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map))
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj_result = obj;
+    obj        = NULL;
+    return obj_result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* The installed kernel headers might not have VXLAN stuff at all, or
+ * they might have the original properties, but not PORT, GROUP6, or LOCAL6.
+ * So until we depend on kernel >= 3.11, we just ignore the actual enum
+ * in if_link.h and define the values ourselves.
+ */
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_UNSPEC     0
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_ID         1
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP      2
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LINK       3
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL      4
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_TTL        5
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_TOS        6
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING   7
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING     8
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT      9
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE 10
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY      11
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_RSC        12
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS     13
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS     14
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PORT       15
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6     16
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6     17
+#undef IFLA_VXLAN_MAX
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_MAX IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6
+
+#define IFLA_VRF_TABLE 1
+
+/* older kernel header might not contain 'struct ifla_vxlan_port_range'.
+ * Redefine it. */
+struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range {
+    guint16 low;
+    guint16 high;
+};
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vxlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_ID]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6]     = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LINK]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6]     = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_TOS]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_TTL]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING]   = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE] = {.type   = NLA_UNSPEC,
+                                   .minlen = sizeof(struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_RSC]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PORT]       = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props;
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *         obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vxlan"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN, NULL);
+
+    props = &obj->lnk_vxlan;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_ID])
+        props->id = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_ID]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP])
+        props->group = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL])
+        props->local = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6])
+        props->local6 = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6])
+        props->group6 = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING])
+        props->ageing = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT])
+        props->limit = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TOS])
+        props->tos = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TOS]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TTL]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT])
+        props->dst_port = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT]));
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE]) {
+        struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range *range;
+
+        range = nla_data_as(struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE]);
+        props->src_port_min = ntohs(range->low);
+        props->src_port_max = ntohs(range->high);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING])
+        props->learning = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY])
+        props->proxy = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_RSC])
+        props->rsc = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_RSC]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS])
+        props->l2miss = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS])
+        props->l3miss = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vrf(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VRF_TABLE] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkVrf *props;
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vrf"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VRF, NULL);
+
+    props = &obj->lnk_vrf;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VRF_TABLE])
+        props->table = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VRF_TABLE]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_wireguard_update_from_allowed_ips_nla(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ip, struct nlattr *nlattr)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR]    = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in_addr)},
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    int            family;
+    int            addr_len;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, nlattr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY])
+        return FALSE;
+
+    family = nla_get_u16(tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY]);
+    if (family == AF_INET)
+        addr_len = sizeof(in_addr_t);
+    else if (family == AF_INET6)
+        addr_len = sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+    else
+        return FALSE;
+
+    _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR, addr_len, FALSE);
+
+    *allowed_ip = (NMPWireGuardAllowedIP){
+        .family = family,
+    };
+
+    nm_assert((int) allowed_ip->family == family);
+
+    if (tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR])
+        nla_memcpy(&allowed_ip->addr, tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR], addr_len);
+    if (tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK])
+        allowed_ip->mask = nla_get_u8(tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK]);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    CList            lst;
+    NMPWireGuardPeer data;
+} WireGuardPeerConstruct;
+
+static gboolean
+_wireguard_update_from_peers_nla(CList *peers, GArray **p_allowed_ips, struct nlattr *peer_attr)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY]                    = {.minlen = NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN},
+        [WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]                 = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_FLAGS]                         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]                      = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME]           = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES]                      = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES]                      = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS]                    = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *peer_c;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, peer_attr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY])
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* a peer with the same public key as last peer is just a continuation for extra AllowedIPs */
+    peer_c = c_list_last_entry(peers, WireGuardPeerConstruct, lst);
+    if (peer_c
+        && !memcmp(nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY]),
+                   peer_c->data.public_key,
+                   NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN)) {
+        G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN == sizeof(peer_c->data.public_key));
+        /* this message is a continuation of the previous peer.
+         * Only parse WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS below. */
+    } else {
+        /* otherwise, start a new peer */
+        peer_c = g_slice_new0(WireGuardPeerConstruct);
+        c_list_link_tail(peers, &peer_c->lst);
+
+        nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.public_key,
+                   tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY],
+                   sizeof(peer_c->data.public_key));
+
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]) {
+            nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.preshared_key,
+                       tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY],
+                       sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+            /* FIXME(netlink-bzero-secret) */
+            nm_explicit_bzero(nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]),
+                              nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]));
+        }
+
+        nm_sock_addr_union_cpy_untrusted(
+            &peer_c->data.endpoint,
+            tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT] ? nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]) : NULL,
+            tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT] ? nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]) : 0);
+
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL])
+            peer_c->data.persistent_keepalive_interval =
+                nla_get_u16(tb[WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL]);
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME]) {
+            if (nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME])
+                >= sizeof(peer_c->data.last_handshake_time))
+                nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.last_handshake_time,
+                           tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME],
+                           sizeof(peer_c->data.last_handshake_time));
+        }
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES])
+            peer_c->data.rx_bytes = nla_get_u64(tb[WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES]);
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES])
+            peer_c->data.tx_bytes = nla_get_u64(tb[WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES]);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS]) {
+        struct nlattr *attr;
+        int            rem;
+        GArray *       allowed_ips = *p_allowed_ips;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (attr, tb[WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS], rem) {
+            if (!allowed_ips) {
+                allowed_ips    = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP));
+                *p_allowed_ips = allowed_ips;
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, 1);
+            } else
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, allowed_ips->len + 1);
+
+            if (!_wireguard_update_from_allowed_ips_nla(
+                    &g_array_index(allowed_ips, NMPWireGuardAllowedIP, allowed_ips->len - 1),
+                    attr)) {
+                /* we ignore the error of parsing one allowed-ip. */
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, allowed_ips->len - 1);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!peer_c->data._construct_idx_end)
+                peer_c->data._construct_idx_start = allowed_ips->len - 1;
+            peer_c->data._construct_idx_end = allowed_ips->len;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    const int  ifindex;
+    NMPObject *obj;
+    CList      peers;
+    GArray *   allowed_ips;
+} WireGuardParseData;
+
+static int
+_wireguard_get_device_cb(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_IFNAME]      = {.type = NLA_NUL_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY] = {},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY]  = {},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PEERS]       = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    WireGuardParseData *parse_data = arg;
+
+    if (genlmsg_parse_arr(nlmsg_hdr(msg), 0, tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]) {
+        int ifindex;
+
+        ifindex = (int) nla_get_u32(tb[WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]);
+        if (ifindex <= 0 || parse_data->ifindex != ifindex)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+    } else {
+        if (!parse_data->obj)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+    }
+
+    if (parse_data->obj) {
+        /* we already have an object instance. This means the netlink message
+         * is a continuation, only providing more WGDEVICE_A_PEERS data below. */
+    } else {
+        NMPObject *             obj;
+        NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *props;
+
+        obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD, NULL);
+        props = &obj->lnk_wireguard;
+
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]) {
+            nla_memcpy(props->private_key, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY], sizeof(props->private_key));
+            /* FIXME(netlink-bzero-secret): extend netlink library to wipe memory. For now,
+             * just hack it here (yes, this does not cover all places where the
+             * private key was copied). */
+            nm_explicit_bzero(nla_data(tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]),
+                              nla_len(tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]));
+        }
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY])
+            nla_memcpy(props->public_key, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY], sizeof(props->public_key));
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT])
+            props->listen_port = nla_get_u16(tb[WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT]);
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK])
+            props->fwmark = nla_get_u32(tb[WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK]);
+
+        parse_data->obj = obj;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PEERS]) {
+        struct nlattr *attr;
+        int            rem;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (attr, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PEERS], rem) {
+            if (!_wireguard_update_from_peers_nla(&parse_data->peers,
+                                                  &parse_data->allowed_ips,
+                                                  attr)) {
+                /* we ignore the error of parsing one peer.
+                 * _wireguard_update_from_peers_nla() leaves the @peers array in the
+                 * desired state. */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NL_OK;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_wireguard_read_info(NMPlatform *    platform /* used only as logging context */,
+                     struct nl_sock *genl,
+                     int             wireguard_family_id,
+                     int             ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj = NULL;
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *     peer_c;
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *     peer_c_safe;
+    gs_unref_array GArray *allowed_ips = NULL;
+    WireGuardParseData     parse_data  = {
+        .ifindex = ifindex,
+    };
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_assert(genl);
+    nm_assert(wireguard_family_id >= 0);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    _LOGT("wireguard: fetching information for ifindex %d (genl-id %d)...",
+          ifindex,
+          wireguard_family_id);
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+
+    if (!genlmsg_put(msg,
+                     NL_AUTO_PORT,
+                     NL_AUTO_SEQ,
+                     wireguard_family_id,
+                     0,
+                     NLM_F_DUMP,
+                     WG_CMD_GET_DEVICE,
+                     1))
+        return NULL;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX, (guint32) ifindex);
+
+    if (nl_send_auto(genl, msg) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    c_list_init(&parse_data.peers);
+
+    /* we ignore errors, and return whatever we could successfully
+     * parse. */
+    nl_recvmsgs(genl,
+                &((const struct nl_cb){
+                    .valid_cb  = _wireguard_get_device_cb,
+                    .valid_arg = (gpointer) &parse_data,
+                }));
+
+    /* unpack: transfer ownership */
+    obj         = parse_data.obj;
+    allowed_ips = parse_data.allowed_ips;
+
+    if (!obj) {
+        while ((peer_c = c_list_first_entry(&parse_data.peers, WireGuardPeerConstruct, lst))) {
+            c_list_unlink_stale(&peer_c->lst);
+            nm_explicit_bzero(&peer_c->data.preshared_key, sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+            g_slice_free(WireGuardPeerConstruct, peer_c);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* we receive peers/allowed-ips possibly in separate netlink messages. Hence, while
+     * parsing the dump, we don't know upfront how many peers/allowed-ips we will receive.
+     *
+     * We solve that, by collecting all peers with a CList. It's done this way,
+     * because a GArray would require growing the array, but we want to bzero()
+     * the preshared-key of each peer while reallocating. The CList apprach avoids
+     * that.
+     *
+     * For allowed-ips, we instead track one GArray, which are all appended
+     * there. The realloc/resize of the GArray is fine there. However,
+     * while we build the GArray, we don't yet have the final pointers.
+     * Hence, while constructing, we track the indexes with peer->_construct_idx_*
+     * fields. These indexes must be converted to actual pointers blow.
+     *
+     * This is all done during parsing. In the final NMPObjectLnkWireGuard we
+     * don't want the CList anymore and repackage the NMPObject tightly. The
+     * reason is, that NMPObject instances are immutable and long-living. Spend
+     * a bit effort below during construction to obtain a most suitable representation
+     * in this regard. */
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len = c_list_length(&parse_data.peers);
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers     = obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len > 0
+                                        ? g_new(NMPWireGuardPeer, obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len)
+                                        : NULL;
+
+    /* duplicate allowed_ips instead of using the pointer. The GArray possibly has more
+     * space allocated then we need, and we want to get rid of this excess buffer.
+     * Note that NMPObject instance is possibly put into the cache and long-living. */
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len = allowed_ips ? allowed_ips->len : 0u;
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf =
+        obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len > 0
+            ? (NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *) nm_memdup(allowed_ips->data,
+                                                  sizeof(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP) * allowed_ips->len)
+            : NULL;
+
+    i = 0;
+    c_list_for_each_entry_safe (peer_c, peer_c_safe, &parse_data.peers, lst) {
+        NMPWireGuardPeer *peer = (NMPWireGuardPeer *) &obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i++];
+
+        *peer = peer_c->data;
+
+        c_list_unlink_stale(&peer_c->lst);
+        nm_explicit_bzero(&peer_c->data.preshared_key, sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+        g_slice_free(WireGuardPeerConstruct, peer_c);
+
+        if (peer->_construct_idx_end != 0) {
+            guint len;
+
+            nm_assert(obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_end > peer->_construct_idx_start);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_start < obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_end <= obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len);
+
+            len               = peer->_construct_idx_end - peer->_construct_idx_start;
+            peer->allowed_ips = &obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf[peer->_construct_idx_start];
+            peer->allowed_ips_len = len;
+        } else {
+            nm_assert(!peer->_construct_idx_start);
+            nm_assert(!peer->_construct_idx_end);
+            peer->allowed_ips     = NULL;
+            peer->allowed_ips_len = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_get_family_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex_try)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv                = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                     wireguard_family_id = -1;
+
+    if (ifindex_try > 0) {
+        const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+
+        if (nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(platform, ifindex_try, &plink))
+            wireguard_family_id = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(plink)->_link.wireguard_family_id;
+    }
+    if (wireguard_family_id < 0)
+        wireguard_family_id = genl_ctrl_resolve(priv->genl, "wireguard");
+    return wireguard_family_id;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_wireguard_refresh_link(NMPlatform *platform, int wireguard_family_id, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv            = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *lnk_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+    const NMPObject *               plink = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj         = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(wireguard_family_id >= 0);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+
+    if (!plink || plink->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD) {
+        nm_platform_link_refresh(platform, ifindex);
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+        if (!plink || plink->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD)
+            return NULL;
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(plink->_link.netlink.lnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)
+            lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+    } else {
+        lnk_new = _wireguard_read_info(platform, priv->genl, wireguard_family_id, ifindex);
+        if (!lnk_new) {
+            if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(plink->_link.netlink.lnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)
+                lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        } else if (nmp_object_equal(plink->_link.netlink.lnk, lnk_new)) {
+            nmp_object_unref(lnk_new);
+            lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (plink->_link.wireguard_family_id == wireguard_family_id
+        && plink->_link.netlink.lnk == lnk_new)
+        return plink;
+
+    /* we use nmp_cache_update_netlink() to re-inject the new object into the cache.
+     * For that, we need to clone it, and tweak it so that it's suitable. It's a bit
+     * of a hack, in particular that we need to clear driver and udev-device. */
+    obj                            = nmp_object_clone(plink, FALSE);
+    obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = wireguard_family_id;
+    nmp_object_unref(obj->_link.netlink.lnk);
+    obj->_link.netlink.lnk = g_steal_pointer(&lnk_new);
+    obj->link.driver       = NULL;
+    nm_clear_pointer(&obj->_link.udev.device, udev_device_unref);
+
+    cache_op =
+        nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj, FALSE, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED));
+    if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+        cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(!obj_new
+              || (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_new) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK
+                  && obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD
+                  && (!obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                      || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk)
+                             == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)));
+    return obj_new;
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_create_change_nlmsgs(NMPlatform *                              platform,
+                                int                                       ifindex,
+                                int                                       wireguard_family_id,
+                                const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                                const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                guint                                     peers_len,
+                                NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags,
+                                GPtrArray **                              out_msgs)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *      msgs    = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *      msg     = NULL;
+    const guint                        IDX_NIL = G_MAXUINT;
+    guint                              idx_peer_curr;
+    guint                              idx_allowed_ips_curr;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_peers;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_curr_peer;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_allowed_ips;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_curr_allowed_ip;
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags p_flags = NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_DEFAULT;
+
+#define _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_start)             \
+    G_STMT_START                                   \
+    {                                              \
+        if (nla_nest_end((msg), (nest_start)) < 0) \
+            g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);     \
+    }                                              \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+    /* Adapted from LGPL-2.1+ code [1].
+     *
+     * [1] https://git.zx2c4.com/WireGuard/tree/contrib/examples/embeddable-wg-library/wireguard.c?id=5e99a6d43fe2351adf36c786f5ea2086a8fe7ab8#n1073 */
+
+    idx_peer_curr        = IDX_NIL;
+    idx_allowed_ips_curr = IDX_NIL;
+
+    /* TODO: for the moment, we always reset all peers and allowed-ips (WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS, WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS).
+     * The platform API should be extended to also support partial updates. In particular, configuring the same configuration
+     * multiple times, should not clear and re-add all settings, but rather sync the existing settings with the desired configuration. */
+
+again:
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+    if (!genlmsg_put(msg,
+                     NL_AUTO_PORT,
+                     NL_AUTO_SEQ,
+                     wireguard_family_id,
+                     0,
+                     NLM_F_REQUEST,
+                     WG_CMD_SET_DEVICE,
+                     1))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX, (guint32) ifindex);
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr == IDX_NIL) {
+        guint32 flags;
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY))
+            NLA_PUT(msg,
+                    WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY,
+                    sizeof(lnk_wireguard->private_key),
+                    lnk_wireguard->private_key);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT))
+            NLA_PUT_U16(msg, WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT, lnk_wireguard->listen_port);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK))
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK, lnk_wireguard->fwmark);
+
+        flags = 0;
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS))
+            flags |= WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS, flags);
+    }
+
+    if (peers_len == 0)
+        goto send;
+
+    nest_curr_peer       = NULL;
+    nest_allowed_ips     = NULL;
+    nest_curr_allowed_ip = NULL;
+
+    nest_peers = nla_nest_start(msg, WGDEVICE_A_PEERS);
+    if (!nest_peers)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr == IDX_NIL)
+        idx_peer_curr = 0;
+    for (; idx_peer_curr < peers_len; idx_peer_curr++) {
+        const NMPWireGuardPeer *p = &peers[idx_peer_curr];
+
+        if (peer_flags) {
+            p_flags = peer_flags[idx_peer_curr];
+            if (!NM_FLAGS_ANY(p_flags,
+                              NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS)) {
+                /* no flags set. We take that as indication to skip configuring the peer
+                 * entirely. */
+                nm_assert(p_flags == NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_NONE);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        nest_curr_peer = nla_nest_start(msg, 0);
+        if (!nest_curr_peer)
+            goto toobig_peers;
+
+        if (nla_put(msg, WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY, NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN, p->public_key) < 0)
+            goto toobig_peers;
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME)) {
+            /* all other p_flags are silently ignored. */
+            if (nla_put_uint32(msg, WGPEER_A_FLAGS, WGPEER_F_REMOVE_ME) < 0)
+                goto toobig_peers;
+        } else {
+            if (idx_allowed_ips_curr == IDX_NIL) {
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY)
+                    && nla_put(msg,
+                               WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY,
+                               sizeof(p->preshared_key),
+                               p->preshared_key)
+                           < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags,
+                                 NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL)
+                    && nla_put_uint16(msg,
+                                      WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL,
+                                      p->persistent_keepalive_interval)
+                           < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS)
+                    && nla_put_uint32(msg, WGPEER_A_FLAGS, WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS) < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT)) {
+                    if (NM_IN_SET(p->endpoint.sa.sa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        if (nla_put(msg,
+                                    WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT,
+                                    p->endpoint.sa.sa_family == AF_INET ? sizeof(p->endpoint.in)
+                                                                        : sizeof(p->endpoint.in6),
+                                    &p->endpoint)
+                            < 0)
+                            goto toobig_peers;
+                    } else {
+                        /* I think there is no way to clear an endpoint, though there should be. */
+                        nm_assert(p->endpoint.sa.sa_family == AF_UNSPEC);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS)
+                && p->allowed_ips_len > 0) {
+                if (idx_allowed_ips_curr == IDX_NIL)
+                    idx_allowed_ips_curr = 0;
+
+                nest_allowed_ips = nla_nest_start(msg, WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS);
+                if (!nest_allowed_ips)
+                    goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                for (; idx_allowed_ips_curr < p->allowed_ips_len; idx_allowed_ips_curr++) {
+                    const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *aip = &p->allowed_ips[idx_allowed_ips_curr];
+
+                    nest_curr_allowed_ip = nla_nest_start(msg, 0);
+                    if (!nest_curr_allowed_ip)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(aip->family, AF_INET, AF_INET6), -NME_BUG);
+
+                    if (nla_put_uint16(msg, WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY, aip->family) < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+                    if (nla_put(msg,
+                                WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR,
+                                nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(aip->family),
+                                &aip->addr)
+                        < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+                    if (nla_put_uint8(msg, WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK, aip->mask) < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_allowed_ip);
+                    nest_curr_allowed_ip = NULL;
+                }
+                idx_allowed_ips_curr = IDX_NIL;
+
+                _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_allowed_ips);
+                nest_allowed_ips = NULL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+        nest_curr_peer = NULL;
+    }
+
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+toobig_allowedips:
+    if (nest_curr_allowed_ip)
+        nla_nest_cancel(msg, nest_curr_allowed_ip);
+    if (nest_allowed_ips)
+        _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_allowed_ips);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+toobig_peers:
+    if (nest_curr_peer)
+        nla_nest_cancel(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+send:
+    if (!msgs)
+        msgs = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nlmsg_free);
+    g_ptr_array_add(msgs, g_steal_pointer(&msg));
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr != IDX_NIL && idx_peer_curr < peers_len)
+        goto again;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_msgs, g_steal_pointer(&msgs));
+    return 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+#undef _nla_nest_end
+}
+
+static int
+link_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *                              platform,
+                      int                                       ifindex,
+                      const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                      const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                      const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                      guint                                     peers_len,
+                      NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv      = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *msgs = NULL;
+    int                          wireguard_family_id;
+    guint                        i;
+    int                          r;
+
+    wireguard_family_id = _wireguard_get_family_id(platform, ifindex);
+    if (wireguard_family_id < 0)
+        return -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE;
+
+    r = _wireguard_create_change_nlmsgs(platform,
+                                        ifindex,
+                                        wireguard_family_id,
+                                        lnk_wireguard,
+                                        peers,
+                                        peer_flags,
+                                        peers_len,
+                                        change_flags,
+                                        &msgs);
+    if (r < 0) {
+        _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, cannot construct netlink message: %s", nm_strerror(r));
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < msgs->len; i++) {
+        r = nl_send_auto(priv->genl, msgs->pdata[i]);
+        if (r < 0) {
+            _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, send netlink message #%u failed: %s", i, nm_strerror(r));
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        do {
+            r = nl_recvmsgs(priv->genl, NULL);
+        } while (r == -EAGAIN);
+        if (r < 0) {
+            _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, message #%u was rejected: %s", i, nm_strerror(r));
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        _LOGT("wireguard: set-device, message #%u sent and confirmed", i);
+    }
+
+    _wireguard_refresh_link(platform, wireguard_family_id, ifindex);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_nmp_link_address_set(NMPLinkAddress *dst, const struct nlattr *nla)
+{
+    *dst = (NMPLinkAddress){
+        .len = 0,
+    };
+    if (nla) {
+        int l = nla_len(nla);
+
+        if (l > 0 && l <= NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX) {
+            G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(dst->data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+            memcpy(dst->data, nla_data(nla), l);
+            dst->len = l;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's link_msg_parser(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_link(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                  const NMPCache * cache,
+                  struct nlmsghdr *nlh,
+                  gboolean         id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IFNAME]        = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [IFLA_MTU]           = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TXQLEN]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_LINK]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_WEIGHT]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MASTER]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_OPERSTATE]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_LINKMODE]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_LINKINFO]      = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_QDISC]         = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFQDISCSIZ},
+        [IFLA_STATS]         = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_stats, tx_compressed)},
+        [IFLA_STATS64]       = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_compressed)},
+        [IFLA_MAP]           = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_ifmap, port)},
+        [IFLA_IFALIAS]       = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFALIASZ},
+        [IFLA_NUM_VF]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_AF_SPEC]       = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_PROMISCUITY]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GROUP]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_CARRIER]       = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_PHYS_PORT_ID]  = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC},
+        [IFLA_NET_NS_PID]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NET_NS_FD]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_LINK_NETNSID]  = {},
+    };
+    const struct ifinfomsg *ifi;
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    struct nlattr *         nl_info_data               = NULL;
+    const char *            nl_info_kind               = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj                      = NULL;
+    gboolean                  completed_from_cache_val = FALSE;
+    gboolean *                completed_from_cache     = cache ? &completed_from_cache_val : NULL;
+    const NMPObject *         link_cached              = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *         lnk_data                 = NULL;
+    gboolean                  address_complete_from_cache   = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  broadcast_complete_from_cache = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  lnk_data_complete_from_cache  = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  need_ext_data                 = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  af_inet6_token_valid          = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid  = FALSE;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*ifi)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ifi = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    if (ifi->ifi_family != AF_UNSPEC)
+        return NULL;
+    if (ifi->ifi_index <= 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new_link(ifi->ifi_index);
+
+    if (id_only)
+        return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*ifi), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_IFNAME])
+        return NULL;
+    nla_strlcpy(obj->link.name, tb[IFLA_IFNAME], IFNAMSIZ);
+    if (!obj->link.name[0])
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_MTU]) {
+        /* Kernel has two places that send RTM_GETLINK messages:
+         * net/core/rtnetlink.c and net/wireless/ext-core.c.
+         * Unfortunately ext-core.c sets only IFLA_WIRELESS and
+         * IFLA_IFNAME. This confuses code in this function, because
+         * it cannot get complete set of data for the interface and
+         * later incomplete object this function creates is used to
+         * overwrite existing data in NM's cache.
+         * Since ext-core.c doesn't set IFLA_MTU we can use it as a
+         * signal to ignore incoming message.
+         * To some extent this is a hack and correct approach is to
+         * merge objects per-field.
+         */
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    obj->link.mtu = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MTU]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_LINKINFO]) {
+        static const struct nla_policy policy_link_info[] = {
+            [IFLA_INFO_KIND]   = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+            [IFLA_INFO_DATA]   = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+            [IFLA_INFO_XSTATS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        };
+        struct nlattr *li[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy_link_info)];
+
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(li, tb[IFLA_LINKINFO], policy_link_info) < 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (li[IFLA_INFO_KIND])
+            nl_info_kind = nla_get_string(li[IFLA_INFO_KIND]);
+
+        nl_info_data = li[IFLA_INFO_DATA];
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_STATS64]) {
+        const char *stats = nla_data(tb[IFLA_STATS64]);
+
+        obj->link.rx_packets =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, rx_packets)]);
+        obj->link.rx_bytes =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, rx_bytes)]);
+        obj->link.tx_packets =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_packets)]);
+        obj->link.tx_bytes =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_bytes)]);
+    }
+
+    obj->link.n_ifi_flags = ifi->ifi_flags;
+    obj->link.connected   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP);
+    obj->link.arptype     = ifi->ifi_type;
+
+    obj->link.type = _linktype_get_type(platform,
+                                        cache,
+                                        nl_info_kind,
+                                        obj->link.ifindex,
+                                        obj->link.name,
+                                        obj->link.n_ifi_flags,
+                                        obj->link.arptype,
+                                        completed_from_cache,
+                                        &link_cached,
+                                        &obj->link.kind);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MASTER])
+        obj->link.master = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MASTER]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_LINK]) {
+        if (!tb[IFLA_LINK_NETNSID])
+            obj->link.parent = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_LINK]);
+        else
+            obj->link.parent = NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_ADDRESS]) {
+        _nmp_link_address_set(&obj->link.l_address, tb[IFLA_ADDRESS]);
+        address_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_BROADCAST]) {
+        _nmp_link_address_set(&obj->link.l_broadcast, tb[IFLA_BROADCAST]);
+        broadcast_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_AF_SPEC]) {
+        struct nlattr *af_attr;
+        int            remaining;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (af_attr, tb[IFLA_AF_SPEC], remaining) {
+            switch (nla_type(af_attr)) {
+            case AF_INET6:
+                _parse_af_inet6(platform,
+                                af_attr,
+                                &obj->link.inet6_token,
+                                &af_inet6_token_valid,
+                                &obj->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                                &af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (obj->link.type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_bridge(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_gre(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_infiniband(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ip6tnl(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ip6gre(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ipip(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_macsec(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_macvlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_sit(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_tun(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vrf(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vxlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN:
+        need_ext_data                = TRUE;
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD:
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = TRUE;
+        break;
+    default:
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (completed_from_cache
+        && (lnk_data_complete_from_cache || need_ext_data || address_complete_from_cache
+            || broadcast_complete_from_cache || !af_inet6_token_valid
+            || !af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid || !tb[IFLA_STATS64])) {
+        _lookup_cached_link(cache, obj->link.ifindex, completed_from_cache, &link_cached);
+        if (link_cached && link_cached->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+            if (lnk_data_complete_from_cache && link_cached->link.type == obj->link.type
+                && link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk
+                && (!lnk_data || nmp_object_equal(lnk_data, link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk))) {
+                /* We always try to look into the cache and reuse the object there.
+                 * We do that, because we consider the lnk object as immutable and don't
+                 * modify it after creating. Hence we can share it and reuse.
+                 *
+                 * Also, sometimes the info-data is missing for updates. In this case
+                 * we want to keep the previously received lnk_data. */
+                nmp_object_unref(lnk_data);
+                lnk_data = nmp_object_ref(link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk);
+            }
+
+            if (need_ext_data && link_cached->link.type == obj->link.type
+                && link_cached->_link.ext_data) {
+                /* Prefer reuse of existing ext_data object */
+                obj->_link.ext_data = g_object_ref(link_cached->_link.ext_data);
+            }
+
+            if (address_complete_from_cache)
+                obj->link.l_address = link_cached->link.l_address;
+            if (broadcast_complete_from_cache)
+                obj->link.l_broadcast = link_cached->link.l_broadcast;
+            if (!af_inet6_token_valid)
+                obj->link.inet6_token = link_cached->link.inet6_token;
+            if (!af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid)
+                obj->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv = link_cached->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv;
+            if (!tb[IFLA_STATS64]) {
+                obj->link.rx_packets = link_cached->link.rx_packets;
+                obj->link.rx_bytes   = link_cached->link.rx_bytes;
+                obj->link.tx_packets = link_cached->link.tx_packets;
+                obj->link.tx_bytes   = link_cached->link.tx_bytes;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->_link.netlink.lnk = lnk_data;
+
+    if (need_ext_data && obj->_link.ext_data == NULL) {
+        switch (obj->link.type) {
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI:
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH:
+            obj->_link.ext_data =
+                (GObject *) nm_wifi_utils_new(ifi->ifi_index,
+                                              _genl_sock(NM_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform)),
+                                              TRUE);
+            break;
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN:
+            obj->_link.ext_data =
+                (GObject *) nm_wpan_utils_new(ifi->ifi_index,
+                                              _genl_sock(NM_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform)),
+                                              TRUE);
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (obj->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD) {
+        const NMPObject *lnk_data_new = NULL;
+        struct nl_sock * genl         = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform)->genl;
+
+        /* The WireGuard kernel module does not yet send link update
+         * notifications, so we don't actually update the cache. For
+         * now, always refetch link data here. */
+
+        _lookup_cached_link(cache, obj->link.ifindex, completed_from_cache, &link_cached);
+        if (link_cached && link_cached->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+            && link_cached->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD)
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = link_cached->_link.wireguard_family_id;
+        else
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = -1;
+
+        if (obj->_link.wireguard_family_id < 0)
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = genl_ctrl_resolve(genl, "wireguard");
+
+        if (obj->_link.wireguard_family_id >= 0) {
+            lnk_data_new = _wireguard_read_info(platform,
+                                                genl,
+                                                obj->_link.wireguard_family_id,
+                                                obj->link.ifindex);
+        }
+
+        if (lnk_data_new && obj->_link.netlink.lnk
+            && nmp_object_equal(obj->_link.netlink.lnk, lnk_data_new))
+            nmp_object_unref(lnk_data_new);
+        else {
+            nmp_object_unref(obj->_link.netlink.lnk);
+            obj->_link.netlink.lnk = lnk_data_new;
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's addr_msg_parser(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_addr(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFA_LABEL]     = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [IFA_CACHEINFO] = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifa_cacheinfo, tstamp)},
+        [IFA_FLAGS]     = {},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct ifaddrmsg *ifa;
+    gboolean                is_v4;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_len;
+    guint32                   lifetime, preferred, timestamp;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*ifa)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ifa = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(ifa->ifa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+        return NULL;
+
+    is_v4 = ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*ifa), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (ifa->ifa_prefixlen > (is_v4 ? 32 : 128))
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_v4 ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, NULL);
+
+    obj->ip_address.ifindex = ifa->ifa_index;
+    obj->ip_address.plen    = ifa->ifa_prefixlen;
+
+    _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len);
+    _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_LOCAL, addr_len);
+    if (is_v4) {
+        /* For IPv4, kernel omits IFA_LOCAL/IFA_ADDRESS if (and only if) they
+         * are effectively 0.0.0.0 (all-zero). */
+        if (tb[IFA_LOCAL])
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_LOCAL]), addr_len);
+        if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS])
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_address.peer_address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+
+        _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_BROADCAST, addr_len);
+        obj->ip4_address.broadcast_address =
+            tb[IFA_BROADCAST] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFA_BROADCAST]) : 0u;
+        obj->ip4_address.use_ip4_broadcast_address = TRUE;
+    } else {
+        /* For IPv6, IFA_ADDRESS is always present.
+         *
+         * If IFA_LOCAL is missing, IFA_ADDRESS is @address and @peer_address
+         * is :: (all-zero).
+         *
+         * If unexpectedly IFA_ADDRESS is missing, make the best of it -- but it _should_
+         * actually be there. */
+        if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS] || tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+            if (tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+                memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_LOCAL]), addr_len);
+                if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS])
+                    memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.peer_address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+                else
+                    obj->ip6_address.peer_address = obj->ip6_address.address;
+            } else
+                memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_address.addr_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_KERNEL;
+
+    obj->ip_address.n_ifa_flags = tb[IFA_FLAGS] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFA_FLAGS]) : ifa->ifa_flags;
+
+    if (is_v4) {
+        if (tb[IFA_LABEL]) {
+            char label[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+            nla_strlcpy(label, tb[IFA_LABEL], IFNAMSIZ);
+
+            /* Check for ':'; we're only interested in labels used as interface aliases */
+            if (strchr(label, ':'))
+                g_strlcpy(obj->ip4_address.label, label, sizeof(obj->ip4_address.label));
+        }
+    }
+
+    lifetime  = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    preferred = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    timestamp = 0;
+    /* IPv6 only */
+    if (tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]) {
+        const struct ifa_cacheinfo *ca;
+
+        ca        = nla_data_as(struct ifa_cacheinfo, tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]);
+        lifetime  = ca->ifa_valid;
+        preferred = ca->ifa_prefered;
+        timestamp = ca->tstamp;
+    }
+    _addrtime_get_lifetimes(timestamp,
+                            lifetime,
+                            preferred,
+                            &obj->ip_address.timestamp,
+                            &obj->ip_address.lifetime,
+                            &obj->ip_address.preferred);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's rtnl_route_parse() and parse_multipath(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_route(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [RTA_TABLE]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_IIF]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_OIF]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_PRIORITY]  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_PREF]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [RTA_FLOW]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_CACHEINFO] = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rta_cacheinfo, rta_tsage)},
+        [RTA_METRICS]   = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [RTA_MULTIPATH] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    const struct rtmsg *rtm;
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    gboolean            is_v4;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_len;
+    struct {
+        gboolean is_present;
+        int      ifindex;
+        NMIPAddr gateway;
+    } nh = {
+        .is_present = FALSE,
+    };
+    guint32 mss;
+    guint32 window   = 0;
+    guint32 cwnd     = 0;
+    guint32 initcwnd = 0;
+    guint32 initrwnd = 0;
+    guint32 mtu      = 0;
+    guint32 lock     = 0;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*rtm)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    rtm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    /*****************************************************************
+     * only handle ~supported~ routes.
+     *****************************************************************/
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(rtm->rtm_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(rtm->rtm_type, RTN_UNICAST, RTN_LOCAL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(struct rtmsg), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    is_v4    = rtm->rtm_family == AF_INET;
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (rtm->rtm_dst_len > (is_v4 ? 32 : 128))
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************
+     * parse nexthops. Only handle routes with one nh.
+     *****************************************************************/
+
+    if (tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]) {
+        size_t            tlen = nla_len(tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]);
+        struct rtnexthop *rtnh;
+
+        if (tlen < sizeof(*rtnh))
+            goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+        rtnh = nla_data_as(struct rtnexthop, tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]);
+
+        if (tlen < rtnh->rtnh_len)
+            goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+        while (TRUE) {
+            if (nh.is_present) {
+                /* we don't support multipath routes. */
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            nh.is_present = TRUE;
+            nh.ifindex    = rtnh->rtnh_ifindex;
+
+            if (rtnh->rtnh_len > sizeof(*rtnh)) {
+                struct nlattr *ntb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+
+                if (nla_parse_arr(ntb,
+                                  (struct nlattr *) RTNH_DATA(rtnh),
+                                  rtnh->rtnh_len - sizeof(*rtnh),
+                                  policy)
+                    < 0)
+                    return NULL;
+
+                if (_check_addr_or_return_null(ntb, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len))
+                    memcpy(&nh.gateway, nla_data(ntb[RTA_GATEWAY]), addr_len);
+            }
+
+            if (tlen < RTNH_ALIGN(rtnh->rtnh_len) + sizeof(*rtnh))
+                goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+            tlen -= RTNH_ALIGN(rtnh->rtnh_len);
+            rtnh = RTNH_NEXT(rtnh);
+        }
+rta_multipath_done:;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[RTA_OIF] || tb[RTA_GATEWAY] || tb[RTA_FLOW]) {
+        int      ifindex = 0;
+        NMIPAddr gateway = {};
+
+        if (tb[RTA_OIF])
+            ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_OIF]);
+        if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len))
+            memcpy(&gateway, nla_data(tb[RTA_GATEWAY]), addr_len);
+
+        if (!nh.is_present) {
+            /* If no nexthops have been provided via RTA_MULTIPATH
+             * we add it as regular nexthop to maintain backwards
+             * compatibility */
+            nh.ifindex = ifindex;
+            nh.gateway = gateway;
+        } else {
+            /* Kernel supports new style nexthop configuration,
+             * verify that it is a duplicate and ignore old-style nexthop. */
+            if (nh.ifindex != ifindex || memcmp(&nh.gateway, &gateway, addr_len) != 0)
+                return NULL;
+        }
+    } else if (!nh.is_present)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    mss = 0;
+    if (tb[RTA_METRICS]) {
+        static const struct nla_policy rtax_policy[] = {
+            [RTAX_LOCK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_ADVMSS]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_WINDOW]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_CWND]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_INITCWND] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_INITRWND] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_MTU]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        };
+        struct nlattr *mtb[G_N_ELEMENTS(rtax_policy)];
+
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(mtb, tb[RTA_METRICS], rtax_policy) < 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (mtb[RTAX_LOCK])
+            lock = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_LOCK]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_ADVMSS])
+            mss = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_ADVMSS]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_WINDOW])
+            window = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_WINDOW]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_CWND])
+            cwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_CWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_INITCWND])
+            initcwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_INITCWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_INITRWND])
+            initrwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_INITRWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_MTU])
+            mtu = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_MTU]);
+    }
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_v4 ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, NULL);
+
+    obj->ip_route.type_coerced  = nm_platform_route_type_coerce(rtm->rtm_type);
+    obj->ip_route.table_coerced = nm_platform_route_table_coerce(
+        tb[RTA_TABLE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_TABLE]) : (guint32) rtm->rtm_table);
+
+    obj->ip_route.ifindex = nh.ifindex;
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_DST, addr_len))
+        memcpy(obj->ip_route.network_ptr, nla_data(tb[RTA_DST]), addr_len);
+
+    obj->ip_route.plen = rtm->rtm_dst_len;
+
+    if (tb[RTA_PRIORITY])
+        obj->ip_route.metric = nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_PRIORITY]);
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.gateway = nh.gateway.addr4;
+    else
+        obj->ip6_route.gateway = nh.gateway.addr6;
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.scope_inv = nm_platform_route_scope_inv(rtm->rtm_scope);
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len)) {
+        if (is_v4)
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_route.pref_src, nla_data(tb[RTA_PREFSRC]), addr_len);
+        else
+            memcpy(&obj->ip6_route.pref_src, nla_data(tb[RTA_PREFSRC]), addr_len);
+    }
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.tos = rtm->rtm_tos;
+    else {
+        if (tb[RTA_SRC]) {
+            _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_SRC, addr_len);
+            memcpy(&obj->ip6_route.src, nla_data(tb[RTA_SRC]), addr_len);
+        }
+        obj->ip6_route.src_plen = rtm->rtm_src_len;
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_route.mss           = mss;
+    obj->ip_route.window        = window;
+    obj->ip_route.cwnd          = cwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.initcwnd      = initcwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.initrwnd      = initrwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.mtu           = mtu;
+    obj->ip_route.lock_window   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_WINDOW);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_cwnd     = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_CWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_initcwnd = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_INITCWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_initrwnd = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_INITRWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_mtu      = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_MTU);
+
+    if (!is_v4) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF)) {
+            /* Detect support for RTA_PREF by inspecting the netlink message.
+             * RTA_PREF was added in kernel 4.1, dated 21 June, 2015. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF,
+                                             tb[RTA_PREF] ? 1 : -1);
+        }
+
+        if (tb[RTA_PREF])
+            obj->ip6_route.rt_pref = nla_get_u8(tb[RTA_PREF]);
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags = rtm->rtm_flags;
+    obj->ip_route.rt_source   = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_from_rtprot(rtm->rtm_protocol);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_routing_rule(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [FRA_UNSPEC] = {},
+        [FRA_DST]    = {/* struct in_addr, struct in6_addr */},
+        [FRA_SRC]    = {/* struct in_addr, struct in6_addr */},
+        [FRA_IIFNAME] =
+            {
+                .type   = NLA_STRING,
+                .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ,
+            },
+        [FRA_GOTO] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_UNUSED2] = {},
+        [FRA_PRIORITY] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_UNUSED3] = {},
+        [FRA_UNUSED4] = {},
+        [FRA_UNUSED5] = {},
+        [FRA_FWMARK] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_FLOW] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_TUN_ID] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U64,
+            },
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_TABLE] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_FWMASK] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_OIFNAME] =
+            {
+                .type   = NLA_STRING,
+                .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ,
+            },
+        [FRA_PAD] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_L3MDEV] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_UID_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange),
+            },
+        [FRA_PROTOCOL] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_IP_PROTO] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_SPORT_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+            },
+        [FRA_DPORT_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+            },
+    };
+    struct nlattr *            tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct fib_rule_hdr *frh;
+    NMPlatformRoutingRule *    props;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_family;
+    guint8                    addr_size;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*frh), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    frh = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    addr_family = frh->family;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+        /* we don't care about other address families. */
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family);
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, NULL);
+    props = &obj->routing_rule;
+
+    props->addr_family = addr_family;
+    props->action      = frh->action;
+    props->flags       = frh->flags;
+    props->tos         = frh->tos;
+
+    props->table = tb[FRA_TABLE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_TABLE]) : frh->table;
+
+    if (tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN])
+        props->suppress_prefixlen_inverse = ~nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP])
+        props->suppress_ifgroup_inverse = ~nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_IIFNAME])
+        nla_strlcpy(props->iifname, tb[FRA_IIFNAME], sizeof(props->iifname));
+
+    if (tb[FRA_OIFNAME])
+        nla_strlcpy(props->oifname, tb[FRA_OIFNAME], sizeof(props->oifname));
+
+    if (tb[FRA_PRIORITY])
+        props->priority = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_PRIORITY]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FWMARK])
+        props->fwmark = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FWMARK]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FWMASK])
+        props->fwmask = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FWMASK]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_GOTO])
+        props->goto_target = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_GOTO]);
+
+    props->src_len = frh->src_len;
+    if (props->src_len > addr_size * 8)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!tb[FRA_SRC]) {
+        if (props->src_len > 0)
+            return NULL;
+    } else if (!nm_ip_addr_set_from_untrusted(addr_family,
+                                              &props->src,
+                                              nla_data(tb[FRA_SRC]),
+                                              nla_len(tb[FRA_SRC]),
+                                              NULL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    props->dst_len = frh->dst_len;
+    if (props->dst_len > addr_size * 8)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!tb[FRA_DST]) {
+        if (props->dst_len > 0)
+            return NULL;
+    } else if (!nm_ip_addr_set_from_untrusted(addr_family,
+                                              &props->dst,
+                                              nla_data(tb[FRA_DST]),
+                                              nla_len(tb[FRA_DST]),
+                                              NULL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FLOW])
+        props->flow = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FLOW]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_TUN_ID])
+        props->tun_id = nla_get_be64(tb[FRA_TUN_ID]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_L3MDEV]) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)) {
+            /* support for FRA_L3MDEV was added in 96c63fa7393d0a346acfe5a91e0c7d4c7782641b,
+             * kernel 4.8, 3 October 2017.
+             *
+             * We can only detect support if the attribute is present. A missing attribute
+             * is not conclusive. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV, 1);
+        }
+
+        /* actually, kernel only allows this attribute to be missing or
+         * "1". Still, encode it as full uint8.
+         *
+         * Note that FRA_L3MDEV and FRA_TABLE are mutally exclusive. */
+        props->l3mdev = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_L3MDEV]);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[FRA_PROTOCOL])
+        props->protocol = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_PROTOCOL]);
+    else
+        nm_assert(props->protocol == RTPROT_UNSPEC);
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL)) {
+        /* FRA_PROTOCOL was added in kernel 4.17, dated 3 June, 2018.
+         * See commit 1b71af6053af1bd2f849e9fda4f71c1e3f145dcf. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL,
+                                         tb[FRA_PROTOCOL] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[FRA_IP_PROTO])
+        props->ip_proto = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_IP_PROTO]);
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange) == 4);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRulePortRange, start) == 0);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRulePortRange, end) == 2);
+
+    nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->sport_range, tb[FRA_SPORT_RANGE], sizeof(props->sport_range));
+    nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->dport_range, tb[FRA_DPORT_RANGE], sizeof(props->dport_range));
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+        /* support for FRA_IP_PROTO, FRA_SPORT_RANGE, and FRA_DPORT_RANGE was added together
+         * by bfff4862653bb96001ab57c1edd6d03f48e5f035, kernel 4.17, 4 June 2018.
+         *
+         * Unfortunately, a missing attribute does not tell us anything about support.
+         * We can only tell for sure when we have support, but not when we don't have.  */
+        if (tb[FRA_IP_PROTO] || tb[FRA_SPORT_RANGE] || tb[FRA_DPORT_RANGE])
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO, 1);
+    }
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange) == 8);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRuleUidRange, start) == 0);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRuleUidRange, end) == 4);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_UID_RANGE]) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            /* support for FRA_UID_RANGE was added in 622ec2c9d52405973c9f1ca5116eb1c393adfc7d,
+             * kernel 4.10, 19 February 2017.
+             *
+             * We can only detect support if the attribute is present. A missing attribute
+             * is not conclusive. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE, 1);
+        }
+
+        nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->uid_range, tb[FRA_UID_RANGE], sizeof(props->uid_range));
+        props->uid_range_has = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static guint32
+psched_tick_to_time(NMPlatform *platform, guint32 tick)
+{
+    static gboolean initialized;
+    static double   tick_in_usec = 1;
+
+    if (!initialized) {
+        gs_free char *params       = NULL;
+        double        clock_factor = 1;
+        guint32       clock_res;
+        guint32       t2us;
+        guint32       us2t;
+
+        initialized = TRUE;
+        params = nm_platform_sysctl_get(platform, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/proc/net/psched"));
+        if (!params || sscanf(params, "%08x%08x%08x", &t2us, &us2t, &clock_res) != 3) {
+            _LOGW("packet scheduler parameters not available");
+        } else {
+            /* See tc_core_init() in iproute2 */
+            if (clock_res == 1000000000)
+                t2us = us2t;
+
+            clock_factor = (double) clock_res / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC;
+            tick_in_usec = (double) t2us / us2t * clock_factor;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return tick / tick_in_usec;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_qdisc(NMPlatform *platform, struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [TCA_KIND]    = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+        [TCA_OPTIONS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct tcmsg *tcm;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*tcm), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[TCA_KIND])
+        return NULL;
+
+    tcm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, NULL);
+
+    obj->qdisc.kind        = g_intern_string(nla_get_string(tb[TCA_KIND]));
+    obj->qdisc.ifindex     = tcm->tcm_ifindex;
+    obj->qdisc.addr_family = tcm->tcm_family;
+    obj->qdisc.handle      = tcm->tcm_handle;
+    obj->qdisc.parent      = tcm->tcm_parent;
+    obj->qdisc.info        = tcm->tcm_info;
+
+    if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.memory_limit = NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET;
+        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ce_threshold = NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[TCA_OPTIONS]) {
+        struct nlattr *options_attr;
+        int            remaining;
+
+        if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "sfq")) {
+            struct tc_sfq_qopt_v1 opt;
+
+            if (tb[TCA_OPTIONS]->nla_len >= nla_attr_size(sizeof(opt))) {
+                memcpy(&opt, nla_data(tb[TCA_OPTIONS]), sizeof(opt));
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.quantum        = opt.v0.quantum;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.perturb_period = opt.v0.perturb_period;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.limit          = opt.v0.limit;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.divisor        = opt.v0.divisor;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.flows          = opt.v0.flows;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.depth          = opt.depth;
+            }
+        } else if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "tbf")) {
+            static const struct nla_policy tbf_policy[] = {
+                [TCA_TBF_PARMS]  = {.minlen = sizeof(struct tc_tbf_qopt)},
+                [TCA_TBF_RATE64] = {.type = NLA_U64},
+            };
+            struct nlattr *    tbf_tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(tbf_policy)];
+            struct tc_tbf_qopt opt;
+
+            if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tbf_tb, tb[TCA_OPTIONS], tbf_policy) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+            if (!tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_PARMS])
+                return NULL;
+
+            nla_memcpy_checked_size(&opt, tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_PARMS], sizeof(opt));
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.rate = opt.rate.rate;
+            if (tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_RATE64])
+                obj->qdisc.tbf.rate = nla_get_u64(tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_RATE64]);
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.burst =
+                ((double) obj->qdisc.tbf.rate * psched_tick_to_time(platform, opt.buffer))
+                / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC;
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.limit = opt.limit;
+        } else {
+            nla_for_each_nested (options_attr, tb[TCA_OPTIONS], remaining) {
+                if (nla_len(options_attr) < sizeof(uint32_t))
+                    continue;
+
+                if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "fq_codel")) {
+                    switch (nla_type(options_attr)) {
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_LIMIT:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.limit = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_FLOWS:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.flows = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_TARGET:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.target = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_INTERVAL:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.interval = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_QUANTUM:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.quantum = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ce_threshold = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.memory_limit = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_ECN:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ecn = !!nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_tfilter(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [TCA_KIND] = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *         obj = NULL;
+    const struct tcmsg *tcm;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*tcm), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[TCA_KIND])
+        return NULL;
+
+    tcm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, NULL);
+
+    obj->tfilter.kind        = g_intern_string(nla_get_string(tb[TCA_KIND]));
+    obj->tfilter.ifindex     = tcm->tcm_ifindex;
+    obj->tfilter.addr_family = tcm->tcm_family;
+    obj->tfilter.handle      = tcm->tcm_handle;
+    obj->tfilter.parent      = tcm->tcm_parent;
+    obj->tfilter.info        = tcm->tcm_info;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_object_new_from_nl:
+ * @platform: (allow-none): for creating certain objects, the constructor wants to check
+ *   sysfs. For this the platform instance is needed. If missing, the object might not
+ *   be correctly detected.
+ * @cache: (allow-none): for certain objects, the netlink message doesn't contain all the information.
+ *   If a cache is given, the object is completed with information from the cache.
+ * @nlh: the netlink message header
+ * @id_only: whether only to create an empty object with only the ID fields set.
+ *
+ * Returns: %NULL or a newly created NMPObject instance.
+ **/
+static NMPObject *
+nmp_object_new_from_nl(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       const NMPCache *cache,
+                       struct nl_msg * msg,
+                       gboolean        id_only)
+{
+    struct nlmsghdr *msghdr;
+
+    if (nlmsg_get_proto(msg) != NETLINK_ROUTE)
+        return NULL;
+
+    msghdr = nlmsg_hdr(msg);
+
+    switch (msghdr->nlmsg_type) {
+    case RTM_NEWLINK:
+    case RTM_DELLINK:
+    case RTM_GETLINK:
+    case RTM_SETLINK:
+        return _new_from_nl_link(platform, cache, msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWADDR:
+    case RTM_DELADDR:
+    case RTM_GETADDR:
+        return _new_from_nl_addr(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+    case RTM_DELROUTE:
+    case RTM_GETROUTE:
+        return _new_from_nl_route(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWRULE:
+    case RTM_DELRULE:
+    case RTM_GETRULE:
+        return _new_from_nl_routing_rule(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWQDISC:
+    case RTM_DELQDISC:
+    case RTM_GETQDISC:
+        return _new_from_nl_qdisc(platform, msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWTFILTER:
+    case RTM_DELTFILTER:
+    case RTM_GETTFILTER:
+        return _new_from_nl_tfilter(msghdr, id_only);
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(struct nl_msg *msg, int addr_gen_mode, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId *iid)
+{
+    struct nlattr *af_spec;
+    struct nlattr *af_attr;
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    if (!(af_spec = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_AF_SPEC)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (addr_gen_mode >= 0 || iid) {
+        if (!(af_attr = nla_nest_start(msg, AF_INET6)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (addr_gen_mode >= 0)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE, addr_gen_mode);
+
+        if (iid) {
+            struct in6_addr i6_token = {.s6_addr = {
+                                            0,
+                                        }};
+
+            nm_utils_ipv6_addr_set_interface_identifier(&i6_token, *iid);
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_INET6_TOKEN, sizeof(struct in6_addr), &i6_token);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, af_attr);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, af_spec);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo(struct nl_msg *msg, NMLinkType link_type, gconstpointer extra_data)
+{
+    struct nlattr *info;
+    struct nlattr *data = NULL;
+    const char *   kind;
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    kind = nm_link_type_to_rtnl_type_string(link_type);
+    if (!kind)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (!(info = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_LINKINFO)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_INFO_KIND, kind);
+
+    switch (link_type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkBridge *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY, props->forward_delay);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME, props->hello_time);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE, props->max_age);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME, props->ageing_time);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_STP_STATE, !!props->stp_state);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_PRIORITY, props->priority);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL, htons(props->vlan_protocol));
+        if (props->vlan_stats_enabled)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED, !!props->vlan_stats_enabled);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK, props->group_fwd_mask);
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR, sizeof(props->group_addr), &props->group_addr);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING, !!props->mcast_snooping);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER, props->mcast_router);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR, !!props->mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER, !!props->mcast_querier);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX, props->mcast_hash_max);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT, props->mcast_last_member_count);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT, props->mcast_startup_query_count);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL, props->mcast_last_member_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL, props->mcast_membership_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL, props->mcast_querier_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL, props->mcast_query_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL, props->mcast_query_response_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL, props->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VLAN_ID, props->id);
+
+        {
+            struct ifla_vlan_flags flags = {
+                .flags = props->flags & NM_VLAN_FLAGS_ALL,
+                .mask  = NM_VLAN_FLAGS_ALL,
+            };
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS, sizeof(flags), &flags);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVrf *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VRF_TABLE, props->table);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_ID, props->id);
+
+        if (props->group)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP, sizeof(props->group), &props->group);
+        else if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->group6))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6, sizeof(props->group6), &props->group6);
+
+        if (props->local)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        else if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local6))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6, sizeof(props->local6), &props->local6);
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex >= 0)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        if (props->src_port_min || props->src_port_max) {
+            struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range port_range = {
+                .low  = htons(props->src_port_min),
+                .high = htons(props->src_port_max),
+            };
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE, sizeof(port_range), &port_range);
+        }
+
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PORT, htons(props->dst_port));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING, props->ageing);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT, props->limit);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING, !!props->learning);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY, !!props->proxy);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_RSC, !!props->rsc);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS, !!props->l2miss);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS, !!props->l3miss);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH:
+    {
+        const char *           veth_peer = extra_data;
+        const struct ifinfomsg ifi       = {};
+        struct nlattr *        info_peer;
+
+        nm_assert(veth_peer);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        if (!(info_peer = nla_nest_start(msg, 1 /*VETH_INFO_PEER*/)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &ifi) < 0)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_IFNAME, veth_peer);
+        nla_nest_end(msg, info_peer);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkGre *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(props->is_tap == (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP));
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_IKEY, htonl(props->input_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_OKEY, htonl(props->output_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS, htons(props->input_flags));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS, htons(props->output_flags));
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkSit *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props = extra_data;
+        guint32                    flowinfo;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(!props->is_gre);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->remote))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, sizeof(props->remote), &props->remote);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT, props->encap_limit);
+
+        flowinfo = props->flow_label & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        flowinfo |= (props->tclass << IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT) & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO, htonl(flowinfo));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO, props->proto);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS, props->flags);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props = extra_data;
+        guint32                    flowinfo;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(props->is_gre);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_IKEY, htonl(props->input_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_OKEY, htonl(props->output_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS, htons(props->input_flags));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS, htons(props->output_flags));
+
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_GRE_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_GRE_REMOTE, sizeof(props->remote), &props->remote);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT, props->encap_limit);
+
+        flowinfo = props->flow_label & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        flowinfo |= (props->tclass << IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT) & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO, htonl(flowinfo));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_FLAGS, props->flags);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->icv_length)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN, 16);
+        if (props->cipher_suite)
+            NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE, props->cipher_suite);
+        if (props->replay_protect)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW, props->window);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_SCI, htobe64(props->sci));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA, props->encoding_sa);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT, props->encrypt);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT, props->protect);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI, props->include_sci);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ES, props->es);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_SCB, props->scb);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT, props->replay_protect);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION, props->validation);
+        break;
+    };
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE, props->mode);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS, props->no_promisc ? MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC : 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!extra_data);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (data)
+        nla_nest_end(msg, data);
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, info);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo_vlan(struct nl_msg *         msg,
+                                   int                     vlan_id,
+                                   guint32                 flags_mask,
+                                   guint32                 flags_set,
+                                   const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_qos,
+                                   int                     ingress_qos_len,
+                                   const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_qos,
+                                   int                     egress_qos_len)
+{
+    struct nlattr *info;
+    struct nlattr *data;
+    guint          i;
+    gboolean       has_any_vlan_properties = FALSE;
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HDR);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_GVRP);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_LOOSE_BINDING == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_LOOSE_BINDING);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_MVRP == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_MVRP);
+
+#define VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(from) (((from) & ~(guint32) 0x07) == 0)
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    /* We must not create an empty IFLA_LINKINFO section. Otherwise, kernel
+     * rejects the request as invalid. */
+    if (flags_mask != 0 || vlan_id >= 0)
+        has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties && ingress_qos && ingress_qos_len > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < ingress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(ingress_qos[i].from)) {
+                has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties && egress_qos && egress_qos_len > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < egress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(egress_qos[i].to)) {
+                has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    if (!(info = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_LINKINFO)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_INFO_KIND, "vlan");
+
+    if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (vlan_id >= 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VLAN_ID, vlan_id);
+
+    if (flags_mask != 0) {
+        struct ifla_vlan_flags flags = {
+            .flags = flags_mask & flags_set,
+            .mask  = flags_mask,
+        };
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS, sizeof(flags), &flags);
+    }
+
+    if (ingress_qos && ingress_qos_len > 0) {
+        struct nlattr *qos = NULL;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ingress_qos_len; i++) {
+            /* Silently ignore invalid mappings. Kernel would truncate
+             * them and modify the wrong mapping. */
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(ingress_qos[i].from)) {
+                if (!qos) {
+                    if (!(qos = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS)))
+                        goto nla_put_failure;
+                }
+                NLA_PUT(msg, i, sizeof(ingress_qos[i]), &ingress_qos[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (qos)
+            nla_nest_end(msg, qos);
+    }
+
+    if (egress_qos && egress_qos_len > 0) {
+        struct nlattr *qos = NULL;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < egress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(egress_qos[i].to)) {
+                if (!qos) {
+                    if (!(qos = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS)))
+                        goto nla_put_failure;
+                }
+                NLA_PUT(msg, i, sizeof(egress_qos[i]), &egress_qos[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (qos)
+            nla_nest_end(msg, qos);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, data);
+    nla_nest_end(msg, info);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_link_full(int         nlmsg_type,
+                      int         nlmsg_flags,
+                      int         ifindex,
+                      const char *ifname,
+                      guint8      family,
+                      unsigned    flags_mask,
+                      unsigned    flags_set)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    const struct ifinfomsg       ifi = {
+        .ifi_family = family,
+        .ifi_change = flags_mask,
+        .ifi_flags  = flags_set,
+        .ifi_index  = ifindex,
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_DELLINK, RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_GETLINK, RTM_SETLINK));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &ifi) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (ifname)
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_IFNAME, ifname);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_link(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, int ifindex, const char *ifname)
+{
+    return _nl_msg_new_link_full(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags, ifindex, ifname, AF_UNSPEC, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/* Copied and modified from libnl3's build_addr_msg(). */
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_address(int           nlmsg_type,
+                    int           nlmsg_flags,
+                    int           family,
+                    int           ifindex,
+                    gconstpointer address,
+                    guint8        plen,
+                    gconstpointer peer_address,
+                    guint32       flags,
+                    int           scope,
+                    guint32       lifetime,
+                    guint32       preferred,
+                    in_addr_t     ip4_broadcast_address,
+                    const char *  label)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct ifaddrmsg             am  = {
+        .ifa_family    = family,
+        .ifa_index     = ifindex,
+        .ifa_prefixlen = plen,
+        .ifa_flags     = flags,
+    };
+    gsize addr_len;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWADDR, RTM_DELADDR));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    if (scope == -1) {
+        /* Allow having scope unset, and detect the scope (including IPv4 compatibility hack). */
+        if (family == AF_INET && address && *((char *) address) == 127)
+            scope = RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+        else
+            scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+    }
+    am.ifa_scope = scope,
+
+    addr_len = family == AF_INET ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &am) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_LOCAL, addr_len, address);
+
+    if (peer_address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len, peer_address);
+    else if (address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len, address);
+
+    if (label && label[0])
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFA_LABEL, label);
+
+    if (ip4_broadcast_address != 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_BROADCAST, sizeof(in_addr_t), &ip4_broadcast_address);
+
+    if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        struct ifa_cacheinfo ca = {
+            .ifa_valid    = lifetime,
+            .ifa_prefered = preferred,
+        };
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_CACHEINFO, sizeof(ca), &ca);
+    }
+
+    if (flags & ~((guint32) 0xFF)) {
+        /* only set the IFA_FLAGS attribute, if they actually contain additional
+         * flags that are not already set to am.ifa_flags.
+         *
+         * Older kernels refuse RTM_NEWADDR and RTM_NEWROUTE messages with EINVAL
+         * if they contain unknown netlink attributes. See net/core/rtnetlink.c, which
+         * was fixed by kernel commit 661d2967b3f1b34eeaa7e212e7b9bbe8ee072b59. */
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFA_FLAGS, flags);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static guint32
+ip_route_get_lock_flag(const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    return (((guint32) route->lock_window) << RTAX_WINDOW)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_cwnd) << RTAX_CWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_initcwnd) << RTAX_INITCWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_initrwnd) << RTAX_INITRWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_mtu) << RTAX_MTU);
+}
+
+/* Copied and modified from libnl3's build_route_msg() and rtnl_route_build_msg(). */
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_route(int nlmsg_type, guint16 nlmsgflags, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg   = NULL;
+    const NMPClass *             klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+    gboolean                     is_v4 = klass->addr_family == AF_INET;
+    const guint32                lock  = ip_route_get_lock_flag(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj));
+    const guint32                table =
+        nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->table_coerced, TRUE);
+    const struct rtmsg rtmsg = {
+        .rtm_family   = klass->addr_family,
+        .rtm_tos      = is_v4 ? obj->ip4_route.tos : 0,
+        .rtm_table    = table <= 0xFF ? table : RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
+        .rtm_protocol = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_coerce_to_rtprot(obj->ip_route.rt_source),
+        .rtm_scope =
+            is_v4 ? nm_platform_route_scope_inv(obj->ip4_route.scope_inv) : RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+        .rtm_type    = nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->type_coerced),
+        .rtm_flags   = obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags & ((unsigned) (RTNH_F_ONLINK)),
+        .rtm_dst_len = obj->ip_route.plen,
+        .rtm_src_len = is_v4 ? 0 : NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->src_plen,
+    };
+
+    gsize addr_len;
+
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWROUTE, RTM_DELROUTE));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, (int) nlmsgflags);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &rtmsg) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    NLA_PUT(msg,
+            RTA_DST,
+            addr_len,
+            is_v4 ? (gconstpointer) &obj->ip4_route.network
+                  : (gconstpointer) &obj->ip6_route.network);
+
+    if (!is_v4) {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->src))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_SRC, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.src);
+    }
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg,
+                RTA_PRIORITY,
+                is_v4 ? nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(&obj->ip4_route)
+                      : nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(&obj->ip6_route));
+
+    if (table > 0xFF)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTA_TABLE, table);
+
+    if (is_v4) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj)->pref_src)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len, &obj->ip4_route.pref_src);
+    } else {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->pref_src))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.pref_src);
+    }
+
+    if (obj->ip_route.mss || obj->ip_route.window || obj->ip_route.cwnd || obj->ip_route.initcwnd
+        || obj->ip_route.initrwnd || obj->ip_route.mtu || lock) {
+        struct nlattr *metrics;
+
+        metrics = nla_nest_start(msg, RTA_METRICS);
+        if (!metrics)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (obj->ip_route.mss)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_ADVMSS, obj->ip_route.mss);
+        if (obj->ip_route.window)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_WINDOW, obj->ip_route.window);
+        if (obj->ip_route.cwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_CWND, obj->ip_route.cwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.initcwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_INITCWND, obj->ip_route.initcwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.initrwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_INITRWND, obj->ip_route.initrwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.mtu)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_MTU, obj->ip_route.mtu);
+        if (lock)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_LOCK, lock);
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, metrics);
+    }
+
+    /* We currently don't have need for multi-hop routes... */
+    if (is_v4) {
+        NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len, &obj->ip4_route.gateway);
+    } else {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&obj->ip6_route.gateway))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.gateway);
+    }
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTA_OIF, obj->ip_route.ifindex);
+
+    if (!is_v4 && obj->ip6_route.rt_pref != NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_MEDIUM)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, RTA_PREF, obj->ip6_route.rt_pref);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_routing_rule(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    const guint8 addr_size           = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(routing_rule->addr_family);
+    guint32      table;
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    table = routing_rule->table;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(routing_rule->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)
+        && routing_rule->action == FR_ACT_TO_TBL && routing_rule->l3mdev == 0
+        && table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
+        /* for IPv6, this setting is invalid and rejected by kernel. That's fine.
+         *
+         * for IPv4, kernel will automatically assign an unused table. That's not
+         * fine, because we don't know what we will get.
+         *
+         * The caller must not allow that to happen. */
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    {
+        const struct fib_rule_hdr frh = {
+            .family  = routing_rule->addr_family,
+            .src_len = routing_rule->src_len,
+            .dst_len = routing_rule->dst_len,
+            .tos     = routing_rule->tos,
+            .table   = table < 0x100u ? (guint8) table : (guint8) RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
+            .action  = routing_rule->action,
+
+            /* we only allow setting the "not" flag. */
+            .flags = routing_rule->flags & ((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT),
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &frh) < 0)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+    }
+
+    if (table > G_MAXINT8)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_TABLE, table);
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN, ~routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse);
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP, ~routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse);
+
+    if (routing_rule->iifname[0] != '\0')
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, FRA_IIFNAME, routing_rule->iifname);
+
+    if (routing_rule->oifname[0] != '\0')
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, FRA_OIFNAME, routing_rule->oifname);
+
+    /* we always set the priority and don't support letting kernel pick one. */
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_PRIORITY, routing_rule->priority);
+
+    if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0 || routing_rule->fwmask != 0) {
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FWMARK, routing_rule->fwmark);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FWMASK, routing_rule->fwmask);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->src_len > 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_SRC, addr_size, &routing_rule->src);
+
+    if (routing_rule->dst_len > 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_DST, addr_size, &routing_rule->dst);
+
+    if (routing_rule->flow != 0) {
+        /* only relevant for IPv4. */
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FLOW, routing_rule->flow);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->tun_id != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, FRA_TUN_ID, htobe64(routing_rule->tun_id));
+
+    if (routing_rule->l3mdev)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_L3MDEV, routing_rule->l3mdev);
+
+    if (routing_rule->protocol != RTPROT_UNSPEC)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_PROTOCOL, routing_rule->protocol);
+
+    if (routing_rule->ip_proto != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_IP_PROTO, routing_rule->ip_proto);
+
+    if (routing_rule->sport_range.start || routing_rule->sport_range.end)
+        NLA_PUT(msg,
+                FRA_SPORT_RANGE,
+                sizeof(routing_rule->sport_range),
+                &routing_rule->sport_range);
+
+    if (routing_rule->dport_range.start || routing_rule->dport_range.end)
+        NLA_PUT(msg,
+                FRA_DPORT_RANGE,
+                sizeof(routing_rule->dport_range),
+                &routing_rule->dport_range);
+
+    if (routing_rule->uid_range_has)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_UID_RANGE, sizeof(routing_rule->uid_range), &routing_rule->uid_range);
+
+    switch (routing_rule->action) {
+    case FR_ACT_GOTO:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_GOTO, routing_rule->goto_target);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_qdisc(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              tc_options;
+    const struct tcmsg           tcm = {
+        .tcm_family  = qdisc->addr_family,
+        .tcm_ifindex = qdisc->ifindex,
+        .tcm_handle  = qdisc->handle,
+        .tcm_parent  = qdisc->parent,
+        .tcm_info    = qdisc->info,
+    };
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &tcm) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_KIND, qdisc->kind);
+
+    if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "sfq")) {
+        struct tc_sfq_qopt_v1 opt = {};
+
+        opt.v0.quantum        = qdisc->sfq.quantum;
+        opt.v0.limit          = qdisc->sfq.limit;
+        opt.v0.perturb_period = qdisc->sfq.perturb_period;
+        opt.v0.flows          = qdisc->sfq.flows;
+        opt.v0.divisor        = qdisc->sfq.divisor;
+        opt.depth             = qdisc->sfq.depth;
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_OPTIONS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+    } else if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "tbf")) {
+        struct tc_tbf_qopt opt = {};
+
+        if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        opt.rate.rate = (qdisc->tbf.rate >= (1ULL << 32)) ? ~0U : (guint32) qdisc->tbf.rate;
+        if (qdisc->tbf.limit)
+            opt.limit = qdisc->tbf.limit;
+        else if (qdisc->tbf.latency) {
+            opt.limit = qdisc->tbf.rate * (double) qdisc->tbf.latency / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC
+                        + qdisc->tbf.burst;
+        }
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_TBF_PARMS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.rate >= (1ULL << 32))
+            NLA_PUT_U64(msg, TCA_TBF_RATE64, qdisc->tbf.rate);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_TBF_BURST, qdisc->tbf.burst);
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+    } else if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "prio")) {
+        struct tc_prio_qopt opt = {3, {1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}};
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_OPTIONS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+    } else {
+        if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.limit)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_LIMIT, qdisc->fq_codel.limit);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.flows)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_FLOWS, qdisc->fq_codel.flows);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.target)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_TARGET, qdisc->fq_codel.target);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.interval)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_INTERVAL, qdisc->fq_codel.interval);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.quantum)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_QUANTUM, qdisc->fq_codel.quantum);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD, qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT, qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.ecn)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_ECN, qdisc->fq_codel.ecn);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_tfilter(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              tc_options;
+    struct nlattr *              act_tab;
+    const struct tcmsg           tcm = {
+        .tcm_family  = tfilter->addr_family,
+        .tcm_ifindex = tfilter->ifindex,
+        .tcm_handle  = tfilter->handle,
+        .tcm_parent  = tfilter->parent,
+        .tcm_info    = tfilter->info,
+    };
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &tcm) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_KIND, tfilter->kind);
+
+    if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (!(act_tab = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))  // 3 TCA_ACT_KIND TCA_ACT_KIND
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (tfilter->action.kind) {
+        const NMPlatformAction *action = &tfilter->action;
+        struct nlattr *         prio;
+        struct nlattr *         act_options;
+
+        if (!(prio = nla_nest_start(msg, 1 /* priority */)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_ACT_KIND, action->kind);
+
+        if (nm_streq(action->kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            const NMPlatformActionSimple *simple = &action->simple;
+            struct tc_defact              sel    = {
+                0,
+            };
+
+            if (!(act_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_ACT_OPTIONS)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_DEF_PARMS, sizeof(sel), &sel);
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_DEF_DATA, sizeof(simple->sdata), simple->sdata);
+
+            nla_nest_end(msg, act_options);
+
+        } else if (nm_streq(action->kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            const NMPlatformActionMirred *mirred = &action->mirred;
+            struct tc_mirred              sel    = {
+                0,
+            };
+
+            if (!(act_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_ACT_OPTIONS)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            if (mirred->egress && mirred->redirect)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_EGRESS_REDIR;
+            else if (mirred->egress && mirred->mirror)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_EGRESS_MIRROR;
+            else if (mirred->ingress && mirred->redirect)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_INGRESS_REDIR;
+            else if (mirred->ingress && mirred->mirror)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_INGRESS_MIRROR;
+            sel.ifindex = mirred->ifindex;
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_MIRRED_PARMS, sizeof(sel), &sel);
+
+            nla_nest_end(msg, act_options);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, prio);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, act_tab);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static struct nl_sock *
+_genl_sock(NMLinuxPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+
+    return priv->genl;
+}
+
+#define ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path)                                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                \
+    {                                                                                           \
+        const char *const _pathid = (pathid);                                                   \
+        const int         _dirfd  = (dirfd);                                                    \
+        const char *const _path   = (path);                                                     \
+                                                                                                \
+        nm_assert(_path &&_path[0]);                                                            \
+        g_assert(!strstr(_path, "/../"));                                                       \
+        if (_dirfd < 0) {                                                                       \
+            nm_assert(!_pathid);                                                                \
+            nm_assert(_path[0] == '/');                                                         \
+            nm_assert(g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/proc/sys/") || g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/sys/") \
+                      || g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/proc/net"));                                 \
+        } else {                                                                                \
+            nm_assert(_pathid &&_pathid[0] && _pathid[0] != '/');                               \
+            nm_assert(_path[0] != '/');                                                         \
+        }                                                                                       \
+    }                                                                                           \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* core sysctl-set functions can be called from a non-main thread.
+ * Hence, we require locking from nm-logging. Indicate that by
+ * setting NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD to zero. */
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 0
+
+static void
+_log_dbg_sysctl_set_impl(NMPlatform *platform,
+                         const char *pathid,
+                         int         dirfd,
+                         const char *path,
+                         const char *value)
+{
+    GError *      error         = NULL;
+    gs_free char *contents      = NULL;
+    gs_free char *value_escaped = g_strescape(value, NULL);
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    path,
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    &error)) {
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value cannot be read: %s)",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped,
+              error->message);
+        g_clear_error(&error);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_strstrip(contents);
+    if (nm_streq(contents, value))
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value is identical)",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped);
+    else {
+        gs_free char *contents_escaped = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value is '%s')",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped,
+              contents_escaped);
+    }
+}
+
+#define _log_dbg_sysctl_set(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value)           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                            \
+    {                                                                       \
+        if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {                                              \
+            _log_dbg_sysctl_set_impl(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value); \
+        }                                                                   \
+    }                                                                       \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static gboolean
+sysctl_set_internal(NMPlatform *platform,
+                    const char *pathid,
+                    int         dirfd,
+                    const char *path,
+                    const char *value)
+{
+    int           fd, tries;
+    gssize        nwrote;
+    gssize        len;
+    char *        actual;
+    gs_free char *actual_free = NULL;
+    int           errsv;
+
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        pathid = path;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == ENOENT) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: failed to open '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            } else {
+                _LOGE("sysctl: failed to open '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            }
+            errno = errsv;
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    } else {
+        fd = openat(dirfd, path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == ENOENT) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: failed to openat '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            } else {
+                _LOGE("sysctl: failed to openat '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            }
+            errno = errsv;
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    _log_dbg_sysctl_set(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+
+    /* Most sysfs and sysctl options don't care about a trailing LF, while some
+     * (like infiniband) do.  So always add the LF.  Also, neither sysfs nor
+     * sysctl support partial writes so the LF must be added to the string we're
+     * about to write.
+     */
+    len = strlen(value) + 1;
+    nm_assert(len > 0);
+    if (len > 512)
+        actual = actual_free = g_malloc(len + 1);
+    else
+        actual = g_alloca(len + 1);
+    memcpy(actual, value, len - 1);
+    actual[len - 1] = '\n';
+    actual[len]     = '\0';
+
+    /* Try to write the entire value three times if a partial write occurs */
+    errsv = 0;
+    for (tries = 0, nwrote = 0; tries < 3 && nwrote < len - 1; tries++) {
+        nwrote = write(fd, actual, len);
+        if (nwrote == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == EINTR) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: interrupted, will try again");
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (nwrote == -1) {
+        NMLogLevel level = LOGL_ERR;
+
+        if (errsv == EEXIST) {
+            level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        } else if (errsv == EINVAL
+                   && nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_is_path(AF_INET6, path, NULL, "mtu")) {
+            /* setting the MTU can fail under regular conditions. Suppress
+             * logging a warning. */
+            level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        }
+
+        _NMLOG(level,
+               "sysctl: failed to set '%s' to '%s': (%d) %s",
+               path,
+               value,
+               errsv,
+               nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+    } else if (nwrote < len - 1) {
+        _LOGE("sysctl: failed to set '%s' to '%s' after three attempts", path, value);
+    }
+
+    if (nwrote < len - 1) {
+        if (nm_close(fd) != 0) {
+            if (errsv != 0)
+                errno = errsv;
+        } else if (errsv != 0)
+            errno = errsv;
+        else
+            errno = EIO;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (nm_close(fd) != 0) {
+        /* errno is already properly set. */
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* success. errno is undefined (no need to set). */
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 1
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+sysctl_set(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, const char *value)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd < 0 && !nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        errno = ENETDOWN;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return sysctl_set_internal(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatform *            platform;
+    char *                  pathid;
+    int                     dirfd;
+    char *                  path;
+    char **                 values;
+    GCancellable *          cancellable;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+} SysctlAsyncInfo;
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_info_free(SysctlAsyncInfo *info)
+{
+    g_object_unref(info->platform);
+    g_free(info->pathid);
+    if (info->dirfd >= 0)
+        nm_close(info->dirfd);
+    g_free(info->path);
+    g_strfreev(info->values);
+    g_object_unref(info->cancellable);
+    g_slice_free(SysctlAsyncInfo, info);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_cb(GObject *object, GAsyncResult *res, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *     platform;
+    GTask *          task = G_TASK(res);
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *info;
+    gs_free_error GError *error      = NULL;
+    gs_free char *        values_str = NULL;
+
+    info = g_task_get_task_data(task);
+
+    if (g_task_propagate_boolean(task, &error)) {
+        platform = info->platform;
+        _LOGD("sysctl: successfully set-async '%s' to values '%s'",
+              info->pathid ?: info->path,
+              (values_str = g_strjoinv(", ", info->values)));
+    }
+
+    if (info->callback)
+        info->callback(error, info->callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_thread_fn(GTask *       task,
+                       gpointer      source_object,
+                       gpointer      task_data,
+                       GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *           info  = task_data;
+    GError *                    error = NULL;
+    char **                     value;
+
+    if (g_task_return_error_if_cancelled(task))
+        return;
+
+    if (info->dirfd < 0 && !nm_platform_netns_push(info->platform, &netns)) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "sysctl: failed changing namespace");
+        g_task_return_error(task, error);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (value = info->values; *value; value++) {
+        if (!sysctl_set_internal(info->platform, info->pathid, info->dirfd, info->path, *value)) {
+            g_set_error(&error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "sysctl: failed setting '%s' to value '%s': %s",
+                        info->pathid ?: info->path,
+                        *value,
+                        nm_strerror_native(errno));
+            g_task_return_error(task, error);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (g_task_return_error_if_cancelled(task))
+            return;
+    }
+    g_task_return_boolean(task, TRUE);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_set_async_return_idle(gpointer user_data, GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform  = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *cancelled_error = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *  error         = NULL;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+
+    nm_utils_user_data_unpack(user_data, &platform, &callback, &callback_data, &error);
+    g_cancellable_set_error_if_cancelled(cancellable, &cancelled_error);
+    callback(cancelled_error ?: error, callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_set_async(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                 const char *            pathid,
+                 int                     dirfd,
+                 const char *            path,
+                 const char *const *     values,
+                 NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                 gpointer                data,
+                 GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *info;
+    GTask *          task;
+    int              dirfd_dup, errsv;
+    gpointer         packed;
+    GError *         error = NULL;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(platform);
+    g_return_if_fail(path);
+    g_return_if_fail(values && values[0]);
+    g_return_if_fail(cancellable);
+    g_return_if_fail(!data || callback);
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd >= 0) {
+        dirfd_dup = fcntl(dirfd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (dirfd_dup < 0) {
+            if (!callback)
+                return;
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_set_error(&error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "sysctl: failure duplicating directory fd: %s",
+                        nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            packed = nm_utils_user_data_pack(g_object_ref(platform), callback, data, error);
+            nm_utils_invoke_on_idle(cancellable, sysctl_set_async_return_idle, packed);
+            return;
+        }
+    } else
+        dirfd_dup = -1;
+
+    info                = g_slice_new0(SysctlAsyncInfo);
+    info->platform      = g_object_ref(platform);
+    info->pathid        = g_strdup(pathid);
+    info->dirfd         = dirfd_dup;
+    info->path          = g_strdup(path);
+    info->values        = g_strdupv((char **) values);
+    info->callback      = callback;
+    info->callback_data = data;
+    info->cancellable   = g_object_ref(cancellable);
+
+    task = g_task_new(platform, cancellable, sysctl_async_cb, NULL);
+    g_task_set_task_data(task, info, (GDestroyNotify) sysctl_async_info_free);
+    g_task_set_return_on_cancel(task, FALSE);
+    g_task_run_in_thread(task, sysctl_async_thread_fn);
+    g_object_unref(task);
+}
+
+static GSList *sysctl_clear_cache_list;
+
+void
+_nm_logging_clear_platform_logging_cache(void)
+{
+    while (sysctl_clear_cache_list) {
+        NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(sysctl_clear_cache_list->data);
+
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list =
+            g_slist_delete_link(sysctl_clear_cache_list, sysctl_clear_cache_list);
+
+        g_hash_table_destroy(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values);
+        priv->sysctl_get_prev_values = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *path;
+    CList       lst;
+    char *      value;
+    char        path_data[];
+} SysctlCacheEntry;
+
+static void
+sysctl_cache_entry_free(SysctlCacheEntry *entry)
+{
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&entry->lst);
+    g_free(entry->value);
+    g_free(entry);
+}
+
+static void
+_log_dbg_sysctl_get_impl(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, const char *contents)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    SysctlCacheEntry *      entry = NULL;
+
+    if (!priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) {
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list = g_slist_prepend(sysctl_clear_cache_list, platform);
+        c_list_init(&priv->sysctl_list);
+        priv->sysctl_get_prev_values =
+            g_hash_table_new_full(nm_pstr_hash,
+                                  nm_pstr_equal,
+                                  (GDestroyNotify) sysctl_cache_entry_free,
+                                  NULL);
+    } else
+        entry = g_hash_table_lookup(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, &pathid);
+
+    if (entry) {
+        if (!nm_streq(entry->value, contents)) {
+            gs_free char *contents_escaped   = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+            gs_free char *prev_value_escaped = g_strescape(entry->value, NULL);
+
+            _LOGD("sysctl: reading '%s': '%s' (changed from '%s' on last read)",
+                  pathid,
+                  contents_escaped,
+                  prev_value_escaped);
+            g_free(entry->value);
+            entry->value = g_strdup(contents);
+        }
+        nm_c_list_move_front(&priv->sysctl_list, &entry->lst);
+    } else {
+        gs_free char *    contents_escaped = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+        SysctlCacheEntry *old;
+        size_t            len;
+
+        len          = strlen(pathid);
+        entry        = g_malloc(sizeof(SysctlCacheEntry) + len + 1);
+        entry->value = g_strdup(contents);
+        entry->path  = entry->path_data;
+        memcpy(entry->path_data, pathid, len + 1);
+
+        /* Remove oldest entry when the cache becomes too big */
+        if (g_hash_table_size(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) > 1000) {
+            old = c_list_last_entry(&priv->sysctl_list, SysctlCacheEntry, lst);
+            g_hash_table_remove(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, old);
+        }
+
+        _LOGD("sysctl: reading '%s': '%s'", pathid, contents_escaped);
+
+        g_hash_table_add(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, entry);
+        c_list_link_front(&priv->sysctl_list, &entry->lst);
+    }
+}
+
+#define _log_dbg_sysctl_get(platform, pathid, contents)           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                  \
+    {                                                             \
+        if (_LOGD_ENABLED())                                      \
+            _log_dbg_sysctl_get_impl(platform, pathid, contents); \
+    }                                                             \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static char *
+sysctl_get(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns    = NULL;
+    GError *                    error    = NULL;
+    gs_free char *              contents = NULL;
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+            errno = EBUSY;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        pathid = path;
+    }
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    path,
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    &error)) {
+        NMLogLevel log_level = LOGL_ERR;
+        int        errsv     = EBUSY;
+
+        if (g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_NOENT)) {
+            errsv     = ENOENT;
+            log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        } else if (g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_NODEV)
+                   || g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_FAILED)) {
+            /* We assume FAILED means EOPNOTSUP and don't log a error message. */
+            log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        }
+
+        _NMLOG(log_level, "error reading %s: %s", pathid, error->message);
+        g_clear_error(&error);
+        errno = errsv;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    g_strstrip(contents);
+
+    _log_dbg_sysctl_get(platform, pathid, contents);
+
+    /* errno is left undefined (as we don't return NULL). */
+    return g_steal_pointer(&contents);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+process_events(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const RefreshAllInfo *
+refresh_all_type_get_info(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type)
+{
+    static const RefreshAllInfo infos[] = {
+#define R(_refresh_all_type, _obj_type, _addr_family) \
+    [_refresh_all_type] = {                           \
+        .obj_type    = _obj_type,                     \
+        .addr_family = _addr_family,                  \
+    }
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, AF_INET),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, AF_INET6),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, AF_UNSPEC),
+#undef R
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(refresh_all_type));
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type < G_N_ELEMENTS(infos));
+    nm_assert(nmp_class_from_type(infos[refresh_all_type].obj_type));
+
+    return &infos[refresh_all_type];
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFINE(
+    delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type,
+    DelayedActionType,
+    RefreshAllType,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT_NM_ASSERT(0),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE_OTHER(), );
+
+static DelayedActionType
+delayed_action_type_from_refresh_all_type(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type)
+{
+    DelayedActionType t;
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type));
+
+    t = (((DelayedActionType) 1) << refresh_all_type);
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type == delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(t));
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+static RefreshAllType
+refresh_all_type_from_needle_object(const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_needle)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        switch (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_needle)->addr_family) {
+        case AF_INET:
+            return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6;
+        }
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static const NMPLookup *
+refresh_all_type_init_lookup(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type, NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    const RefreshAllInfo *refresh_all_info;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    refresh_all_info = refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type);
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_info);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(refresh_all_info->obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE)) {
+        return nmp_lookup_init_object_by_addr_family(lookup,
+                                                     refresh_all_info->obj_type,
+                                                     refresh_all_info->addr_family);
+    }
+
+    /* not yet implemented. */
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_info->addr_family == AF_UNSPEC);
+
+    return nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(lookup, refresh_all_info->obj_type);
+}
+
+static DelayedActionType
+delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    return delayed_action_type_from_refresh_all_type(
+        refresh_all_type_from_needle_object(obj_needle));
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
+    delayed_action_to_string,
+    DelayedActionType,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT_NM_ASSERT("unknown"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS, "refresh-all-links"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES,
+                             "refresh-all-ip4-addresses"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES,
+                             "refresh-all-ip6-addresses"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES, "refresh-all-ip4-routes"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES, "refresh-all-ip6-routes"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4,
+                             "refresh-all-routing-rules-ip4"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+                             "refresh-all-routing-rules-ip6"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS, "refresh-all-qdiscs"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS, "refresh-all-tfilters"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, "refresh-link"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED, "master-connected"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, "read-netlink"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, "wait-for-nl-response"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(__DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX), );
+
+static const char *
+delayed_action_to_string_full(DelayedActionType action_type,
+                              gpointer          user_data,
+                              char *            buf,
+                              gsize             buf_size)
+{
+    char *                                    buf0 = buf;
+    const DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, delayed_action_to_string(action_type));
+    switch (action_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, " (master-ifindex %d)", GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, " (ifindex %d)", GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE:
+        data = user_data;
+
+        if (data) {
+            gint64 timeout = data->timeout_abs_ns - nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec();
+            char   b[255];
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                &buf,
+                &buf_size,
+                " (seq %u, timeout in %s%" G_GINT64_FORMAT ".%09" G_GINT64_FORMAT
+                ", response-type %d%s%s)",
+                data->seq_number,
+                timeout < 0 ? "-" : "",
+                (timeout < 0 ? -timeout : timeout) / NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC,
+                (timeout < 0 ? -timeout : timeout) % NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC,
+                (int) data->response_type,
+                data->seq_result ? ", " : "",
+                data->seq_result
+                    ? wait_for_nl_response_to_string(data->seq_result, NULL, b, sizeof(b))
+                    : "");
+        } else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, " (any)");
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!user_data);
+        break;
+    }
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+#define _LOGt_delayed_action(action_type, user_data, operation)                           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                          \
+    {                                                                                     \
+        char _buf[255];                                                                   \
+                                                                                          \
+        _LOGt("delayed-action: %s %s",                                                    \
+              "" operation,                                                               \
+              delayed_action_to_string_full(action_type, user_data, _buf, sizeof(_buf))); \
+    }                                                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_refresh_all_in_progress(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    RefreshAllType          refresh_all_type;
+
+    nm_assert(nm_utils_is_power_of_two(action_type));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(priv->delayed_action.flags, action_type))
+        return TRUE;
+
+    refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(action_type);
+    return (priv->delayed_action.refresh_all_in_progress[refresh_all_type] > 0);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                             guint                   idx,
+                                             WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+    nm_assert(idx < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len);
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                          DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                          idx);
+
+    _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, data, "complete");
+
+    if (priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len <= 1)
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE;
+    if (data->out_seq_result)
+        *data->out_seq_result = seq_result;
+    switch (data->response_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID:
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS:
+        if (data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress) {
+            nm_assert(*data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress > 0);
+            *data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+            data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress = NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET:
+        if (data->response.out_route_get) {
+            nm_assert(!*data->response.out_route_get);
+            data->response.out_route_get = NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    g_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response, idx);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                                   WaitForNlResponseResult force_result,
+                                                   guint32 *               out_next_seq_number,
+                                                   gint64 *                out_next_timeout_abs_ns,
+                                                   gint64 *                p_now_ns)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    guint                   i;
+    guint32                 next_seq_number     = 0;
+    gint64                  next_timeout_abs_ns = 0;
+    int                     now_ns              = 0;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len;) {
+        const DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data =
+            &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                           DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                           i);
+
+        if (data->seq_result)
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(platform, i, data->seq_result);
+        else if (p_now_ns
+                 && ((now_ns ?: (now_ns = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec()))
+                     >= data->timeout_abs_ns)) {
+            /* the caller can optionally check for timeout by providing a p_now_ns argument. */
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(
+                platform,
+                i,
+                WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_TIMEOUT);
+        } else if (force_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN)
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(platform, i, force_result);
+        else {
+            if (next_seq_number == 0 || next_timeout_abs_ns > data->timeout_abs_ns) {
+                next_seq_number     = data->seq_number;
+                next_timeout_abs_ns = data->timeout_abs_ns;
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (force_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN) {
+        nm_assert(
+            !NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len == 0);
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_next_seq_number, next_seq_number);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_next_timeout_abs_ns, next_timeout_abs_ns);
+    NM_SET_OUT(p_now_ns, now_ns);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                                 WaitForNlResponseResult fallback_result)
+{
+    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(platform, fallback_result, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_MASTER_CONNECTED(NMPlatform *platform, int master_ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_link_master_connected(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                                      master_ifindex,
+                                                      &obj_old,
+                                                      &obj_new);
+    if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED)
+        return;
+    cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_LINK(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_ALL(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType flags)
+{
+    do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(platform, flags);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_READ_NETLINK(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, TRUE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_handle_one(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gpointer                user_data;
+
+    if (priv->delayed_action.flags == DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* First process DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED actions.
+     * This type of action is entirely cache-internal and is here to resolve a
+     * cache inconsistency. It should be fixed right away. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len > 0);
+
+        user_data = priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata[0];
+        g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, 0);
+        if (priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len == 0)
+            priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED;
+        nm_assert(_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                      (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata,
+                      priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len,
+                      user_data)
+                  < 0);
+
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED, user_data, "handle");
+        delayed_action_handle_MASTER_CONNECTED(platform, GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len == 0);
+
+    /* Next we prefer read-netlink, because the buffer size is limited and we want to process events
+     * from netlink early. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK)) {
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, NULL, "handle");
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK;
+        delayed_action_handle_READ_NETLINK(platform);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL)) {
+        DelayedActionType flags, iflags;
+
+        flags = priv->delayed_action.flags & DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+        if (_LOGt_ENABLED()) {
+            FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, flags)
+            _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, NULL, "handle");
+        }
+
+        delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_ALL(platform, flags);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len > 0);
+
+        user_data = priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata[0];
+        g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+        if (priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len == 0)
+            priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK;
+        nm_assert(_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                      (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata,
+                      priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len,
+                      user_data)
+                  < 0);
+
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, user_data, "handle");
+
+        delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_LINK(platform, GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, NULL, "handle");
+        delayed_action_handle_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_handle_all(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean read_netlink)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gboolean                any  = FALSE;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(priv->delayed_action.is_handling == 0, FALSE);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.is_handling++;
+    if (read_netlink)
+        delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, NULL);
+    while (delayed_action_handle_one(platform))
+        any = TRUE;
+    priv->delayed_action.is_handling--;
+
+    cache_prune_all(platform);
+
+    return any;
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionType       iflags;
+
+    nm_assert(action_type != DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE);
+
+    switch (action_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK:
+        if (_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata,
+                priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len,
+                user_data)
+            < 0)
+            g_ptr_array_add(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, user_data);
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED:
+        if (_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata,
+                priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len,
+                user_data)
+            < 0)
+            g_ptr_array_add(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, user_data);
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE:
+        g_array_append_vals(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response, user_data, 1);
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!user_data);
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK));
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED));
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+        break;
+    }
+
+    priv->delayed_action.flags |= action_type;
+
+    if (_LOGt_ENABLED()) {
+        FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type)
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, user_data, "schedule");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                                             guint32                            seq_number,
+                                             WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+                                             char **                            out_errmsg,
+                                             DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+                                             gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData data = {
+        .seq_number = seq_number,
+        .timeout_abs_ns =
+            nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec() + (200 * (NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC / 1000)),
+        .out_seq_result    = out_seq_result,
+        .out_errmsg        = out_errmsg,
+        .response_type     = response_type,
+        .response.out_data = response_out_data,
+    };
+
+    delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, &data);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+cache_prune_one_type(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op;
+    NMPCache *       cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_init(&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, lookup));
+    while (nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(&iter)) {
+        const NMDedupMultiEntry *main_entry;
+
+        /* we only track the dirty flag for the OBJECT-TYPE index. That means,
+         * for other lookup types we need to check the dirty flag of the main-entry. */
+        main_entry = nmp_cache_reresolve_main_entry(cache, iter.current, lookup);
+        if (!main_entry->dirty)
+            continue;
+
+        obj = main_entry->obj;
+
+        _LOGt("cache-prune: prune %s",
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+
+        {
+            nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(cache, obj, TRUE, TRUE, &obj_old);
+            nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+            cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, NULL);
+            nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+cache_prune_all(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    RefreshAllType          refresh_all_type;
+
+    for (refresh_all_type = _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_FIRST; refresh_all_type < _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM;
+         refresh_all_type++) {
+        NMPLookup lookup;
+
+        if (priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] == 0)
+            continue;
+        priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] -= 1;
+        if (priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] > 0)
+            continue;
+        refresh_all_type_init_lookup(refresh_all_type, &lookup);
+        cache_prune_one_type(platform, &lookup);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+cache_on_change(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                const NMPObject *obj_new)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+    char            str_buf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char            str_buf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    NMPCache *      cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops(cache, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    nm_assert(cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+
+    klass = obj_old ? NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_old) : NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_new);
+
+    _LOGt(
+        "update-cache-%s: %s: %s%s%s",
+        klass->obj_type_name,
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED ? "UPDATE"
+                                           : (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED   ? "REMOVE"
+                                              : (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED) ? "ADD"
+                                                                                  : "???")),
+        (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED
+             ? nmp_object_to_string(obj_old, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf2, sizeof(str_buf2))
+             : nmp_object_to_string(obj_new, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf2, sizeof(str_buf2))),
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED) ? " -> " : "",
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED
+             ? nmp_object_to_string(obj_new, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf, sizeof(str_buf))
+             : ""));
+
+    switch (klass->obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    {
+        /* check whether changing a slave link can cause a master link (bridge or bond) to go up/down */
+        if (obj_old
+            && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(cache,
+                                                                obj_old->link.master,
+                                                                obj_new,
+                                                                obj_old))
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                    GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_old->link.master));
+        if (obj_new && (!obj_old || obj_old->link.master != obj_new->link.master)
+            && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(cache,
+                                                                obj_new->link.master,
+                                                                obj_new,
+                                                                obj_old))
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                    GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.master));
+    }
+        {
+            /* check whether we are about to change a master link that needs toggling connected state. */
+            if (obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(cache, obj_new, obj_new, obj_old))
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                        GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.ifindex));
+        }
+        {
+            int ifindex = 0;
+
+            /* if we remove a link (from netlink), we must refresh the addresses, routes, qdiscs and tfilters */
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED
+                && obj_old /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */)
+                ifindex = obj_old->link.ifindex;
+            else if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                     && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                     && !obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                     && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                            != obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_new->link.ifindex;
+
+            if (ifindex > 0) {
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            int ifindex = -1;
+
+            /* removal of a link could be caused by moving the link to another netns.
+             * In this case, we potentially have to update other links that have this link as parent.
+             * Currently, kernel misses to sent us a notification in this case
+             * (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1262908). */
+
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED
+                && obj_old /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_old->link.ifindex;
+            else if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                     && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                     && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                     && !obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_new->link.ifindex;
+
+            if (ifindex > 0) {
+                NMPLookup             lookup;
+                NMDedupMultiIter      iter;
+                const NMPlatformLink *l;
+
+                nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+                nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup), &l) {
+                    if (l->parent == ifindex)
+                        delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                                DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                                GINT_TO_POINTER(l->ifindex));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            /* if a link goes down, we must refresh routes */
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                && ((NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP)
+                     && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+                    || (NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                        && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)))) {
+                /* FIXME: I suspect that IFF_LOWER_UP must not be considered, and I
+                 * think kernel does send RTM_DELROUTE events for IPv6 routes, so
+                 * we might not need to refresh IPv6 routes. */
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES,
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+        }
+        if (NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED)
+            && (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+            && (!obj_old || !obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)) {
+            gboolean                re_request_link = FALSE;
+            const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk_tun;
+
+            if (!obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                && NM_IN_SET(obj_new->link.type,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN)) {
+                /* certain link-types also come with a IFLA_INFO_DATA/lnk_data. It may happen that
+                 * kernel didn't send this notification, thus when we first learn about a link
+                 * that lacks an lnk_data we re-request it again.
+                 *
+                 * For example https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1284001 */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN && obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                       && (lnk_tun = &(obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk)->lnk_tun) && !lnk_tun->persist
+                       && lnk_tun->pi && !lnk_tun->vnet_hdr && !lnk_tun->multi_queue
+                       && !lnk_tun->owner_valid && !lnk_tun->group_valid) {
+                /* kernel has/had a know issue that the first notification for TUN device would
+                 * be sent with invalid parameters. The message looks like that kind, so refetch
+                 * it. */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH && obj_new->link.parent == 0) {
+                /* the initial notification when adding a veth pair can lack the parent/IFLA_LINK
+                 * (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285827).
+                 * Request it again. */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET
+                       && obj_new->link.l_address.len == 0) {
+                /* Due to a kernel bug, we sometimes receive spurious NEWLINK
+                 * messages after a wifi interface has disappeared. Since the
+                 * link is not present anymore we can't determine its type and
+                 * thus it will show up as a Ethernet one, with no address
+                 * specified.  Request the link again to check if it really
+                 * exists.  https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1302037
+                 */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            }
+            if (re_request_link) {
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                        GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.ifindex));
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            /* on enslave/release, we also refresh the master. */
+            int      ifindex1 = 0, ifindex2 = 0;
+            gboolean changed_master, changed_connected;
+
+            changed_master =
+                (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->link.master > 0
+                     ? obj_new->link.master
+                     : 0)
+                != (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_old->link.master > 0
+                        ? obj_old->link.master
+                        : 0);
+            changed_connected = (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                                     ? NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                                     : 2)
+                                != (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                                        ? NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                                        : 2);
+
+            if (changed_master || changed_connected) {
+                ifindex1 =
+                    (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_old->link.master > 0)
+                        ? obj_old->link.master
+                        : 0;
+                ifindex2 =
+                    (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->link.master > 0)
+                        ? obj_new->link.master
+                        : 0;
+
+                if (ifindex1 > 0)
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                            GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex1));
+                if (ifindex2 > 0 && ifindex1 != ifindex2)
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                            GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex2));
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    {
+        /* Address deletion is sometimes accompanied by route deletion. We need to
+             * check all routes belonging to the same interface. */
+        if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED) {
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS)
+                                        ? DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                        : DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES,
+                                    NULL);
+        }
+    } break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint32
+_nlh_seq_next_get(NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv)
+{
+    /* generate a new sequence number, but never return zero.
+     * Wrapping numbers are not a problem, because we don't rely
+     * on strictly increasing sequence numbers. */
+    return (++priv->nlh_seq_next) ?: (++priv->nlh_seq_next);
+}
+
+/**
+ * _nl_send_nlmsghdr:
+ * @platform:
+ * @nlhdr:
+ * @out_seq_result:
+ * @response_type:
+ * @response_out_data:
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success or a negative errno.
+ */
+static int
+_nl_send_nlmsghdr(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                  struct nlmsghdr *                  nlhdr,
+                  WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+                  char **                            out_errmsg,
+                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+                  gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    guint32                 seq;
+    int                     errsv;
+
+    nm_assert(nlhdr);
+
+    seq              = _nlh_seq_next_get(priv);
+    nlhdr->nlmsg_seq = seq;
+
+    {
+        struct sockaddr_nl nladdr = {
+            .nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+        };
+        struct iovec  iov = {.iov_base = nlhdr, .iov_len = nlhdr->nlmsg_len};
+        struct msghdr msg = {
+            .msg_name    = &nladdr,
+            .msg_namelen = sizeof(nladdr),
+            .msg_iov     = &iov,
+            .msg_iovlen  = 1,
+        };
+        int try_count;
+
+        if (!nlhdr->nlmsg_pid)
+            nlhdr->nlmsg_pid = nl_socket_get_local_port(priv->nlh);
+        nlhdr->nlmsg_flags |= (NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
+
+        try_count = 0;
+again:
+        errsv = sendmsg(nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh), &msg, 0);
+        if (errsv < 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == EINTR && try_count++ < 100)
+                goto again;
+            _LOGD("netlink: nl-send-nlmsghdr: failed sending message: %s (%d)",
+                  nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                  errsv);
+            return -nm_errno_from_native(errsv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform,
+                                                 seq,
+                                                 out_seq_result,
+                                                 out_errmsg,
+                                                 response_type,
+                                                 response_out_data);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * _nl_send_nlmsg:
+ * @platform:
+ * @nlmsg:
+ * @out_seq_result:
+ * @response_type:
+ * @response_out_data:
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success, or a negative libnl3 error code (beware, it's not an errno).
+ */
+static int
+_nl_send_nlmsg(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+               struct nl_msg *                    nlmsg,
+               WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+               char **                            out_errmsg,
+               DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+               gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    struct nlmsghdr *       nlhdr;
+    guint32                 seq;
+    int                     nle;
+
+    nlhdr            = nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg);
+    seq              = _nlh_seq_next_get(priv);
+    nlhdr->nlmsg_seq = seq;
+
+    nle = nl_send_auto(priv->nlh, nlmsg);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGD("netlink: nl-send-nlmsg: failed sending message: %s (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), nle);
+        return nle;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform,
+                                                 seq,
+                                                 out_seq_result,
+                                                 out_errmsg,
+                                                 response_type,
+                                                 response_out_data);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *     priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+
+    if (name && !name[0])
+        name = NULL;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0 || name);
+
+    _LOGD("do-request-link: %d %s", ifindex, name ?: "");
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry;
+
+        entry = nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+        if (entry) {
+            priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS] += 1;
+            nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry, TRUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_GETLINK, 0, ifindex, name);
+    if (nlmsg) {
+        nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform, nlmsg, NULL, NULL, DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID, NULL);
+        if (nle < 0) {
+            _LOGE("do-request-link: %d %s: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+                  ifindex,
+                  name ?: "",
+                  nm_strerror(nle),
+                  -nle);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_link(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(platform, ifindex, name);
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_dump(NMPObjectType obj_type, int preferred_addr_family)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const NMPClass *             klass;
+
+    klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+
+    nm_assert(klass);
+    nm_assert(klass->rtm_gettype > 0);
+
+    nlmsg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(klass->rtm_gettype, NLM_F_DUMP);
+
+    if (klass->addr_family != AF_UNSPEC) {
+        /* if the class specifies a particular address family, then it is preferred. */
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(preferred_addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, klass->addr_family));
+        preferred_addr_family = klass->addr_family;
+    }
+
+    switch (klass->obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+    {
+        const struct tcmsg tcmsg = {
+            .tcm_family = preferred_addr_family,
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(nlmsg, &tcmsg) < 0)
+            g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    } break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+    {
+        const struct rtgenmsg gmsg = {
+            .rtgen_family = preferred_addr_family,
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(nlmsg, &gmsg) < 0)
+            g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    } break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&nlmsg);
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionType       action_type_prune;
+    DelayedActionType       iflags;
+
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+    action_type &= DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+    action_type_prune = action_type;
+
+    /* calling nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main() with a non-main lookup-index requires an extra
+     * cache lookup for every entry.
+     *
+     * Avoid that, by special casing routing-rules here. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ALL(action_type_prune, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL)) {
+        NMPLookup lookup;
+
+        priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4] += 1;
+        priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6] += 1;
+        nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+        nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), &lookup);
+        action_type_prune &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL;
+    }
+
+    FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type_prune)
+    {
+        RefreshAllType refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(iflags);
+        NMPLookup      lookup;
+
+        priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] += 1;
+        refresh_all_type_init_lookup(refresh_all_type, &lookup);
+        nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), &lookup);
+    }
+
+    FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type)
+    {
+        RefreshAllType        refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(iflags);
+        const RefreshAllInfo *refresh_all_info = refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type);
+        nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg     = NULL;
+        int *                        out_refresh_all_in_progress;
+
+        out_refresh_all_in_progress =
+            &priv->delayed_action.refresh_all_in_progress[refresh_all_type];
+        nm_assert(*out_refresh_all_in_progress >= 0);
+        *out_refresh_all_in_progress += 1;
+
+        /* clear any delayed action that request a refresh of this object type. */
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~iflags;
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, NULL, "handle (do-request-all)");
+
+        if (refresh_all_type == REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS) {
+            nm_assert(
+                (priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len > 0)
+                == NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK));
+            if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK)) {
+                _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     "clear (do-request-all)");
+                priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK;
+                g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_dump(refresh_all_info->obj_type, refresh_all_info->addr_family);
+        if (!nlmsg)
+            goto next_after_fail;
+
+        if (_nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                           nlmsg,
+                           NULL,
+                           NULL,
+                           DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS,
+                           out_refresh_all_in_progress)
+            < 0)
+            goto next_after_fail;
+
+        continue;
+
+next_after_fail:
+        nm_assert(*out_refresh_all_in_progress > 0);
+        *out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(platform,
+                                      delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj_needle));
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+event_seq_check_refresh_all(NMPlatform *platform, guint32 seq_number)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+    guint                               i;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(seq_number, 0, priv->nlh_seq_last_seen))
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+            data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                  i);
+
+            if (data->response_type == DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS
+                && data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress
+                && data->seq_number == priv->nlh_seq_last_seen) {
+                *data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+                data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress = NULL;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    priv->nlh_seq_last_seen = seq_number;
+}
+
+static void
+event_seq_check(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                guint32                 seq_number,
+                WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result,
+                const char *            msg)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+    guint                               i;
+
+    if (seq_number == 0)
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+            data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                  i);
+
+            if (data->seq_number == seq_number) {
+                /* We potentially receive many parts partial responses for the same sequence number.
+                 * Thus, we only remember the result, and collect it later. */
+                if (data->seq_result < 0) {
+                    /* we already saw an error for this sequence number.
+                     * Preserve it. */
+                } else if (seq_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN
+                           || data->seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN)
+                    data->seq_result = seq_result;
+                if (data->out_errmsg && !*data->out_errmsg)
+                    *data->out_errmsg = g_strdup(msg);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#if NM_MORE_LOGGING
+    if (seq_number != priv->nlh_seq_last_handled)
+        _LOGt("netlink: recvmsg: unwaited sequence number %u", seq_number);
+    priv->nlh_seq_last_handled = seq_number;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+event_valid_msg(NMPlatform *platform, struct nl_msg *msg, gboolean handle_events)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType           cache_op;
+    struct nlmsghdr *         msghdr;
+    char                      buf_nlmsghdr[400];
+    gboolean                  is_del  = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  is_dump = FALSE;
+    NMPCache *                cache   = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    msghdr = nlmsg_hdr(msg);
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS)
+        && msghdr->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR) {
+        /* IFA_FLAGS is set for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. It was added first to IPv6,
+         * but if we encounter an IPv4 address with IFA_FLAGS, we surely have support. */
+        if (nlmsg_valid_hdr(msghdr, sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg))
+            && NM_IN_SET(((struct ifaddrmsg *) nlmsg_data(msghdr))->ifa_family,
+                         AF_INET,
+                         AF_INET6)) {
+            /* see if the nl_msg contains the IFA_FLAGS attribute. If it does,
+             * we assume, that the kernel supports extended flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR
+             * and IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE for IPv6. They were added together in kernel 3.14,
+             * dated 30 March, 2014.
+             *
+             * For IPv4, IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE was added later, but there is no easy
+             * way to detect kernel support. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(
+                NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS,
+                !!nlmsg_find_attr(msghdr, sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg), IFA_FLAGS) ? 1 : -1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!handle_events)
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(msghdr->nlmsg_type,
+                  RTM_DELLINK,
+                  RTM_DELADDR,
+                  RTM_DELROUTE,
+                  RTM_DELRULE,
+                  RTM_DELQDISC,
+                  RTM_DELTFILTER)) {
+        /* The event notifies about a deleted object. We don't need to initialize all
+         * fields of the object. */
+        is_del = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new_from_nl(platform, cache, msg, is_del);
+    if (!obj) {
+        _LOGT("event-notification: %s: ignore",
+              nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(msghdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!is_del
+        && NM_IN_SET(msghdr->nlmsg_type,
+                     RTM_NEWADDR,
+                     RTM_NEWLINK,
+                     RTM_NEWROUTE,
+                     RTM_NEWRULE,
+                     RTM_NEWQDISC,
+                     RTM_NEWTFILTER)) {
+        is_dump =
+            delayed_action_refresh_all_in_progress(platform,
+                                                   delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj));
+    }
+
+    _LOGT("event-notification: %s%s: %s",
+          nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(msghdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)),
+          is_dump ? ", in-dump" : "",
+          nmp_object_to_string(obj,
+                               is_del ? NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID : NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                               NULL,
+                               0));
+
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+
+        switch (msghdr->nlmsg_type) {
+        case RTM_GETLINK:
+        case RTM_NEWADDR:
+        case RTM_NEWLINK:
+        case RTM_NEWQDISC:
+        case RTM_NEWRULE:
+        case RTM_NEWTFILTER:
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj, is_dump, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+        {
+            nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_replace     = NULL;
+            gboolean                        resync_required = FALSE;
+            gboolean                        only_dirty      = FALSE;
+            gboolean                        is_ipv6;
+
+            /* IPv4 routes that are a response to RTM_GETROUTE must have
+             * the cloned flag while IPv6 routes don't have to. */
+            is_ipv6 = NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE;
+            if (is_ipv6 || NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags, RTM_F_CLONED)) {
+                nm_assert(is_ipv6 || !nmp_object_is_alive(obj));
+                priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags,
+                                 DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+                    guint i;
+
+                    nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+                    for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+                        DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data =
+                            &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                           DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                           i);
+
+                        if (data->response_type == DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET
+                            && data->response.out_route_get) {
+                            nm_assert(!*data->response.out_route_get);
+                            if (data->seq_number == nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq) {
+                                *data->response.out_route_get = nmp_object_clone(obj, FALSE);
+                                data->response.out_route_get  = NULL;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink_route(cache,
+                                                      obj,
+                                                      is_dump,
+                                                      msghdr->nlmsg_flags,
+                                                      &obj_old,
+                                                      &obj_new,
+                                                      &obj_replace,
+                                                      &resync_required);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                if (obj_replace) {
+                    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_replace;
+
+                    /* we found an object that is to be replaced by the RTM_NEWROUTE message.
+                     * While we invoke the signal, the platform cache might change and invalidate
+                     * the findings. Mitigate that (for the most part), by marking the entry as
+                     * dirty and only delete @obj_replace if it is still dirty afterwards.
+                     *
+                     * Yes, there is a tiny tiny chance for still getting it wrong. But in practice,
+                     * the signal handlers do not cause to call the platform again, so the cache
+                     * is not really changing. -- if they would, it would anyway be dangerous to overflow
+                     * the stack and it's not ensured that the processing of netlink messages is
+                     * reentrant (maybe it is).
+                     */
+                    entry_replace = nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, obj_replace);
+                    nm_assert(entry_replace && entry_replace->obj == obj_replace);
+                    nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry_replace, TRUE);
+                    only_dirty = TRUE;
+                }
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+
+            if (obj_replace) {
+                /* the RTM_NEWROUTE message indicates that another route was replaced.
+                 * Remove it now. */
+                cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(cache, obj_replace, TRUE, only_dirty, NULL);
+                if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                    nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+                    cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_replace, NULL);
+                    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_replace, NULL);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (resync_required) {
+                /* we'd like to avoid such resyncs as they are expensive and we should only rely on the
+                 * netlink events. This needs investigation. */
+                _LOGT("schedule resync of routes after RTM_NEWROUTE");
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj),
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case RTM_DELADDR:
+        case RTM_DELLINK:
+        case RTM_DELQDISC:
+        case RTM_DELROUTE:
+        case RTM_DELRULE:
+        case RTM_DELTFILTER:
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_remove_netlink(cache, obj, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+do_add_link_with_lookup(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                        NMLinkType             link_type,
+                        const char *           name,
+                        struct nl_msg *        nlmsg,
+                        const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *       obj        = NULL;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+    NMPCache *              cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-link[%s/%s]: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              name,
+              nm_link_type_to_string(link_type),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_link, NULL);
+        return nle;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-link[%s/%s]: %s",
+           name,
+           nm_link_type_to_string(link_type),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (out_link) {
+        obj       = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(cache, 0, name, FALSE, link_type, NULL, NULL);
+        *out_link = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+    }
+
+    return wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(seq_result);
+}
+
+static int
+do_add_addrroute(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                 const NMPObject *obj_id,
+                 struct nl_msg *  nlmsg,
+                 gboolean         suppress_netlink_failure)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-%s[%s]: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG((seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK
+            || (suppress_netlink_failure && seq_result < 0))
+               ? LOGL_DEBUG
+               : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-%s[%s]: %s",
+           NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+           nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS) {
+        /* In rare cases, the object is not yet ready as we received the ACK from
+         * kernel. Need to refetch.
+         *
+         * We want to safe the expensive refetch, thus we look first into the cache
+         * whether the object exists.
+         *
+         * rh#1484434 */
+        if (!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj_id))
+            do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(platform, obj_id);
+    }
+
+    return wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(seq_result);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+do_delete_object(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj_id, struct nl_msg *nlmsg)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+    gboolean                success;
+    const char *            log_detail = "";
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-delete-%s[%s]: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    success = TRUE;
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        /* ok */
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ESRCH, ENOENT))
+        log_detail = ", meaning the object was already removed";
+    else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENXIO)
+             && NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)) {
+        /* On RHEL7 kernel, deleting a non existing address fails with ENXIO */
+        log_detail = ", meaning the address was already removed";
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EADDRNOTAVAIL)
+               && NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS))
+        log_detail = ", meaning the address was already removed";
+    else
+        success = FALSE;
+
+    _NMLOG(success ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-delete-%s[%s]: %s%s",
+           NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+           nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)),
+           log_detail);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC,
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER)) {
+        /* In rare cases, the object is still there after we receive the ACK from
+         * kernel. Need to refetch.
+         *
+         * We want to safe the expensive refetch, thus we look first into the cache
+         * whether the object exists.
+         *
+         * rh#1484434 */
+        if (nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj_id))
+            do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(platform, obj_id);
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+static int
+do_change_link(NMPlatform *          platform,
+               ChangeLinkType        change_link_type,
+               int                   ifindex,
+               struct nl_msg *       nlmsg,
+               const ChangeLinkData *data)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    int                         nle;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult     seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *              errmsg     = NULL;
+    char                        s_buf[256];
+    int                         result          = 0;
+    NMLogLevel                  log_level       = LOGL_DEBUG;
+    const char *                log_result      = "failure";
+    const char *                log_detail      = "";
+    gs_free char *              log_detail_free = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *           obj_cache;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        log_level  = LOGL_ERR;
+        log_detail = ", failure to change network namespace";
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+retry:
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        log_level = LOGL_ERR;
+        log_detail_free =
+            g_strdup_printf(", failure sending netlink request: %s (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        log_detail = log_detail_free;
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* always refetch the link after changing it. There seems to be issues
+     * and we sometimes lack events. Nuke it from the orbit... */
+    delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex));
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EOPNOTSUPP) && nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg)->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWLINK) {
+        nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg)->nlmsg_type = RTM_SETLINK;
+        goto retry;
+    }
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        log_result = "success";
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EEXIST, EADDRINUSE)) {
+        /* */
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ESRCH, ENOENT)) {
+        log_detail = ", firmware not found";
+        result     = -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ERANGE)
+               && change_link_type == CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU) {
+        log_detail = ", setting MTU to requested size is not possible";
+        result     = -NME_PL_CANT_SET_MTU;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENFILE)
+               && change_link_type == CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS
+               && (obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex))
+               && obj_cache->link.l_address.len == data->set_address.length
+               && memcmp(obj_cache->link.l_address.data,
+                         data->set_address.address,
+                         data->set_address.length)
+                      == 0) {
+        /* workaround ENFILE which may be wrongly returned (bgo #770456).
+         * If the MAC address is as expected, assume success? */
+        log_result = "success";
+        log_detail = " (assume success changing address)";
+        result     = 0;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENODEV)) {
+        log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        result    = -NME_PL_NOT_FOUND;
+    } else if (-((int) seq_result) == EAFNOSUPPORT) {
+        log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        result    = -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    } else {
+        log_level = LOGL_WARN;
+        result    = -NME_UNSPEC;
+    }
+
+out:
+    _NMLOG(log_level,
+           "do-change-link[%d]: %s changing link: %s%s",
+           ifindex,
+           log_result,
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)),
+           log_detail);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int
+link_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+         NMLinkType             type,
+         const char *           name,
+         int                    parent,
+         const void *           address,
+         size_t                 address_len,
+         guint32                mtu,
+         gconstpointer          extra_data,
+         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND) {
+        /* When the kernel loads the bond module, either via explicit modprobe
+         * or automatically in response to creating a bond master, it will also
+         * create a 'bond0' interface.  Since the bond we're about to create may
+         * or may not be named 'bond0' prevent potential confusion about a bond
+         * that the user didn't want by telling the bonding module not to create
+         * bond0 automatically.
+         */
+        if (!g_file_test("/sys/class/net/bonding_masters", G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS))
+            (void) nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "bonding", "max_bonds=0", NULL);
+    }
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL, 0, name);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    if (parent > 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_LINK, parent);
+
+    if (address && address_len)
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_ADDRESS, address_len, address);
+
+    if (mtu)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MTU, mtu);
+
+    if (!_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo(nlmsg, type, extra_data))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    return do_add_link_with_lookup(platform, type, name, nlmsg, out_link);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj || !obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_DELLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&obj_id, ifindex);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_refresh(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    do_request_link(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+    return !!nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_netns(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, int netns_fd)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_NET_NS_FD, 4, &netns_fd);
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static int
+link_change_flags(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, unsigned flags_mask, unsigned flags_set)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    char                         s_flags[100];
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: flags: set 0x%x/0x%x ([%s] / [%s])",
+          ifindex,
+          flags_set,
+          flags_mask,
+          nm_platform_link_flags2str(flags_set, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+          nm_platform_link_flags2str(flags_mask, NULL, 0));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link_full(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL, AF_UNSPEC, flags_mask, flags_set);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_up(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
+{
+    int r;
+
+    r = link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_UP, IFF_UP);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_no_firmware, (r == -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE));
+    return r >= 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_down(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_UP, 0) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_arp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_NOARP, 0) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_NOARP, IFF_NOARP) >= 0);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean enabled)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    guint8 mode = enabled ? NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE : NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64;
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: user-ipv6ll: set IPv6 address generation mode to %s",
+          ifindex,
+          nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str(mode, NULL, 0));
+
+    if (!nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL)) {
+        _LOGD("link: change %d: user-ipv6ll: not supported", ifindex);
+        return -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    }
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(nlmsg, mode, NULL))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_token(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    char                         sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: token: set IPv6 address generation token to %s",
+          ifindex,
+          nm_utils_inet6_interface_identifier_to_token(iid, sbuf));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(nlmsg, -1, &iid))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* We use netlink for the actual carrier detection, but netlink can't tell
+     * us whether the device actually supports carrier detection in the first
+     * place. We assume any device that does implements one of these two APIs.
+     */
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_supports_carrier_detect(ifindex)
+           || nmp_utils_mii_supports_carrier_detect(ifindex);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *           obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+
+    /* Only ARPHRD_ETHER links can possibly support VLANs. */
+    if (!obj || obj->link.arptype != ARPHRD_ETHER)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_supports_vlans(ifindex);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    nm_auto_close int           dirfd = -1;
+    char                        ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    int                         num = -1;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    num =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(platform,
+                                     NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+                                     -1);
+
+    return num != -1;
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_address(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const ChangeLinkData         d     = {
+        .set_address =
+            {
+                .address = address,
+                .length  = length,
+            },
+    };
+
+    if (!address || !length)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_ADDRESS, length, address);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS, ifindex, nlmsg, &d);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_name(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_IFNAME, strlen(name) + 1, name);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_permanent_address(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_permanent_address(ifindex, buf, length);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MTU, mtu);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+sriov_idle_cb(gpointer user_data, GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform  = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *cancelled_error = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *  error         = NULL;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+
+    g_cancellable_set_error_if_cancelled(cancellable, &cancelled_error);
+    nm_utils_user_data_unpack(user_data, &platform, &error, &callback, &callback_data);
+    callback(cancelled_error ?: error, callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+link_set_sriov_params_async(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                            int                     ifindex,
+                            guint                   num_vfs,
+                            NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                            NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                            gpointer                data,
+                            GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *error       = NULL;
+    nm_auto_close int     dirfd       = -1;
+    int                   current_autoprobe;
+    guint                 i, total;
+    gint64                current_num;
+    char                  ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gpointer              packed;
+    const char *          values[3];
+    char                  buf[64];
+
+    g_return_if_fail(callback || !data);
+    g_return_if_fail(cancellable);
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "couldn't change namespace");
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname);
+    if (!dirfd) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error, NM_UTILS_ERROR, NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN, "couldn't open netdir");
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    total = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_totalvfs"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT,
+        0);
+    if (!errno && num_vfs > total) {
+        _LOGW("link: %d only supports %u VFs (requested %u)", ifindex, total, num_vfs);
+        num_vfs = total;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Take special care when setting new values:
+     *  - don't touch anything if the right values are already set
+     *  - to change the number of VFs or autoprobe we need to destroy existing VFs
+     *  - the autoprobe setting is irrelevant when numvfs is zero
+     */
+    current_num = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT,
+        -1);
+    current_autoprobe = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_drivers_autoprobe"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        1,
+        -1);
+
+    if (current_autoprobe == -1 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        /* older kernel versions don't have this sysctl. Assume the value is
+         * "1". */
+        current_autoprobe = 1;
+    }
+
+    if (current_num == num_vfs
+        && (autoprobe == NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT || current_autoprobe == autoprobe))
+        goto out_idle;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(autoprobe, NM_OPTION_BOOL_TRUE, NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE)
+        && current_autoprobe != autoprobe
+        && !nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+            NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_drivers_autoprobe"),
+            nm_sprintf_buf(buf, "%d", (int) autoprobe))) {
+        g_set_error(&error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "couldn't set SR-IOV drivers-autoprobe to %d: %s",
+                    (int) autoprobe,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    if (current_num == 0 && num_vfs == 0)
+        goto out_idle;
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (current_num != 0)
+        values[i++] = "0";
+    if (num_vfs != 0)
+        values[i++] = nm_sprintf_bufa(32, "%u", num_vfs);
+    values[i++] = NULL;
+
+    sysctl_set_async(platform,
+                     NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+                     values,
+                     callback,
+                     data,
+                     cancellable);
+    return;
+
+out_idle:
+    if (callback) {
+        packed = nm_utils_user_data_pack(g_object_ref(platform),
+                                         g_steal_pointer(&error),
+                                         callback,
+                                         data);
+        nm_utils_invoke_on_idle(cancellable, sriov_idle_cb, packed);
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_sriov_vfs(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              list, *info, *vlan_list;
+    guint                        i;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (!(list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VFINFO_LIST)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    for (i = 0; vfs[i]; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformVF *vf = vfs[i];
+
+        if (!(info = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_INFO)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (vf->spoofchk >= 0) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_setting ivs = {0};
+
+            ivs.vf      = vf->index;
+            ivs.setting = vf->spoofchk;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_SPOOFCHK, sizeof(ivs), &ivs);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->trust >= 0) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_setting ivs = {0};
+
+            ivs.vf      = vf->index;
+            ivs.setting = vf->trust;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_TRUST, sizeof(ivs), &ivs);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->mac.len) {
+            struct ifla_vf_mac ivm = {0};
+
+            ivm.vf = vf->index;
+            memcpy(ivm.mac, vf->mac.data, vf->mac.len);
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_MAC, sizeof(ivm), &ivm);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->min_tx_rate || vf->max_tx_rate) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_rate ivr = {0};
+
+            ivr.vf          = vf->index;
+            ivr.min_tx_rate = vf->min_tx_rate;
+            ivr.max_tx_rate = vf->max_tx_rate;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_RATE, sizeof(ivr), &ivr);
+        }
+
+        /* Kernel only supports one VLAN per VF now. If this
+         * changes in the future, we need to figure out how to
+         * clear existing VLANs and set new ones in one message
+         * with the new API.*/
+        if (vf->num_vlans > 1) {
+            _LOGW("multiple VLANs per VF are not supported at the moment");
+            return FALSE;
+        } else {
+            struct _ifla_vf_vlan_info ivvi = {0};
+
+            if (!(vlan_list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_VLAN_LIST)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            ivvi.vf = vf->index;
+            if (vf->num_vlans == 1) {
+                ivvi.vlan       = vf->vlans[0].id;
+                ivvi.qos        = vf->vlans[0].qos;
+                ivvi.vlan_proto = htons(vf->vlans[0].proto_ad ? ETH_P_8021AD : ETH_P_8021Q);
+            } else {
+                /* Clear existing VLAN */
+                ivvi.vlan       = 0;
+                ivvi.qos        = 0;
+                ivvi.vlan_proto = htons(ETH_P_8021Q);
+            }
+
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(ivvi), &ivvi);
+            nla_nest_end(nlmsg, vlan_list);
+        }
+        nla_nest_end(nlmsg, info);
+    }
+    nla_nest_end(nlmsg, list);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_bridge_vlans(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                      int                                ifindex,
+                      gboolean                           on_master,
+                      const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              list;
+    struct bridge_vlan_info      vinfo = {};
+    guint                        i;
+
+    nlmsg =
+        _nl_msg_new_link_full(vlans ? RTM_SETLINK : RTM_DELLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL, AF_BRIDGE, 0, 0);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (!(list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_AF_SPEC)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U16(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_FLAGS, on_master ? BRIDGE_FLAGS_MASTER : BRIDGE_FLAGS_SELF);
+
+    if (vlans) {
+        /* Add VLANs */
+        for (i = 0; vlans[i]; i++) {
+            const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan     = vlans[i];
+            gboolean                    is_range = vlan->vid_start != vlan->vid_end;
+
+            vinfo.vid   = vlan->vid_start;
+            vinfo.flags = is_range ? BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN : 0;
+
+            if (vlan->untagged)
+                vinfo.flags |= BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_UNTAGGED;
+            if (vlan->pvid)
+                vinfo.flags |= BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_PVID;
+
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+
+            if (is_range) {
+                vinfo.vid   = vlan->vid_end;
+                vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END;
+                NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Flush existing VLANs */
+        vinfo.vid   = 1;
+        vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN;
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+
+        vinfo.vid   = 4094;
+        vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END;
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(nlmsg, list);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static char *
+link_get_physical_port_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return sysctl_get(platform, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "phys_port_id"));
+}
+
+static guint
+link_get_dev_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return 0;
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "dev_id"),
+        16,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT16,
+        0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+             const char *            name,
+             const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+             const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+             int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    const NMPObject * obj;
+    struct ifreq      ifr = {};
+    nm_auto_close int fd  = -1;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(props->type, IFF_TAP, IFF_TUN));
+    nm_assert(props->persist || out_fd);
+
+    fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (fd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(ifr.ifr_name, name);
+    ifr.ifr_flags = ((short) props->type) | ((short) IFF_TUN_EXCL)
+                    | (!props->pi ? (short) IFF_NO_PI : (short) 0)
+                    | (props->vnet_hdr ? (short) IFF_VNET_HDR : (short) 0)
+                    | (props->multi_queue ? (short) NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE : (short) 0);
+    if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (props->owner_valid) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETOWNER, (uid_t) props->owner))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (props->group_valid) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETGROUP, (gid_t) props->group))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (props->persist) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETPERSIST, 1))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    do_request_link(platform, 0, name);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                     0,
+                                     name,
+                                     FALSE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+
+    if (!obj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_link, &obj->link);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fd, nm_steal_fd(&fd));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static void
+_vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(gboolean                is_ingress_map,
+                                     gboolean                reset_all,
+                                     const NMVlanQosMapping *current_map,
+                                     guint                   current_n_map,
+                                     const NMVlanQosMapping *set_map,
+                                     guint                   set_n_map,
+                                     NMVlanQosMapping **     out_map,
+                                     guint *                 out_n_map)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping *map;
+    guint             i, j, len;
+    const guint       INGRESS_RANGE_LEN = 8;
+
+    nm_assert(out_map && !*out_map);
+    nm_assert(out_n_map && !*out_n_map);
+
+    if (!reset_all)
+        current_n_map = 0;
+    else if (is_ingress_map)
+        current_n_map = INGRESS_RANGE_LEN;
+
+    len = current_n_map + set_n_map;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return;
+
+    map = g_new(NMVlanQosMapping, len);
+
+    if (current_n_map) {
+        if (is_ingress_map) {
+            /* For the ingress-map, there are only 8 entries (0 to 7).
+             * When the user requests to reset all entries, we don't actually
+             * need the cached entries, we can just explicitly clear all possible
+             * ones.
+             *
+             * That makes only a real difference in case our cache is out-of-date.
+             *
+             * For the egress map we cannot do that, because there are far too
+             * many. There we can only clear the entries that we know about. */
+            for (i = 0; i < INGRESS_RANGE_LEN; i++) {
+                map[i].from = i;
+                map[i].to   = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (i = 0; i < current_n_map; i++) {
+                map[i].from = current_map[i].from;
+                map[i].to   = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (set_n_map)
+        memcpy(&map[current_n_map], set_map, sizeof(*set_map) * set_n_map);
+
+    g_qsort_with_data(map, len, sizeof(*map), _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from, NULL);
+
+    for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if ((is_ingress_map && !VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(map[i].from))
+            || (!is_ingress_map && !VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(map[i].to)))
+            continue;
+        if (j > 0 && map[j - 1].from == map[i].from)
+            map[j - 1] = map[i];
+        else
+            map[j++] = map[i];
+    }
+
+    *out_map   = map;
+    *out_n_map = j;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                 int                     ifindex,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                 gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                 gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_egress_map)
+{
+    const NMPObject *            obj_cache;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const NMPObjectLnkVlan *     lnk;
+    guint                        new_n_ingress_map = 0;
+    guint                        new_n_egress_map  = 0;
+    gs_free NMVlanQosMapping *new_ingress_map      = NULL;
+    gs_free NMVlanQosMapping *new_egress_map       = NULL;
+
+    obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj_cache || !obj_cache->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+        _LOGD("link: change %d: %s: link does not exist", ifindex, "vlan");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    lnk = obj_cache->_link.netlink.lnk ? &obj_cache->_link.netlink.lnk->_lnk_vlan : NULL;
+
+    flags_set &= flags_mask;
+
+    _vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(TRUE,
+                                         ingress_reset_all,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->ingress_qos_map : NULL,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->n_ingress_qos_map : 0,
+                                         ingress_map,
+                                         n_ingress_map,
+                                         &new_ingress_map,
+                                         &new_n_ingress_map);
+
+    _vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(FALSE,
+                                         egress_reset_all,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->egress_qos_map : NULL,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->n_egress_qos_map : 0,
+                                         egress_map,
+                                         n_egress_map,
+                                         &new_egress_map,
+                                         &new_n_egress_map);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg
+        || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo_vlan(nlmsg,
+                                               -1,
+                                               flags_mask,
+                                               flags_set,
+                                               new_ingress_map,
+                                               new_n_ingress_map,
+                                               new_egress_map,
+                                               new_n_egress_map))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_enslave(NMPlatform *platform, int master, int slave)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg   = NULL;
+    int                          ifindex = slave;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MASTER, master);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_release(NMPlatform *platform, int master, int slave)
+{
+    return link_enslave(platform, 0, slave);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_infiniband_partition_action(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                             InfinibandAction       action,
+                             int                    parent,
+                             int                    p_key,
+                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_parent[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPObject * obj;
+    char              id[20];
+    char              name[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gboolean          success;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(action, INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD, INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD));
+    nm_assert(p_key > 0 && p_key <= 0xffff && p_key != 0x8000);
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, parent, ifname_parent);
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        errno = ENOENT;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(id, "0x%04x", p_key);
+    if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD)
+        success =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_set(platform,
+                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_parent, "create_child"),
+                                   id);
+    else
+        success =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_set(platform,
+                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_parent, "delete_child"),
+                                   id);
+
+    if (!success) {
+        if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD && errno == ENODEV)
+            return TRUE;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, ifname_parent, p_key);
+    do_request_link(platform, 0, name);
+
+    if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                     0,
+                                     name,
+                                     FALSE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+    if (out_link)
+        *out_link = obj ? &obj->link : NULL;
+    return !!obj;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                         int                    parent,
+                         int                    p_key,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _infiniband_partition_action(platform,
+                                        INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD,
+                                        parent,
+                                        p_key,
+                                        out_link);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int parent, int p_key)
+{
+    return _infiniband_partition_action(platform,
+                                        INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD,
+                                        parent,
+                                        p_key,
+                                        NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static GObject *
+get_ext_data(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return obj->_link.ext_data;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, retval) \
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;                          \
+    NMWifiUtils *               wifi_data;                             \
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))                     \
+        return retval;                                                 \
+    wifi_data = NM_WIFI_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex));        \
+    if (!wifi_data)                                                    \
+        return retval;
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    if (caps)
+        *caps = nm_wifi_utils_get_caps(wifi_data);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_freq(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_station(NMPlatform * platform,
+                 int          ifindex,
+                 NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                 int *        out_quality,
+                 guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_station(wifi_data, out_bssid, out_quality, out_rate);
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_mode(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_set_mode(wifi_data, mode);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_set_powersave(wifi_data, powersave);
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_find_freq(wifi_data, freqs);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean running)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_indicate_addressing_running(wifi_data, running);
+}
+
+static NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data, wowl);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_can_assume(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPLookup        lookup;
+    const NMPObject *link, *o;
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    NMPCache *       cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    link = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!link)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (link->link.master > 0)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+    if (nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup))
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup), &o) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&o->ip6_address.address))
+            return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint32
+mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_mesh_channel(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_channel(wifi_data, channel);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_ssid(wifi_data, ssid, len);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, retval)             \
+    NMWpanUtils *wpan_data = NM_WPAN_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex)); \
+    if (!wpan_data)                                                          \
+        return retval;
+
+static guint16
+wpan_get_pan_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, G_MAXINT16);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_get_pan_id(wpan_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_pan_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_pan_id(wpan_data, pan_id);
+}
+
+static guint16
+wpan_get_short_addr(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, G_MAXINT16);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_get_short_addr(wpan_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_short_addr(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_short_addr(wpan_data, short_addr);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_channel(wpan_data, page, channel);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMLinkType                  type  = nm_platform_link_get_type(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET)
+        return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_wake_on_lan(ifindex);
+    else if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI) {
+        NMWifiUtils *wifi_data = NM_WIFI_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex));
+
+        if (!wifi_data)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        return !NM_IN_SET(nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data),
+                          NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_NONE,
+                          NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE);
+
+    } else
+        return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     int         ifindex,
+                     char **     out_driver_name,
+                     char **     out_driver_version,
+                     char **     out_fw_version)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo   driver_info;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(ifindex, &driver_info))
+        return FALSE;
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_driver_name, g_strdup(driver_info.driver));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_driver_version, g_strdup(driver_info.version));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fw_version, g_strdup(driver_info.fw_version));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                int         ifindex,
+                in_addr_t   addr,
+                guint8      plen,
+                in_addr_t   peer_addr,
+                in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                guint32     lifetime,
+                guint32     preferred,
+                guint32     flags,
+                const char *label)
+{
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_NEWADDR,
+                                NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE,
+                                AF_INET,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                &peer_addr,
+                                flags,
+                                nm_utils_ip4_address_is_link_local(addr) ? RT_SCOPE_LINK
+                                                                         : RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE,
+                                lifetime,
+                                preferred,
+                                broadcast_address,
+                                label);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, addr, plen, peer_addr);
+    return (do_add_addrroute(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg, FALSE) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                int             ifindex,
+                struct in6_addr addr,
+                guint8          plen,
+                struct in6_addr peer_addr,
+                guint32         lifetime,
+                guint32         preferred,
+                guint32         flags)
+{
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_NEWADDR,
+                                NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE,
+                                AF_INET6,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_addr) ? NULL : &peer_addr,
+                                flags,
+                                RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE,
+                                lifetime,
+                                preferred,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, &addr);
+    return (do_add_addrroute(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg, FALSE) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                   int         ifindex,
+                   in_addr_t   addr,
+                   guint8      plen,
+                   in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_DELADDR,
+                                0,
+                                AF_INET,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                &peer_address,
+                                0,
+                                RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, addr, plen, peer_address);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct in6_addr addr, guint8 plen)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_DELADDR,
+                                0,
+                                AF_INET6,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, &addr);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+ip_route_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+             NMPNlmFlags              flags,
+             int                      addr_family,
+             const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj;
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit(&obj,
+                         NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ROUTE(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)),
+                         (const NMPlatformObject *) route);
+
+    nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(addr_family, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(&obj));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_route(RTM_NEWROUTE, flags & NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK, &obj);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+    return do_add_addrroute(platform,
+                            &obj,
+                            nlmsg,
+                            NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+object_delete(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_keep_alive = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *   nlmsg          = NULL;
+
+    if (!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj))
+        obj_keep_alive = nmp_object_ref(obj);
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_route(RTM_DELROUTE, 0, obj);
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_routing_rule(RTM_DELRULE, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_qdisc(RTM_DELQDISC, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_tfilter(RTM_DELTFILTER, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(obj));
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, obj, nlmsg);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+ip_route_get(NMPlatform *  platform,
+             int           addr_family,
+             gconstpointer address,
+             int           oif_ifindex,
+             NMPObject **  out_route)
+{
+    const gboolean          is_v4     = (addr_family == AF_INET);
+    const int               addr_len  = is_v4 ? 4 : 16;
+    int                     try_count = 0;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result;
+    int                     nle;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(address);
+
+    do {
+        struct {
+            struct nlmsghdr n;
+            struct rtmsg    r;
+            char            buf[64];
+        } req = {
+            .n.nlmsg_len   = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg)),
+            .n.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST,
+            .n.nlmsg_type  = RTM_GETROUTE,
+            .r.rtm_family  = addr_family,
+            .r.rtm_tos     = 0,
+            .r.rtm_dst_len = is_v4 ? 32 : 128,
+            .r.rtm_flags   = 0x1000 /* RTM_F_LOOKUP_TABLE */,
+        };
+
+        nm_clear_pointer(&route, nmp_object_unref);
+
+        if (!_nl_addattr_l(&req.n, sizeof(req), RTA_DST, address, addr_len))
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+
+        if (oif_ifindex > 0) {
+            gint32 ii = oif_ifindex;
+
+            if (!_nl_addattr_l(&req.n, sizeof(req), RTA_OIF, &ii, sizeof(ii)))
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+        nle        = _nl_send_nlmsghdr(platform,
+                                &req.n,
+                                &seq_result,
+                                NULL,
+                                DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET,
+                                &route);
+        if (nle < 0) {
+            _LOGE("get-route: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+                  nm_strerror_native(-nle),
+                  -nle);
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+        }
+
+        delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+        /* Retry, if we failed due to a cache resync. That can happen when the netlink
+         * socket fills up and we lost the response. */
+    } while (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC && ++try_count < 10);
+
+    if (seq_result < 0) {
+        /* negative seq_result is an errno from kernel. Map it to negative
+         * int (which are also errno). */
+        return (int) seq_result;
+    }
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        if (route) {
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_route, g_steal_pointer(&route));
+            return 0;
+        }
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+routing_rule_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg        = NULL;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    int                          nle;
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_routing_rule(RTM_NEWRULE, flags, routing_rule);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-rule: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-rule: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return seq_result;
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+qdisc_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    /* Note: @qdisc must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of qdisc.kind
+     * is undefined. */
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_qdisc(RTM_NEWQDISC, flags, qdisc);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-qdisc: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-qdisc: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return seq_result;
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+tfilter_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    /* Note: @tfilter must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of tfilter.kind
+     * and tfilter.action.kind is undefined. */
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_tfilter(RTM_NEWTFILTER, flags, tfilter);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-tfilter: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-tfilter: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+event_handler(int fd, GIOCondition io_condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    delayed_action_handle_all(NM_PLATFORM(user_data), TRUE);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* copied from libnl3's recvmsgs() */
+static int
+event_handler_recvmsgs(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean handle_events)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *    priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    struct nl_sock *            sk   = priv->nlh;
+    int                         n;
+    int                         err         = 0;
+    gboolean                    multipart   = 0;
+    gboolean                    interrupted = FALSE;
+    struct nlmsghdr *           hdr;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult     seq_result;
+    struct sockaddr_nl          nla = {0};
+    struct ucred                creds;
+    gboolean                    creds_has;
+    nm_auto_free unsigned char *buf = NULL;
+
+continue_reading:
+    nm_clear_pointer(&buf, free);
+    n = nl_recv(sk, &nla, &buf, &creds, &creds_has);
+
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        if (n == -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC) {
+            int buf_size;
+
+            /* the message receive buffer was too small. We lost one message, which
+             * is unfortunate. Try to double the buffer size for the next time. */
+            buf_size = nl_socket_get_msg_buf_size(sk);
+            if (buf_size < 512 * 1024) {
+                buf_size *= 2;
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: increase message buffer size for recvmsg() to %d bytes",
+                      buf_size);
+                if (nl_socket_set_msg_buf_size(sk, buf_size) < 0)
+                    nm_assert_not_reached();
+                if (!handle_events)
+                    goto continue_reading;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    hdr = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf;
+    while (nlmsg_ok(hdr, n)) {
+        nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg               = NULL;
+        gboolean                     abort_parsing     = FALSE;
+        gboolean                     process_valid_msg = FALSE;
+        guint32                      seq_number;
+        char                         buf_nlmsghdr[400];
+        const char *                 extack_msg = NULL;
+
+        msg = nlmsg_alloc_convert(hdr);
+
+        nlmsg_set_proto(msg, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+        nlmsg_set_src(msg, &nla);
+
+        if (!creds_has || creds.pid) {
+            if (!creds_has)
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: received message without credentials");
+            else
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: received non-kernel message (pid %d)", creds.pid);
+            err = 0;
+            goto stop;
+        }
+
+        _LOGt("netlink: recvmsg: new message %s",
+              nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(hdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)));
+
+        nlmsg_set_creds(msg, &creds);
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_MULTI)
+            multipart = TRUE;
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_DUMP_INTR) {
+            /*
+             * We have to continue reading to clear
+             * all messages until a NLMSG_DONE is
+             * received and report the inconsistency.
+             */
+            interrupted = TRUE;
+        }
+
+        /* Other side wishes to see an ack for this message */
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_ACK) {
+            /* FIXME: implement */
+        }
+
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN;
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE) {
+            /* messages terminates a multipart message, this is
+             * usually the end of a message and therefore we slip
+             * out of the loop by default. the user may overrule
+             * this action by skipping this packet. */
+            multipart  = FALSE;
+            seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_NOOP) {
+            /* Message to be ignored, the default action is to
+             * skip this message if no callback is specified. The
+             * user may overrule this action by returning
+             * NL_PROCEED. */
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_OVERRUN) {
+            /* Data got lost, report back to user. The default action is to
+             * quit parsing. The user may overrule this action by returning
+             * NL_SKIP or NL_PROCEED (dangerous) */
+            err           = -NME_NL_MSG_OVERFLOW;
+            abort_parsing = TRUE;
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) {
+            /* Message carries a nlmsgerr */
+            struct nlmsgerr *e = nlmsg_data(hdr);
+
+            if (hdr->nlmsg_len < nlmsg_size(sizeof(*e))) {
+                /* Truncated error message, the default action
+                 * is to stop parsing. The user may overrule
+                 * this action by returning NL_SKIP or
+                 * NL_PROCEED (dangerous) */
+                err           = -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC;
+                abort_parsing = TRUE;
+            } else if (e->error) {
+                int errsv = nm_errno_native(e->error);
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(hdr->nlmsg_flags, NLM_F_ACK_TLVS)
+                    && hdr->nlmsg_len >= sizeof(*e) + e->msg.nlmsg_len) {
+                    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+                        [NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG]  = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+                        [NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+                    };
+                    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+                    struct nlattr *tlvs;
+
+                    tlvs = (struct nlattr *) ((char *) e + sizeof(*e) + e->msg.nlmsg_len
+                                              - NLMSG_HDRLEN);
+                    if (nla_parse_arr(tb,
+                                      tlvs,
+                                      hdr->nlmsg_len - sizeof(*e) - e->msg.nlmsg_len,
+                                      policy)
+                        >= 0) {
+                        if (tb[NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG])
+                            extack_msg = nla_get_string(tb[NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* Error message reported back from kernel. */
+                _LOGD("netlink: recvmsg: error message from kernel: %s (%d)%s%s%s for request %d",
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                      errsv,
+                      NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(extack_msg, " \"", extack_msg, "\"", ""),
+                      nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq);
+                seq_result = -NM_ERRNO_NATIVE(errsv);
+            } else
+                seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        } else
+            process_valid_msg = TRUE;
+
+        seq_number = nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq;
+
+        /* check whether the seq number is different from before, and
+         * whether the previous number (@nlh_seq_last_seen) is a pending
+         * refresh-all request. In that case, the pending request is thereby
+         * completed.
+         *
+         * We must do that before processing the message with event_valid_msg(),
+         * because we must track the completion of the pending request before that. */
+        event_seq_check_refresh_all(platform, seq_number);
+
+        if (process_valid_msg) {
+            /* Valid message (not checking for MULTIPART bit to
+             * get along with broken kernels. NL_SKIP has no
+             * effect on this.  */
+
+            event_valid_msg(platform, msg, handle_events);
+
+            seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        }
+
+        event_seq_check(platform, seq_number, seq_result, extack_msg);
+
+        if (abort_parsing)
+            goto stop;
+
+        err = 0;
+        hdr = nlmsg_next(hdr, &n);
+    }
+
+    if (multipart) {
+        /* Multipart message not yet complete, continue reading */
+        goto continue_reading;
+    }
+stop:
+    if (!handle_events) {
+        /* when we don't handle events, we want to drain all messages from the socket
+         * without handling the messages (but still check for sequence numbers).
+         * Repeat reading. */
+        goto continue_reading;
+    }
+
+    if (interrupted)
+        return -NME_NL_DUMP_INTR;
+    return err;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+event_handler_read_netlink(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean wait_for_acks)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *    priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                         r;
+    struct pollfd               pfd;
+    gboolean                    any = FALSE;
+    int                         timeout_msec;
+    struct {
+        guint32 seq_number;
+        gint64  timeout_abs_ns;
+        gint64  now_ns;
+    } next;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(platform,
+                                                         WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_SETNS);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    for (;;) {
+        for (;;) {
+            int nle;
+
+            nle = event_handler_recvmsgs(platform, TRUE);
+
+            if (nle < 0) {
+                switch (nle) {
+                case -EAGAIN:
+                    goto after_read;
+                case -NME_NL_DUMP_INTR:
+                    _LOGD("netlink: read: uncritical failure to retrieve incoming events: %s (%d)",
+                          nm_strerror(nle),
+                          nle);
+                    break;
+                case -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC:
+                case -ENOBUFS:
+                    _LOGI("netlink: read: %s. Need to resynchronize platform cache", ({
+                              const char *_reason = "unknown";
+                              switch (nle) {
+                              case -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC:
+                                  _reason = "message truncated";
+                                  break;
+                              case -ENOBUFS:
+                                  _reason = "too many netlink events";
+                                  break;
+                              }
+                              _reason;
+                          }));
+                    event_handler_recvmsgs(platform, FALSE);
+                    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(
+                        platform,
+                        WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC);
+
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+                                            NULL);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    _LOGE("netlink: read: failed to retrieve incoming events: %s (%d)",
+                          nm_strerror(nle),
+                          nle);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            any = TRUE;
+        }
+
+after_read:
+
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE))
+            return any;
+
+        delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(platform,
+                                                           WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN,
+                                                           &next.seq_number,
+                                                           &next.timeout_abs_ns,
+                                                           &next.now_ns);
+
+        if (!wait_for_acks
+            || !NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE))
+            return any;
+
+        nm_assert(next.seq_number);
+        nm_assert(next.now_ns > 0);
+        nm_assert(next.timeout_abs_ns > next.now_ns);
+
+        _LOGT("netlink: read: wait for ACK for sequence number %u...", next.seq_number);
+
+        timeout_msec = (next.timeout_abs_ns - next.now_ns) / (NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC / 1000);
+
+        memset(&pfd, 0, sizeof(pfd));
+        pfd.fd     = nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh);
+        pfd.events = POLLIN;
+        r          = poll(&pfd, 1, MAX(1, timeout_msec));
+
+        if (r == 0) {
+            /* timeout and there is nothing to read. */
+            goto after_read;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+            int errsv = errno;
+
+            if (errsv != EINTR) {
+                _LOGE("netlink: read: poll failed with %s", nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+                delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(
+                    platform,
+                    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_POLL);
+                return any;
+            }
+            /* Continue to read again, even if there might be nothing to read after EINTR. */
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+cache_update_link_udev(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_link_udev(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                          ifindex,
+                                          udevice,
+                                          &obj_old,
+                                          &obj_new);
+
+    if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+        nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+        cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+            return;
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+udev_device_added(NMPlatform *platform, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    const char *ifname;
+    const char *ifindex_s;
+    int         ifindex;
+
+    ifname = udev_device_get_sysname(udevice);
+    if (!ifname) {
+        _LOGD("udev-add: failed to get device's interface");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ifindex_s = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    if (!ifindex_s) {
+        _LOGW("udev-add[%s]failed to get device's ifindex", ifname);
+        return;
+    }
+    ifindex = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(ifindex_s, 10, 1, G_MAXINT, 0);
+    if (ifindex <= 0) {
+        _LOGW("udev-add[%s]: retrieved invalid IFINDEX=%d", ifname, ifindex);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!udev_device_get_syspath(udevice)) {
+        _LOGD("udev-add[%s,%d]: couldn't determine device path; ignoring...", ifname, ifindex);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    _LOGT("udev-add[%s,%d]: device added", ifname, ifindex);
+    cache_update_link_udev(platform, ifindex, udevice);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_udev_device_removed_match_link(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer udevice)
+{
+    return obj->_link.udev.device == udevice;
+}
+
+static void
+udev_device_removed(NMPlatform *platform, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    const char *ifindex_s;
+    int         ifindex = 0;
+
+    ifindex_s = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    ifindex   = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(ifindex_s, 10, 1, G_MAXINT, 0);
+    if (ifindex <= 0) {
+        const NMPObject *obj;
+
+        obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                         0,
+                                         NULL,
+                                         FALSE,
+                                         NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+                                         _udev_device_removed_match_link,
+                                         udevice);
+        if (obj)
+            ifindex = obj->link.ifindex;
+    }
+
+    _LOGD("udev-remove: IFINDEX=%d", ifindex);
+    if (ifindex <= 0)
+        return;
+
+    cache_update_link_udev(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+handle_udev_event(NMUdevClient *udev_client, struct udev_device *udevice, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns    = NULL;
+    NMPlatform *                platform = NM_PLATFORM(user_data);
+    const char *                subsys;
+    const char *                ifindex;
+    guint64                     seqnum;
+    const char *                action;
+
+    action = udev_device_get_action(udevice);
+    g_return_if_fail(action);
+
+    subsys = udev_device_get_subsystem(udevice);
+    g_return_if_fail(nm_streq0(subsys, "net"));
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return;
+
+    ifindex = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    seqnum  = udev_device_get_seqnum(udevice);
+    _LOGD("UDEV event: action '%s' subsys '%s' device '%s' (%s); seqnum=%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT,
+          action,
+          subsys,
+          udev_device_get_sysname(udevice),
+          ifindex ?: "unknown",
+          seqnum);
+
+    if (NM_IN_STRSET(action, "add", "move"))
+        udev_device_added(platform, udevice);
+    else if (NM_IN_STRSET(action, "remove"))
+        udev_device_removed(platform, udevice);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nm_linux_platform_setup(void)
+{
+    nm_platform_setup(nm_linux_platform_new(FALSE, FALSE));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_linux_platform_init(NMLinuxPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected = g_ptr_array_new();
+    priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link     = g_ptr_array_new();
+    priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response =
+        g_array_new(FALSE, TRUE, sizeof(DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData));
+}
+
+static void
+constructed(GObject *_object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *            platform = NM_PLATFORM(_object);
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv     = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                     nle;
+    int                     fd;
+
+    nm_assert(!platform->_netns || platform->_netns == nmp_netns_get_current());
+
+    if (nm_platform_get_use_udev(platform)) {
+        priv->udev_client = nm_udev_client_new(NM_MAKE_STRV("net"), handle_udev_event, platform);
+    }
+
+    _LOGD("create (%s netns, %s, %s udev)",
+          !platform->_netns ? "ignore" : "use",
+          !platform->_netns && nmp_netns_is_initial()
+              ? "initial netns"
+              : (!nmp_netns_get_current()
+                     ? "no netns support"
+                     : nm_sprintf_bufa(100,
+                                       "in netns[%p]%s",
+                                       nmp_netns_get_current(),
+                                       nmp_netns_get_current() == nmp_netns_get_initial() ? "/main"
+                                                                                          : "")),
+          nm_platform_get_use_udev(platform) ? "use" : "no");
+
+    priv->genl = nl_socket_alloc();
+    g_assert(priv->genl);
+
+    nle = nl_connect(priv->genl, NETLINK_GENERIC);
+    if (nle) {
+        _LOGE("unable to connect the generic netlink socket \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        nl_socket_free(priv->genl);
+        priv->genl = NULL;
+    }
+
+    priv->nlh = nl_socket_alloc();
+    g_assert(priv->nlh);
+
+    nle = nl_connect(priv->nlh, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+    nle = nl_socket_set_passcred(priv->nlh, 1);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    /* No blocking for event socket, so that we can drain it safely. */
+    nle = nl_socket_set_nonblocking(priv->nlh);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    /* use 8 MB for receive socket kernel queue. */
+    nle = nl_socket_set_buffer_size(priv->nlh, 8 * 1024 * 1024, 0);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    nle = nl_socket_set_ext_ack(priv->nlh, TRUE);
+    if (nle)
+        _LOGD("could not enable extended acks on netlink socket");
+
+    /* explicitly set the msg buffer size and disable MSG_PEEK.
+     * If we later encounter NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC, we will adjust the buffer size. */
+    nl_socket_disable_msg_peek(priv->nlh);
+    nle = nl_socket_set_msg_buf_size(priv->nlh, 32 * 1024);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    nle = nl_socket_add_memberships(priv->nlh,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_IFADDR,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_ROUTE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_RULE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_RULE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_IFADDR,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_ROUTE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_LINK,
+                                    RTNLGRP_TC,
+                                    0);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    fd = nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh);
+
+    _LOGD("Netlink socket for events established: port=%u, fd=%d",
+          nl_socket_get_local_port(priv->nlh),
+          fd);
+
+    priv->event_source =
+        nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(fd,
+                                G_IO_IN | G_IO_NVAL | G_IO_PRI | G_IO_ERR | G_IO_HUP,
+                                G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                event_handler,
+                                platform,
+                                NULL);
+    g_source_attach(priv->event_source, NULL);
+
+    /* complete construction of the GObject instance before populating the cache. */
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->constructed(_object);
+
+    _LOGD("populate platform cache");
+    delayed_action_schedule(
+        platform,
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+        NULL);
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    /* Set up udev monitoring */
+    if (priv->udev_client) {
+        struct udev_enumerate * enumerator;
+        struct udev_list_entry *devices, *l;
+
+        /* And read initial device list */
+        enumerator = nm_udev_client_enumerate_new(priv->udev_client);
+
+        udev_enumerate_add_match_is_initialized(enumerator);
+
+        udev_enumerate_scan_devices(enumerator);
+
+        devices = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(enumerator);
+        for (l = devices; l; l = udev_list_entry_get_next(l)) {
+            struct udev_device *udevice;
+
+            udevice = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev_enumerate_get_udev(enumerator),
+                                                   udev_list_entry_get_name(l));
+            if (!udevice)
+                continue;
+
+            udev_device_added(platform, udevice);
+            udev_device_unref(udevice);
+        }
+
+        udev_enumerate_unref(enumerator);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Similar to systemd's path_is_read_only_fs(), at
+ * https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/v246/src/basic/stat-util.c#L132 */
+static int
+path_is_read_only_fs(const char *path)
+{
+    struct statvfs st;
+
+    if (statvfs(path, &st) < 0)
+        return -errno;
+
+    if (st.f_flag & ST_RDONLY)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* On NFS, statvfs() might not reflect whether we can actually
+	 * write to the remote share. Let's try again with
+	 * access(W_OK) which is more reliable, at least sometimes. */
+    if (access(path, W_OK) < 0 && errno == EROFS)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+NMPlatform *
+nm_linux_platform_new(gboolean log_with_ptr, gboolean netns_support)
+{
+    gboolean use_udev = FALSE;
+
+    if (nmp_netns_is_initial() && path_is_read_only_fs("/sys") == FALSE)
+        use_udev = TRUE;
+
+    return g_object_new(NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+                        log_with_ptr,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV,
+                        use_udev,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+                        netns_support,
+                        NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+dispose(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *            platform = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv     = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+
+    _LOGD("dispose");
+
+    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(platform,
+                                                     WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_DISPOSING);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.flags = DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE;
+    g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, 0);
+    g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->dispose(object);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(object);
+
+    g_ptr_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link);
+    g_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response);
+
+    nl_socket_free(priv->genl);
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&priv->event_source);
+
+    nl_socket_free(priv->nlh);
+
+    if (priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) {
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list = g_slist_remove(sysctl_clear_cache_list, object);
+        g_hash_table_destroy(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values);
+    }
+
+    priv->udev_client = nm_udev_client_destroy(priv->udev_client);
+
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->finalize(object);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_linux_platform_class_init(NMLinuxPlatformClass *klass)
+{
+    GObjectClass *   object_class   = G_OBJECT_CLASS(klass);
+    NMPlatformClass *platform_class = NM_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass);
+
+    object_class->constructed = constructed;
+    object_class->dispose     = dispose;
+    object_class->finalize    = finalize;
+
+    platform_class->sysctl_set       = sysctl_set;
+    platform_class->sysctl_set_async = sysctl_set_async;
+    platform_class->sysctl_get       = sysctl_get;
+
+    platform_class->link_add    = link_add;
+    platform_class->link_delete = link_delete;
+
+    platform_class->link_refresh = link_refresh;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_netns = link_set_netns;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_up    = link_set_up;
+    platform_class->link_set_down  = link_set_down;
+    platform_class->link_set_arp   = link_set_arp;
+    platform_class->link_set_noarp = link_set_noarp;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled = link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled;
+    platform_class->link_set_token               = link_set_token;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_address            = link_set_address;
+    platform_class->link_get_permanent_address  = link_get_permanent_address;
+    platform_class->link_set_mtu                = link_set_mtu;
+    platform_class->link_set_name               = link_set_name;
+    platform_class->link_set_sriov_params_async = link_set_sriov_params_async;
+    platform_class->link_set_sriov_vfs          = link_set_sriov_vfs;
+    platform_class->link_set_bridge_vlans       = link_set_bridge_vlans;
+
+    platform_class->link_get_physical_port_id = link_get_physical_port_id;
+    platform_class->link_get_dev_id           = link_get_dev_id;
+    platform_class->link_get_wake_on_lan      = link_get_wake_on_lan;
+    platform_class->link_get_driver_info      = link_get_driver_info;
+
+    platform_class->link_supports_carrier_detect = link_supports_carrier_detect;
+    platform_class->link_supports_vlans          = link_supports_vlans;
+    platform_class->link_supports_sriov          = link_supports_sriov;
+
+    platform_class->link_enslave = link_enslave;
+    platform_class->link_release = link_release;
+
+    platform_class->link_can_assume = link_can_assume;
+
+    platform_class->link_vlan_change      = link_vlan_change;
+    platform_class->link_wireguard_change = link_wireguard_change;
+
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_add    = infiniband_partition_add;
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_delete = infiniband_partition_delete;
+
+    platform_class->wifi_get_capabilities            = wifi_get_capabilities;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_frequency               = wifi_get_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_station                 = wifi_get_station;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_mode                    = wifi_get_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_mode                    = wifi_set_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_powersave               = wifi_set_powersave;
+    platform_class->wifi_find_frequency              = wifi_find_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_indicate_addressing_running = wifi_indicate_addressing_running;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_get_wake_on_wlan;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_set_wake_on_wlan;
+
+    platform_class->mesh_get_channel = mesh_get_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_channel = mesh_set_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_ssid    = mesh_set_ssid;
+
+    platform_class->wpan_get_pan_id     = wpan_get_pan_id;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_pan_id     = wpan_set_pan_id;
+    platform_class->wpan_get_short_addr = wpan_get_short_addr;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_short_addr = wpan_set_short_addr;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_channel    = wpan_set_channel;
+
+    platform_class->link_tun_add = link_tun_add;
+
+    platform_class->object_delete      = object_delete;
+    platform_class->ip4_address_add    = ip4_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_add    = ip6_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip4_address_delete = ip4_address_delete;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_delete = ip6_address_delete;
+
+    platform_class->ip_route_add = ip_route_add;
+    platform_class->ip_route_get = ip_route_get;
+
+    platform_class->routing_rule_add = routing_rule_add;
+
+    platform_class->qdisc_add   = qdisc_add;
+    platform_class->tfilter_add = tfilter_add;
+
+    platform_class->process_events = process_events;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.h b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6837e64a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __NETWORKMANAGER_LINUX_PLATFORM_H__
+#define __NETWORKMANAGER_LINUX_PLATFORM_H__
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+#define NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM (nm_linux_platform_get_type())
+#define NM_LINUX_PLATFORM(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM, NMLinuxPlatform))
+#define NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM, NMLinuxPlatformClass))
+#define NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(obj)         (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM, NMLinuxPlatformClass))
+
+typedef struct _NMLinuxPlatform      NMLinuxPlatform;
+typedef struct _NMLinuxPlatformClass NMLinuxPlatformClass;
+
+GType nm_linux_platform_get_type(void);
+
+NMPlatform *nm_linux_platform_new(gboolean log_with_ptr, gboolean netns_support);
+
+void nm_linux_platform_setup(void);
+
+#endif /* __NETWORKMANAGER_LINUX_PLATFORM_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-platform-private.h b/src/core/platform/nm-platform-private.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf805689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-platform-private.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __NM_PLATFORM_PRIVATE_H__
+#define __NM_PLATFORM_PRIVATE_H__
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+
+NMPCache *nm_platform_get_cache(NMPlatform *self);
+
+#define NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT(platform)                                          \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                               \
+    {                                                                                          \
+        NMPlatform *_platform = (platform);                                                    \
+                                                                                               \
+        nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(_platform));                                                  \
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nm_platform_netns_get(_platform), NULL, nmp_netns_get_current())); \
+    }                                                                                          \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+void nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                                          NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                                          const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                                          const NMPObject *obj_new);
+
+#endif /* __NM_PLATFORM_PRIVATE_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e5f8ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8966 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/tc_act/tc_mirred.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-dedup-multi.h"
+#include "nm-udev-aux/nm-udev-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-secret-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform-private.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Address, address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Address, address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Route, network));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Route, network));
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP4Route));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP6Route));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPXRoute));
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP4Address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP6Address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPXAddress));
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPLinkAddress *) NULL)->data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPlatformLink *) NULL)->l_address.data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPlatformLink *) NULL)->l_broadcast.data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+
+static const char *
+_nmp_link_address_to_string(const NMPLinkAddress *addr,
+                            char                  buf[static(NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3)])
+{
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    if (addr->len > 0) {
+        if (!_nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(addr->data, addr->len, TRUE, buf, NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3)) {
+            buf[0] = '\0';
+            g_return_val_if_reached(buf);
+        }
+    } else
+        buf[0] = '\0';
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+gconstpointer
+nmp_link_address_get(const NMPLinkAddress *addr, size_t *length)
+{
+    if (!addr || addr->len <= 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(length, 0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (addr->len > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(length, 0);
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(length, addr->len);
+    return addr->data;
+}
+
+GBytes *
+nmp_link_address_get_as_bytes(const NMPLinkAddress *addr)
+{
+    gconstpointer data;
+    size_t        length;
+
+    data = nmp_link_address_get(addr, &length);
+
+    return length > 0 ? g_bytes_new(data, length) : NULL;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "platform"
+
+#define NMLOG_COMMON(level, name, ...)                                                \
+    char                    __prefix[32];                                             \
+    const char *            __p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME;                          \
+    const NMPlatform *const __self     = (self);                                      \
+    const char *            __name     = name;                                        \
+                                                                                      \
+    if (__self && NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(__self)->log_with_ptr) {                    \
+        g_snprintf(__prefix, sizeof(__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
+        __p_prefix = __prefix;                                                        \
+    }                                                                                 \
+    _nm_log(__level,                                                                  \
+            _NMLOG_DOMAIN,                                                            \
+            0,                                                                        \
+            __name,                                                                   \
+            NULL,                                                                     \
+            "%s: %s%s%s" _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                          \
+            __p_prefix,                                                               \
+            NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(__name, "(", __name, ") ", "") _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));
+
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)                                \
+    G_STMT_START                                          \
+    {                                                     \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);               \
+                                                          \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) { \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level, NULL, __VA_ARGS__);       \
+        }                                                 \
+    }                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _NMLOG2(level, ...)                               \
+    G_STMT_START                                          \
+    {                                                     \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);               \
+                                                          \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) { \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level, name, __VA_ARGS__);       \
+        }                                                 \
+    }                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _NMLOG3(level, ...)                                                             \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                        \
+    {                                                                                   \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);                                             \
+                                                                                        \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) {                               \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level,                                                         \
+                         ifindex > 0 ? nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex) : NULL, \
+                         __VA_ARGS__);                                                  \
+        }                                                                               \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint signals[_NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST] = {0};
+
+enum {
+    PROP_0,
+    PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+    PROP_USE_UDEV,
+    PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+    LAST_PROP,
+};
+
+typedef struct _NMPlatformPrivate {
+    bool use_udev : 1;
+    bool log_with_ptr : 1;
+
+    guint              ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id;
+    guint              ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id;
+    GHashTable *       ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash;
+    NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx;
+    NMPCache *         cache;
+} NMPlatformPrivate;
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMPlatform, nm_platform, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) _NM_GET_PRIVATE_PTR(self, NMPlatform, NM_IS_PLATFORM)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(NMPlatform *self);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_get_use_udev(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->use_udev;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->log_with_ptr;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+guint
+_nm_platform_signal_id_get(NMPlatformSignalIdType signal_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(signal_type > 0 && signal_type != NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_NONE
+              && signal_type < _NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST);
+
+    return signals[signal_type];
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Singleton NMPlatform subclass instance and cached class object */
+NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_INSTANCE(NMPlatform);
+
+NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_REGISTER(NMPlatform);
+
+/* Just always initialize a @klass instance. NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS()
+ * is only a plain read on the self instance, which the compiler
+ * like can optimize out.
+ */
+#define _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass)           \
+    NMPlatformClass *klass;                     \
+    do {                                        \
+        g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self)); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);    \
+        (void) klass;                           \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, err_val)                    \
+    NMPlatformClass *klass;                                  \
+    do {                                                     \
+        g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), err_val); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);                 \
+        (void) klass;                                        \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, err_val)       \
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;                \
+    NMPlatformClass *           klass;                       \
+    do {                                                     \
+        g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), err_val); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);                 \
+        (void) klass;                                        \
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(self, &netns))           \
+            return (err_val);                                \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_setup:
+ * @instance: the #NMPlatform instance
+ *
+ * Failing to set up #NMPlatform singleton results in a fatal error,
+ * as well as trying to initialize it multiple times without freeing
+ * it.
+ *
+ * NetworkManager will typically use only one platform object during
+ * its run. Test programs might want to switch platform implementations,
+ * though.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_setup(NMPlatform *instance)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(instance));
+    g_return_if_fail(!singleton_instance);
+
+    singleton_instance = instance;
+
+    nm_singleton_instance_register();
+
+    nm_log_dbg(LOGD_CORE,
+               "setup %s singleton (" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT ")",
+               "NMPlatform",
+               NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(instance));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ *
+ * Retrieve #NMPlatform singleton. Use this whenever you want to connect to
+ * #NMPlatform signals. It is an error to call it before nm_platform_setup().
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer none): The #NMPlatform singleton reference.
+ */
+NMPlatform *
+nm_platform_get()
+{
+    g_assert(singleton_instance);
+
+    return singleton_instance;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMDedupMultiIndex *
+nm_platform_get_multi_idx(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->multi_idx;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
+    _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string_lookup,
+    NMPNlmFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT(NULL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, "add"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_CHANGE, "change"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, "replace"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_PREPEND, "prepend"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND, "append"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_TEST, "test"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_APPEND),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO), );
+
+#define _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string(flags)                               \
+    ({                                                               \
+        NMPNlmFlags _flags = (flags);                                \
+                                                                     \
+        _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string_lookup(flags)                        \
+            ?: nm_sprintf_bufa(100, "new[0x%x]", (unsigned) _flags); \
+    })
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+volatile int _nm_platform_kernel_support_state[_NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM] = {};
+
+static const struct {
+    bool        compile_time_default;
+    const char *name;
+    const char *desc;
+} _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[_NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM] = {
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = TRUE,
+            .name                 = "EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS",
+            .desc                 = "IPv6 temporary addresses support",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = TRUE,
+            .name                 = "USER_IPV6LL",
+            .desc                 = "IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE support",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (RTA_MAX >= 20 /* RTA_PREF */),
+            .name                 = "RTA_PREF",
+            .desc                 = "ability to set router preference for IPv6 routes",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 19 /* FRA_L3MDEV */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_L3MDEV",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_L3MDEV attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 20 /* FRA_UID_RANGE */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_UID_RANGE",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_UID_RANGE attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 21 /* FRA_PROTOCOL */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_PROTOCOL",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_PROTOCOL attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 22 /* FRA_IP_PROTO */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_IP_PROTO",
+            .desc = "FRA_IP_PROTO, FRA_SPORT_RANGE, FRA_DPORT_RANGE attributes for policy routing "
+                    "rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (IFLA_BR_MAX >= 41 /* IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED */),
+            .name                 = "IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLE",
+            .desc                 = "IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLE bridge link attribute",
+        },
+};
+
+int
+_nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type, int value)
+{
+    volatile int *p_state;
+    gboolean      set_default = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(type) && type < G_N_ELEMENTS(_nm_platform_kernel_support_state));
+
+    p_state = &_nm_platform_kernel_support_state[type];
+
+    if (value == 0) {
+        set_default = TRUE;
+        value       = _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].compile_time_default ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(value, -1, 1));
+
+    if (!g_atomic_int_compare_and_exchange(p_state, 0, value)) {
+        value = g_atomic_int_get(p_state);
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(value, -1, 1));
+        return value;
+    }
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 0
+
+    if (set_default) {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                   "platform: kernel-support for %s (%s) not detected: assume %ssupported",
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].name,
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].desc,
+                   value >= 0 ? "" : "not ");
+    } else {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                   "platform: kernel-support for %s (%s) detected: %ssupported",
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].name,
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].desc,
+                   value >= 0 ? "" : "not ");
+    }
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 1
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_process_events:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ *
+ * Process pending events or handle pending delayed-actions.
+ * Effectively, this reads the netlink socket and processes
+ * new netlink messages. Possibly it will raise change signals.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_process_events(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    if (klass->process_events)
+        klass->process_events(self);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_process_events_ensure_link(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *ifname)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    gboolean         refreshed = FALSE;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0 && !ifname)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* we look into the cache, whether a link for given ifindex/ifname
+     * exits. If not, we poll the netlink socket, maybe the event
+     * with the link is waiting.
+     *
+     * Then we try again to find the object.
+     *
+     * If the link is already cached the first time, we avoid polling
+     * the netlink socket. */
+again:
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(
+        nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+        ifindex,
+        ifname,
+        FALSE, /* also invisible. We don't care here whether udev is ready */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+        NULL,
+        NULL);
+    if (obj)
+        return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+    if (!refreshed) {
+        refreshed = TRUE;
+        nm_platform_process_events(self);
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex for which to open /sys/class/net/%s
+ * @out_ifname: optional output argument of the found ifname.
+ *
+ * Wraps nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir() by first changing into the right
+ * network-namespace.
+ *
+ * Returns: on success, the open file descriptor to the /sys/class/net/%s
+ *   directory.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *out_ifname)
+{
+    const char *ifname_guess;
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, -1);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -1);
+
+    /* we don't have an @ifname_guess argument to make the API nicer.
+     * But still do a cache-lookup first. Chances are good that we have
+     * the right ifname cached and save if_indextoname() */
+    ifname_guess = nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex);
+
+    return nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir(ifindex, ifname_guess, out_ifname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_set:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: optional file descriptor for parent directory for openat()
+ * @path: Absolute option path
+ * @value: Value to write
+ *
+ * This function is intended to be used for writing values to sysctl-style
+ * virtual runtime configuration files. This includes not only /proc/sys
+ * but also for example /sys/class.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                       const char *pathid,
+                       int         dirfd,
+                       const char *path,
+                       const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->sysctl_set(self, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_set_async:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up
+ * @dirfd: optional file descriptor for parent directory for openat()
+ * @path: absolute option path
+ * @values: NULL-terminated array of strings to be written
+ * @callback: function called on termination
+ * @data: data passed to callback function
+ * @cancellable: to cancel the operation
+ *
+ * This function is intended to be used for writing values to sysctl-style
+ * virtual runtime configuration files. This includes not only /proc/sys
+ * but also for example /sys/class. The function does not block and returns
+ * immediately. The callback is always invoked, and asynchronously. The file
+ * is closed after writing each value and reopened to write the next one so
+ * that the function can be used safely on all /proc and /sys files,
+ * independently of how /proc/sys/kernel/sysctl_writes_strict is configured.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             const char *            pathid,
+                             int                     dirfd,
+                             const char *            path,
+                             const char *const *     values,
+                             NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                             gpointer                data,
+                             GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    klass->sysctl_set_async(self, pathid, dirfd, path, values, callback, data, cancellable);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_ipv6_hop_limit_safe(NMPlatform *self, const char *iface, int value)
+{
+    const char *path;
+    gint64      cur;
+    char        buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    /* the hop-limit provided via RA is uint8. */
+    if (value > 0xFF)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* don't allow unreasonable small values */
+    if (value < 10)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    path = nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(AF_INET6, buf, iface, "hop_limit");
+    cur  = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                             NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path),
+                                             10,
+                                             1,
+                                             G_MAXINT32,
+                                             -1);
+
+    /* only allow increasing the hop-limit to avoid DOS by an attacker
+     * setting a low hop-limit (CVE-2015-2924, rh#1209902) */
+
+    if (value < cur)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (value != cur) {
+        char svalue[20];
+
+        sprintf(svalue, "%d", value);
+        nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), svalue);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_reachable_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                    const char *iface,
+                                                    guint       value_ms)
+{
+    char  path[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char  str[128];
+    guint clamped;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (!value_ms)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* RFC 4861 says the value can't be greater than one hour.
+     * Also use a reasonable lower threshold. */
+    clamped = NM_CLAMP(value_ms, 100, 3600000);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/base_reachable_time_ms", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", clamped);
+    if (!nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* Set stale time in the same way as kernel */
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/gc_stale_time", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", clamped * 3 / 1000);
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_retrans_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                  const char *iface,
+                                                  guint       value_ms)
+{
+    char path[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char str[128];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (!value_ms)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/retrans_time_ms", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", NM_CLAMP(value_ms, 10, 3600000));
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer full): Contents of the virtual sysctl file.
+ *
+ * If the path does not exist, %NULL is returned and %errno set to %ENOENT.
+ */
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_get(NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, NULL);
+
+    return klass->sysctl_get(self, pathid, dirfd, path);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
+ * as decimal integer.
+ *
+ * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s32 integer, or
+ * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
+ * value, on success %errno will be set to zero.
+ */
+gint32
+nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(NMPlatform *self,
+                             const char *pathid,
+                             int         dirfd,
+                             const char *path,
+                             gint32      fallback)
+{
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                              pathid,
+                                              dirfd,
+                                              path,
+                                              10,
+                                              G_MININT32,
+                                              G_MAXINT32,
+                                              fallback);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ * @base: base of numeric conversion
+ * @min: minimal value that is still valid
+ * @max: maximal value that is still valid
+ * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
+ * as valid integer.
+ *
+ * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s64 integer, or
+ * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
+ * value. On success, %errno will be set to zero. The returned value
+ * will always be in the range between @min and @max
+ * (inclusive) or @fallback.
+ * If the file does not exist, the fallback is returned and %errno
+ * is set to ENOENT.
+ */
+gint64
+nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                   const char *pathid,
+                                   int         dirfd,
+                                   const char *path,
+                                   guint       base,
+                                   gint64      min,
+                                   gint64      max,
+                                   gint64      fallback)
+{
+    char * value = NULL;
+    gint32 ret;
+    int    errsv;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, fallback);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, fallback);
+
+    if (!path) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    value = nm_platform_sysctl_get(self, pathid, dirfd, path);
+    if (!value) {
+        /* nm_platform_sysctl_get() set errno to ENOENT if the file does not exist.
+         * Propagate/preserve that. */
+        if (errno != ENOENT)
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    ret   = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(value, base, min, max, fallback);
+    errsv = errno;
+    g_free(value);
+    errno = errsv;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         addr_family,
+                               const char *ifname,
+                               const char *property)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)));
+}
+
+gint64
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                           int         addr_family,
+                                           const char *ifname,
+                                           const char *property,
+                                           guint       base,
+                                           gint64      min,
+                                           gint64      max,
+                                           gint64      fallback)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        base,
+        min,
+        max,
+        fallback);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         addr_family,
+                               const char *ifname,
+                               const char *property,
+                               const char *value)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        value);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_int64(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         addr_family,
+                                     const char *ifname,
+                                     const char *property,
+                                     gint64      value)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char s[64];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(s, "%" G_GINT64_FORMAT, value));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_rp_filter_ipv4(NMPlatform *self,
+                                              const char *ifname,
+                                              gboolean    consider_all,
+                                              gboolean *  out_due_to_all)
+{
+    int val, val_all;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_due_to_all, FALSE);
+
+    if (!ifname)
+        return -1;
+
+    val = nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                     AF_INET,
+                                                     ifname,
+                                                     "rp_filter",
+                                                     10,
+                                                     0,
+                                                     2,
+                                                     -1);
+    if (val == -1)
+        return -1;
+
+    /* the effectively used value is the rp_filter sysctl value of MAX(all,ifname).
+     * Note that this is the numerical MAX(), despite rp_filter "1" being more strict
+     * than "2". */
+    if (val < 2 && consider_all && !nm_streq(ifname, "all")) {
+        val_all = nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                             AF_INET,
+                                                             "all",
+                                                             "rp_filter",
+                                                             10,
+                                                             0,
+                                                             2,
+                                                             val);
+        if (val_all > val) {
+            val = val_all;
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_due_to_all, TRUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+_link_get_all_presort(gconstpointer p_a, gconstpointer p_b, gpointer sort_by_name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(*((const NMPObject **) p_a));
+    const NMPlatformLink *b = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(*((const NMPObject **) p_b));
+
+    /* Loopback always first */
+    if (a->ifindex == 1)
+        return -1;
+    if (b->ifindex == 1)
+        return 1;
+
+    if (GPOINTER_TO_INT(sort_by_name)) {
+        /* Initialized links first */
+        if (a->initialized > b->initialized)
+            return -1;
+        if (a->initialized < b->initialized)
+            return 1;
+
+        return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
+    } else
+        return a->ifindex - b->ifindex;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_all:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @sort_by_name: whether to sort by name or ifindex.
+ *
+ * Retrieve a snapshot of configuration for all links at once. The result is
+ * owned by the caller and should be freed with g_ptr_array_unref().
+ */
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_link_get_all(NMPlatform *self, gboolean sort_by_name)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *links = NULL;
+    GPtrArray *                  result;
+    guint                        i, nresult;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *unseen = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformLink *         item;
+    NMPLookup                      lookup;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    links = nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head(nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup), NULL, NULL);
+    if (!links)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len;) {
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(links->pdata[i]))
+            g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(links, i);
+        else
+            i++;
+    }
+
+    if (links->len == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* first sort the links by their ifindex or name. Below we will sort
+     * further by moving children/slaves to the end. */
+    g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(links, _link_get_all_presort, GINT_TO_POINTER(sort_by_name));
+
+    unseen = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+        item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+        nm_assert(item->ifindex > 0);
+        if (!g_hash_table_insert(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex), NULL))
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+    /* Ensure that link_get_all returns a consistent and valid result. */
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+        item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+
+        if (!item->ifindex)
+            continue;
+        if (item->master != 0) {
+            g_warn_if_fail(item->master > 0);
+            g_warn_if_fail(item->master != item->ifindex);
+            g_warn_if_fail(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->master)));
+        }
+        if (item->parent != 0) {
+            if (item->parent != NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS) {
+                g_warn_if_fail(item->parent > 0);
+                g_warn_if_fail(item->parent != item->ifindex);
+                g_warn_if_fail(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->parent)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Re-order the links list such that children/slaves come after all ancestors */
+    nm_assert(g_hash_table_size(unseen) == links->len);
+    nresult = links->len;
+    result  = g_ptr_array_new_full(nresult, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        gboolean found_something = FALSE;
+        guint    first_idx       = G_MAXUINT;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+            item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+
+            if (!item)
+                continue;
+
+            g_assert(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex)));
+
+            if (item->master > 0 && g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->master)))
+                goto skip;
+            if (item->parent > 0 && g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->parent)))
+                goto skip;
+
+            g_hash_table_remove(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex));
+            g_ptr_array_add(result, links->pdata[i]);
+            links->pdata[i] = NULL;
+            found_something = TRUE;
+            continue;
+skip:
+            if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
+                first_idx = i;
+        }
+
+        if (found_something) {
+            if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            nm_assert(first_idx != G_MAXUINT);
+            /* There is a loop, pop the first (remaining) element from the list.
+             * This can happen for veth pairs where each peer is parent of the other end. */
+            item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[first_idx]);
+            nm_assert(item);
+            g_hash_table_remove(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex));
+            g_ptr_array_add(result, links->pdata[first_idx]);
+            links->pdata[first_idx] = NULL;
+        }
+        nm_assert(result->len < nresult);
+    }
+    nm_assert(result->len == nresult);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPObject *
+nm_platform_link_get_obj(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean visible_only)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj_cache;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(self), ifindex);
+    if (!obj_cache || (visible_only && !nmp_object_is_visible(obj_cache)))
+        return NULL;
+    return obj_cache;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: ifindex of the link
+ *
+ * Lookup the internal NMPlatformLink object.
+ *
+ * Returns: %NULL, if such a link exists or the internal
+ * platform link object. Do not modify the returned value.
+ * Also, be aware that any subsequent platform call might
+ * invalidate/modify the returned instance.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifname: the ifname
+ *
+ * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink instance with the given name.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    if (!ifname || !*ifname)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+                                     0,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     TRUE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+}
+
+struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data {
+    gconstpointer data;
+    guint8        len;
+};
+
+static gboolean
+_nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link(const NMPObject *                             obj,
+                                            struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data *d)
+{
+    return obj->link.l_address.len == d->len && !memcmp(obj->link.l_address.data, d->data, d->len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_by_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @address: a pointer to the binary hardware address
+ * @length: the size of @address in bytes
+ *
+ * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink object with a matching
+ * address.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get_by_address(NMPlatform *  self,
+                                NMLinkType    link_type,
+                                gconstpointer address,
+                                size_t        length)
+{
+    const NMPObject *                            obj;
+    struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data d = {
+        .data = address,
+        .len  = length,
+    };
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    if (length == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (length > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    if (!address)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+                                     0,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     TRUE,
+                                     link_type,
+                                     (NMPObjectMatchFn) _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link,
+                                     &d);
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+}
+
+static int
+_link_add_check_existing(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         const char *           name,
+                         NMLinkType             type,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(self, name);
+    if (pllink) {
+        gboolean wrong_type;
+
+        wrong_type = type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE && pllink->type != type;
+        _LOG2D("link: skip adding link due to existing interface of type %s%s%s",
+               nm_link_type_to_string(pllink->type),
+               wrong_type ? ", expected " : "",
+               wrong_type ? nm_link_type_to_string(type) : "");
+        if (out_link)
+            *out_link = pllink;
+        if (wrong_type)
+            return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE;
+        return -NME_PL_EXISTS;
+    }
+    if (out_link)
+        *out_link = NULL;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_add:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @type: Interface type
+ * @name: Interface name
+ * @parent: the IFLA_LINK parameter or 0.
+ * @address: (allow-none): set the mac address of the link
+ * @address_len: the length of the @address
+ * @extra_data: depending on @type, additional data.
+ * @out_link: on success, the link object
+ *
+ * Add a software interface.  If the interface already exists and is of type
+ * @type, return -NME_PL_EXISTS and returns the link
+ * in @out_link.  If the interface already exists and is not of type @type,
+ * return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE.
+ *
+ * Any link-changed ADDED signal will be emitted directly, before this
+ * function finishes.
+ *
+ * Returns: the negative nm-error on failure.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                     NMLinkType             type,
+                     const char *           name,
+                     int                    parent,
+                     const void *           address,
+                     size_t                 address_len,
+                     guint32                mtu,
+                     gconstpointer          extra_data,
+                     const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    int  r;
+    char addr_buf[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char mtu_buf[16];
+    char parent_buf[64];
+    char buf[512];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail((address != NULL) ^ (address_len == 0), -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address_len <= NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, type, out_link);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return r;
+
+    _LOG2D("link: adding link: "
+           "%s "    /* type */
+           "\"%s\"" /* name */
+           "%s%s"   /* parent */
+           "%s%s"   /* address */
+           "%s%s"   /* mtu */
+           "%s"     /* extra_data */
+           "",
+           nm_link_type_to_string(type),
+           name,
+           parent > 0 ? ", parent " : "",
+           parent > 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(parent_buf, "%d", parent) : "",
+           address ? ", address: " : "",
+           address ? _nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(address, address_len, FALSE, addr_buf, sizeof(addr_buf))
+                   : "",
+           mtu ? ", mtu: " : "",
+           mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(mtu_buf, "%u", mtu) : "",
+           ({
+               char *buf_p   = buf;
+               gsize buf_len = sizeof(buf);
+
+               buf[0] = '\0';
+
+               switch (type) {
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkBridge *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVlan *) extra_data,
+                                                  buf_p,
+                                                  buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVrf *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *) extra_data,
+                                                   buf_p,
+                                                   buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH:
+                   nm_sprintf_buf(buf, ", veth-peer \"%s\"", (const char *) extra_data);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkGre *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkSit *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *) extra_data,
+                                                  buf_p,
+                                                  buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *) extra_data,
+                                                     buf_p,
+                                                     buf_len);
+                   break;
+               default:
+                   nm_assert(!extra_data);
+                   break;
+               }
+
+               buf;
+           }));
+
+    return klass
+        ->link_add(self, type, name, parent, address, address_len, mtu, extra_data, out_link);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_delete:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: deleting");
+    return klass->link_delete(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_netns:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @netns_fd: the file descriptor for the new netns.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_netns(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int netns_fd)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(netns_fd > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: move link to network namespace with fd %d", netns_fd);
+    return klass->link_set_netns(self, ifindex, netns_fd);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_index:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: Interface name
+ *
+ * Returns: The interface index corresponding to the given interface name
+ * or 0. Interface name is owned by #NMPlatform, don't free it.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(self, name);
+    return pllink ? pllink->ifindex : 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_if_indextoname(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char out_ifname[static 16 /* IFNAMSIZ */])
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_if_indextoname(ifindex, out_ifname);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_if_nametoindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_if_nametoindex(ifname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: Interface name
+ *
+ * Returns: The interface name corresponding to the given interface index
+ * or %NULL.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->name : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_type:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: Link type constant as defined in nm-platform.h. On error,
+ * NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE is returned.
+ */
+NMLinkType
+nm_platform_link_get_type(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->type : NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_type_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: A string describing the type of link. In some cases this
+ * may be more specific than nm_platform_link_get_type(), but in
+ * other cases it may not. On error, %NULL is returned.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (obj->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
+        /* We could detect the @link_type. In this case the function returns
+         * our internal module names, which differs from rtnl_link_get_type():
+         *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND (gives "infiniband", instead of "ipoib")
+         *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_TAP (gives "tap", instead of "tun").
+         * Note that this functions is only used by NMDeviceGeneric to
+         * set type_description. */
+        return nm_link_type_to_string(obj->link.type);
+    }
+    /* Link type not detected. Fallback to rtnl_link_get_type()/IFLA_INFO_KIND. */
+    return obj->link.kind ?: "unknown";
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_udev_property(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name, const char **out_value)
+{
+    struct udev_device *udevice = NULL;
+    const char *        uproperty;
+
+    udevice = nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(self, ifindex);
+    if (!udevice)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    uproperty = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, name);
+    if (!uproperty)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_value, uproperty);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: interface index
+ * @unmanaged: management status (in case %TRUE is returned)
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if platform overrides NM default-unmanaged status,
+ * %FALSE otherwise (with @unmanaged unmodified).
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *unmanaged)
+{
+    const char *value;
+
+    if (link_get_udev_property(self, ifindex, "NM_UNMANAGED", &value)) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(unmanaged, nm_udev_utils_property_as_boolean(value));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_software:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to a software interface, not backed by
+ * a physical device.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_software(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_link_type_is_software(nm_platform_link_get_type(self, ifindex));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_supports_slaves:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to an interface capable of enslaving
+ * other interfaces.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_slaves(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_link_type_supports_slaves(nm_platform_link_get_type(self, ifindex));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_refresh:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Reload the cache for ifindex synchronously.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_refresh(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_refresh)
+        return klass->link_refresh(self, ifindex);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint requested_flags)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    /* include invisible links (only in netlink, not udev). */
+    pllink = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE));
+    if (!pllink)
+        return -ENODEV;
+
+    /* Errors are signaled as negative values. That means, you cannot request
+     * the most significant bit (2^31) with this API. Assert against that. */
+    nm_assert((int) requested_flags >= 0);
+    nm_assert(requested_flags < (guint) G_MAXINT);
+
+    return (int) (pllink->n_ifi_flags & requested_flags);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_up:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is up.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(self, ifindex, IFF_UP) == IFF_UP;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_connected:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is connected.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_connected(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->connected : FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_uses_arp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is configured to use ARP.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    int f;
+
+    f = nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(self, ifindex, IFF_NOARP);
+
+    if (f < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (f == IFF_NOARP)
+        return FALSE;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @iid: Tokenized interface identifier
+ *
+ * Sets then IPv6 tokenized interface identifier.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE a tokenized identifier was available
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_set_token)
+        return klass->link_set_token(self, ifindex, iid);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_udi(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    struct udev_device *device;
+
+    device = nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(self, ifindex);
+    return device ? udev_device_get_syspath(device) : NULL;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_path(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const char *value = NULL;
+
+    link_get_udev_property(self, ifindex, "ID_PATH", &value);
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+struct udev_device *
+nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj_cache;
+
+    obj_cache = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return obj_cache ? obj_cache->_link.udev.device : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_user_ip6vll_enabled:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
+ * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
+ * will fail and return %FALSE.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if NM handles the IPv6LL address for @ifindex
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (pllink && pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv)
+        return _nm_platform_uint8_inv(pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv) == NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE;
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_user_ip6vll_enabled:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Set whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
+ * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
+ * will fail and return %FALSE.
+ *
+ * Returns: the negative nm-error on failure.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean enabled)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return klass->link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(self, ifindex, enabled);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @address: The new MAC address
+ *
+ * Set interface MAC address.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length)
+{
+    gs_free char *mac = NULL;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(length > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting hardware address to %s", (mac = nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(address, length)));
+    return klass->link_set_address(self, ifindex, address, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
+ *
+ * Returns: the interface hardware address as an array of bytes of
+ * length @length.
+ */
+gconstpointer
+nm_platform_link_get_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, size_t *length)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return nmp_link_address_get(pllink ? &pllink->l_address : NULL, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @buf: buffer of at least %NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX bytes, on success
+ * the permanent hardware address
+ * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success, %FALSE on failure to read the permanent hardware
+ * address.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (length)
+        *length = 0;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(buf, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(length, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_permanent_address)
+        return klass->link_get_permanent_address(self, ifindex, buf, length);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_carrier_detect(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_vlans(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_sriov(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_sriov_params:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the index of the interface to change
+ * @num_vfs: the number of VFs to create
+ * @autoprobe: the new autoprobe-drivers value (pass
+ *     %NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT to keep current value)
+ * @callback: called when the operation finishes
+ * @callback_data: data passed to @callback
+ * @cancellable: cancellable to abort the operation
+ *
+ * Sets SR-IOV parameters asynchronously without
+ * blocking the main thread. The callback function is
+ * always invoked, and asynchronously.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_link_set_sriov_params_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                        int                     ifindex,
+                                        guint                   num_vfs,
+                                        NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                                        NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                                        gpointer                callback_data,
+                                        GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting %u total VFs and autoprobe %d", num_vfs, (int) autoprobe);
+    klass->link_set_sriov_params_async(self,
+                                       ifindex,
+                                       num_vfs,
+                                       autoprobe,
+                                       callback,
+                                       callback_data,
+                                       cancellable);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_sriov_vfs(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs)
+{
+    guint i;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting VFs");
+    for (i = 0; vfs[i]; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformVF *vf = vfs[i];
+
+        _LOG3D("link:   VF %s", nm_platform_vf_to_string(vf, NULL, 0));
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_set_sriov_vfs(self, ifindex, vfs);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_bridge_vlans(NMPlatform *                       self,
+                                  int                                ifindex,
+                                  gboolean                           on_master,
+                                  const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans)
+{
+    guint i;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: %s bridge VLANs on %s",
+           vlans ? "setting" : "clearing",
+           on_master ? "master" : "self");
+    if (vlans) {
+        for (i = 0; vlans[i]; i++) {
+            const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan = vlans[i];
+
+            _LOG3D("link:   bridge VLAN %s", nm_platform_bridge_vlan_to_string(vlan, NULL, 0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_set_bridge_vlans(self, ifindex, on_master, vlans);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_up:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @out_no_firmware: (allow-none): if the failure reason is due to missing firmware.
+ *
+ * Bring the interface up.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting up");
+    return klass->link_set_up(self, ifindex, out_no_firmware);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_down:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Take the interface down.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_down(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting down");
+    return klass->link_set_down(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_arp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Enable ARP on the interface.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting arp");
+    return klass->link_set_arp(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_noarp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Disable ARP on the interface.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting noarp");
+    return klass->link_set_noarp(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_mtu:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @mtu: The new MTU value
+ *
+ * Set interface MTU.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(mtu > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting mtu %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT, mtu);
+    return klass->link_set_mtu(self, ifindex, mtu);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_mtu:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Returns: MTU value for the interface or 0 on error.
+ */
+guint32
+nm_platform_link_get_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->mtu : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @name: The new interface name
+ *
+ * Set interface name.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting name %s", name);
+
+    if (strlen(name) + 1 > IFNAMSIZ)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return klass->link_set_name(self, ifindex, name);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * The physical port ID, if present, indicates some unique identifier of
+ * the parent interface (eg, the physical port of which this link is a child).
+ * Two links that report the same physical port ID can be assumed to be
+ * children of the same physical port and may share resources that limit
+ * their abilities.
+ *
+ * Returns: physical port ID for the interface, or %NULL on error
+ * or if the interface has no physical port ID.
+ */
+char *
+nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, NULL);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_physical_port_id)
+        return klass->link_get_physical_port_id(self, ifindex);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_dev_id:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * In contrast to the physical device ID (which indicates which parent a
+ * child has) the device ID differentiates sibling devices that may share
+ * the same MAC address.
+ *
+ * Returns: device ID for the interface, or 0 on error or if the
+ * interface has no device ID.
+ */
+guint
+nm_platform_link_get_dev_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, 0);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_dev_id)
+        return klass->link_get_dev_id(self, ifindex);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_wake_onlan:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Returns: the "Wake-on-LAN" status for @ifindex.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_wake_on_lan)
+        return klass->link_get_wake_on_lan(self, ifindex);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_driver_info:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @out_driver_name: (transfer full): on success, the driver name if available
+ * @out_driver_version: (transfer full): on success, the driver version if available
+ * @out_fw_version: (transfer full): on success, the firmware version if available
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success (though @out_driver_name, @out_driver_version and
+ * @out_fw_version can be %NULL if no information was available), %FALSE on
+ * failure.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *self,
+                                 int         ifindex,
+                                 char **     out_driver_name,
+                                 char **     out_driver_version,
+                                 char **     out_fw_version)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_get_driver_info(self,
+                                       ifindex,
+                                       out_driver_name,
+                                       out_driver_version,
+                                       out_fw_version);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_enslave:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @master: Interface index of the master
+ * @ifindex: Interface index of the slave
+ *
+ * Enslave @ifindex to @master.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_enslave(NMPlatform *self, int master, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: enslaving to master '%s'", nm_platform_link_get_name(self, master));
+    return klass->link_enslave(self, master, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_release:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @master: Interface index of the master
+ * @ifindex: Interface index of the slave
+ *
+ * Release @slave from @master.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_release(NMPlatform *self, int master, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (nm_platform_link_get_master(self, ifindex) != master)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    _LOG3D("link: releasing from master '%s'", nm_platform_link_get_name(self, master));
+    return klass->link_release(self, master, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_master:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @slave: Interface index of the slave.
+ *
+ * Returns: Interface index of the slave's master.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_master(NMPlatform *self, int slave)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, slave);
+    return pllink ? pllink->master : 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_can_assume(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_can_assume)
+        return klass->link_can_assume(self, ifindex);
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_lnk:
+ * @self: the platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the link ifindex to lookup
+ * @link_type: filter by link-type.
+ * @out_link: (allow-none): returns the platform link instance
+ *
+ * If the function returns %NULL, that could mean that no such ifindex
+ * exists, of that the link has no lnk data. You can find that out
+ * by checking @out_link. @out_link will always be set if a link
+ * with @ifindex exists.
+ *
+ * If @link_type is %NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE, the function returns the lnk
+ * object if it is present. If you set link-type, you can be sure
+ * that only a link type of the matching type is returned (or %NULL).
+ *
+ * Returns: the internal link lnk object. The returned object
+ * is owned by the platform cache and must not be modified. Note
+ * however, that the object is guaranteed to be immutable, so
+ * you can safely take a reference and keep it for yourself
+ * (but don't modify it).
+ */
+const NMPObject *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         int                    ifindex,
+                         NMLinkType             link_type,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!obj) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_link, NULL);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_link, &obj->link);
+
+    if (!obj->_link.netlink.lnk)
+        return NULL;
+    if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE
+        && (link_type != obj->link.type
+            || link_type != NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj->_link.netlink.lnk)->lnk_link_type))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return obj->_link.netlink.lnk;
+}
+
+static gconstpointer
+_link_get_lnk(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMLinkType link_type, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *lnk;
+
+    lnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, link_type, out_link);
+    return lnk ? &lnk->object : NULL;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkBridge *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_bridge(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macsec(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvtap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkSit *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_sit(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkTun *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_tun(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVrf *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vrf(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vxlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, out_link);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(
+    _wireguard_change_flags_to_string,
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_NONE, "none"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS, "replace-peers"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY, "has-private-key"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT, "has-listen-port"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK, "has-fwmark"), );
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(
+    _wireguard_change_peer_flags_to_string,
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_NONE, "none"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME, "remove"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY, "psk"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL, "ka"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT, "ep"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS, "aips"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS, "remove-aips"), );
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *                              self,
+                                  int                                       ifindex,
+                                  const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                  const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                                  const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                  guint                                     peers_len,
+                                  NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    nm_assert(klass->link_wireguard_change);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        char buf_lnk[256];
+        char buf_peers[512];
+        char buf_change_flags[100];
+
+        buf_peers[0] = '\0';
+        if (peers_len > 0) {
+            char *b   = buf_peers;
+            gsize len = sizeof(buf_peers);
+            guint i;
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " { ");
+            for (i = 0; i < peers_len; i++) {
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " { ");
+                nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(&peers[i], b, len);
+                nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &len);
+                if (peer_flags) {
+                    nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                        &b,
+                        &len,
+                        " (%s)",
+                        _wireguard_change_peer_flags_to_string(peer_flags[i],
+                                                               buf_change_flags,
+                                                               sizeof(buf_change_flags)));
+                }
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " } ");
+            }
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, "}");
+        }
+
+        _LOG3D("link: change wireguard ifindex %d, %s, (%s), %u peers%s",
+               ifindex,
+               nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string(lnk_wireguard, buf_lnk, sizeof(buf_lnk)),
+               _wireguard_change_flags_to_string(change_flags,
+                                                 buf_change_flags,
+                                                 sizeof(buf_change_flags)),
+               peers_len,
+               buf_peers);
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_wireguard_change(self,
+                                        ifindex,
+                                        lnk_wireguard,
+                                        peers,
+                                        peer_flags,
+                                        peers_len,
+                                        change_flags);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_tun_add:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: new interface name
+ * @tap: whether the interface is a TAP
+ * @owner: interface owner or -1
+ * @group: interface group or -1
+ * @pi: whether to clear the IFF_NO_PI flag
+ * @vnet_hdr: whether to set the IFF_VNET_HDR flag
+ * @multi_queue: whether to set the IFF_MULTI_QUEUE flag
+ * @out_link: on success, the link object
+ * @out_fd: (allow-none): if give, return the file descriptor for the
+ *   created device. Note that when creating a non-persistent device,
+ *   this argument is mandatory, otherwise it makes no sense
+ *   to create such an interface.
+ *   The caller is responsible for closing this file descriptor.
+ *
+ * Create a TUN or TAP interface.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                         const char *            name,
+                         const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+                         const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+                         int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    char b[255];
+    int  r;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(props->type, IFF_TUN, IFF_TAP), -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* creating a non-persistent device requires that the caller handles
+     * the file descriptor. */
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props->persist || out_fd, -NME_BUG);
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fd, -1);
+
+    r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, out_link);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return r;
+
+    _LOG2D("link: adding link %s", nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string(props, b, sizeof(b)));
+
+    if (!klass->link_tun_add(self, name, props, out_link, out_fd))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_6lowpan_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_parent)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!plink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->parent != 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* As of 4.16 kernel does not expose the peer_ifindex as IFA_LINK.
+     * Find the WPAN device with the same MAC address. */
+    if (out_parent) {
+        const NMPlatformLink *parent_plink;
+
+        parent_plink = nm_platform_link_get_by_address(self,
+                                                       NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN,
+                                                       plink->l_address.data,
+                                                       plink->l_address.len);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, parent_plink ? parent_plink->ifindex : -1);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                int         ifindex,
+                const char *category,
+                const char *option,
+                const char *value)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const char *      path;
+
+    if (!category || !option)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    path =
+        nm_sprintf_buf_unsafe_a(strlen(category) + strlen(option) + 2, "%s/%s", category, option);
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self,
+                                  NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe(dirfd, ifname_verified, path),
+                                  value);
+}
+
+static char *
+link_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *category, const char *option)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const char *      path;
+
+    if (!category || !option)
+        return NULL;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    path =
+        nm_sprintf_buf_unsafe_a(strlen(category) + strlen(option) + 2, "%s/%s", category, option);
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get(self,
+                                  NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe(dirfd, ifname_verified, path));
+}
+
+static const char *
+master_category(NMPlatform *self, int master)
+{
+    switch (nm_platform_link_get_type(self, master)) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        return "bridge";
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+        return "bonding";
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+slave_category(NMPlatform *self, int slave)
+{
+    int master = nm_platform_link_get_master(self, slave);
+
+    if (master <= 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch (nm_platform_link_get_type(self, master)) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        return "brport";
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         ifindex,
+                                     const char *option,
+                                     const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return link_set_option(self, ifindex, master_category(self, ifindex), option, value);
+}
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+
+    return link_get_option(self, ifindex, master_category(self, ifindex), option);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_slave_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                    int         ifindex,
+                                    const char *option,
+                                    const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return link_set_option(self, ifindex, slave_category(self, ifindex), option, value);
+}
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_slave_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+
+    return link_get_option(self, ifindex, slave_category(self, ifindex), option);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             int                     ifindex,
+                             NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                             NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                             gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                             const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                             gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                             gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                             const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                             gsize                   n_egress_map)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(klass->link_vlan_change);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!n_ingress_map || ingress_map, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!n_egress_map || egress_map, FALSE);
+
+    flags_set &= flags_mask;
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        char  buf[512];
+        char *b = buf;
+        gsize len, i;
+
+        b[0] = '\0';
+        len  = sizeof(buf);
+
+        if (flags_mask)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b,
+                                   &len,
+                                   " flags 0x%x/0x%x",
+                                   (unsigned) flags_set,
+                                   (unsigned) flags_mask);
+
+        if (ingress_reset_all || n_ingress_map) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " ingress-qos-map");
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string("", ingress_map, n_ingress_map, b, len);
+            i = strlen(b);
+            b += i;
+            len -= i;
+            if (ingress_reset_all)
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
+        }
+
+        if (egress_reset_all || n_egress_map) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " egress-qos-map");
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string("", egress_map, n_egress_map, b, len);
+            i = strlen(b);
+            b += i;
+            len -= i;
+            if (egress_reset_all)
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
+        }
+
+        _LOG3D("link: change vlan %s", buf);
+    }
+    return klass->link_vlan_change(self,
+                                   ifindex,
+                                   flags_mask,
+                                   flags_set,
+                                   ingress_reset_all,
+                                   ingress_map,
+                                   n_ingress_map,
+                                   egress_reset_all,
+                                   egress_map,
+                                   n_egress_map);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping map = {
+        .from = from,
+        .to   = to,
+    };
+
+    return nm_platform_link_vlan_change(self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, &map, 1, FALSE, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping map = {
+        .from = from,
+        .to   = to,
+    };
+
+    return nm_platform_link_vlan_change(self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, NULL, 0, FALSE, &map, 1);
+}
+
+static int
+_infiniband_add_add_or_delete(NMPlatform *           self,
+                              int                    ifindex,
+                              int                    p_key,
+                              gboolean               add,
+                              const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    char                  name[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPlatformLink *parent_link;
+    int                   r;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(p_key >= 0 && p_key <= 0xffff, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* the special keys 0x0000 and 0x8000 are not allowed. */
+    if (NM_IN_SET(p_key, 0, 0x8000))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    parent_link = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!parent_link)
+        return -NME_PL_NOT_FOUND;
+
+    if (parent_link->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
+        return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE;
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, parent_link->name, p_key);
+
+    if (add) {
+        r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
+        if (r < 0)
+            return r;
+
+        _LOG3D("link: adding infiniband partition %s, key %d", name, p_key);
+        if (!klass->infiniband_partition_add(self, ifindex, p_key, out_link))
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    } else {
+        _LOG3D("link: deleting infiniband partition %s, key %d", name, p_key);
+
+        if (!klass->infiniband_partition_delete(self, ifindex, p_key))
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                int                    parent,
+                                int                    p_key,
+                                const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete(self, parent, p_key, TRUE, out_link);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_delete(NMPlatform *self, int parent, int p_key)
+{
+    return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete(self, parent, p_key, FALSE, NULL);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_get_properties(NMPlatform * self,
+                                           int          ifindex,
+                                           int *        out_parent,
+                                           int *        out_p_key,
+                                           const char **out_mode)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int              dirfd = -1;
+    char                           ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *plnk;
+    const NMPlatformLink *         plink;
+    char *                         contents;
+    const char *                   mode;
+    int                            p_key = 0;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    plnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband(self, ifindex, &plink);
+
+    if (!plink || plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plnk) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_p_key, plnk->p_key);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_mode, plnk->mode);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Could not get the link information via netlink. To support older kernels,
+     * fallback to reading sysfs. */
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    contents =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "mode"));
+    if (!contents)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (strstr(contents, "datagram"))
+        mode = "datagram";
+    else if (strstr(contents, "connected"))
+        mode = "connected";
+    else
+        mode = NULL;
+    g_free(contents);
+
+    p_key =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                           NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "pkey"),
+                                           16,
+                                           0,
+                                           0xFFFF,
+                                           -1);
+    if (p_key < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_p_key, p_key);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_mode, mode);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_peer_ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    int                   peer_ifindex;
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!plink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->parent != 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_peer_ifindex, plink->parent);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Pre-4.1 kernel did not expose the peer_ifindex as IFA_LINK. Lookup via ethtool. */
+    if (out_peer_ifindex) {
+        nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(self, &netns))
+            return FALSE;
+        peer_ifindex = nmp_utils_ethtool_get_peer_ifindex(plink->ifindex);
+        if (peer_ifindex <= 0)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        *out_peer_ifindex = peer_ifindex;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex to look up
+ * @out_properties: (out) (allow-none): return the read properties
+ *
+ * Only recent versions of kernel export tun properties via netlink.
+ * So, if that's the case, then we have the NMPlatformLnkTun instance
+ * in the platform cache ready to return. Otherwise, this function
+ * falls back reading sysctl to obtain the tun properties. That
+ * is racy, because querying sysctl means that the object might
+ * be already removed from cache (while NM didn't yet process the
+ * netlink message).
+ *
+ * Hence, to lookup the tun properties, you always need to use this
+ * function, and use it with care knowing that it might obtain its
+ * data by reading sysctl. Note that we don't want to add this workaround
+ * to the platform cache itself, because the cache should (mainly)
+ * contain data from netlink. To access the sysctl side channel, the
+ * user needs to do explicitly.
+ *
+ * Returns: #TRUE, if the properties could be read. */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPlatformLnkTun *out_properties)
+{
+    const NMPObject *plobj;
+    const NMPObject *pllnk;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gint64           owner;
+    gint64           group;
+    gint64           flags;
+
+    /* we consider also invisible links (those that are not yet in udev). */
+    plobj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE);
+    if (!plobj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(plobj)->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    pllnk = plobj->_link.netlink.lnk;
+    if (pllnk) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(pllnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN);
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(pllnk)->lnk_link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN);
+
+        /* recent kernels expose tun properties via netlink and thus we have them
+         * in the platform cache. */
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_properties, pllnk->lnk_tun);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* fallback to reading sysctl. */
+    {
+        nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+
+        dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname);
+        if (dirfd < 0)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        owner = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "owner"),
+                                                   10,
+                                                   -1,
+                                                   G_MAXUINT32,
+                                                   -2);
+        if (owner == -2)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        group = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "group"),
+                                                   10,
+                                                   -1,
+                                                   G_MAXUINT32,
+                                                   -2);
+        if (group == -2)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        flags =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                               NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "tun_flags"),
+                                               16,
+                                               0,
+                                               G_MAXINT64,
+                                               -1);
+        if (flags == -1)
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (out_properties) {
+        memset(out_properties, 0, sizeof(*out_properties));
+        if (owner != -1) {
+            out_properties->owner_valid = TRUE;
+            out_properties->owner       = owner;
+        }
+        if (group != -1) {
+            out_properties->group_valid = TRUE;
+            out_properties->group       = group;
+        }
+        out_properties->type        = (flags & TUN_TYPE_MASK);
+        out_properties->pi          = !(flags & IFF_NO_PI);
+        out_properties->vnet_hdr    = !!(flags & IFF_VNET_HDR);
+        out_properties->multi_queue = !!(flags & NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE);
+        out_properties->persist     = !!(flags & IFF_PERSIST);
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_capabilities(self, ifindex, caps);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_frequency(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_get_station(NMPlatform * self,
+                             int          ifindex,
+                             NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                             int *        out_quality,
+                             guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_station(self, ifindex, out_bssid, out_quality, out_rate);
+}
+
+NM80211Mode
+nm_platform_wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_mode(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_set_mode(self, ifindex, mode);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *p, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    /* empty */
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_set_powersave(self, ifindex, powersave);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(freqs != NULL, 0);
+
+    return klass->wifi_find_frequency(self, ifindex, freqs);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean running)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_indicate_addressing_running(self, ifindex, running);
+}
+
+NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+nm_platform_wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(self, ifindex, wowl);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+
+    return klass->mesh_get_channel(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->mesh_set_channel(self, ifindex, channel);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ssid != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->mesh_set_ssid(self, ifindex, ssid, len);
+}
+
+guint16
+nm_platform_wpan_get_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_get_pan_id(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_pan_id(self, ifindex, pan_id);
+}
+
+guint16
+nm_platform_wpan_get_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_get_short_addr(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_short_addr(self, ifindex, short_addr);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_channel(self, ifindex, page, channel);
+}
+
+#define TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE (5 + 15 + 1)
+static const char *
+_to_string_dev(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    g_assert(buf && size >= TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE);
+
+    if (ifindex) {
+        const char *name = ifindex > 0 && self ? nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex) : NULL;
+        char *      buf2;
+
+        strcpy(buf, " dev ");
+        buf2 = buf + 5;
+        size -= 5;
+
+        if (name)
+            g_strlcpy(buf2, name, size);
+        else
+            g_snprintf(buf2, size, "%d", ifindex);
+    } else
+        buf[0] = 0;
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+#define TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE 256
+
+static const char *
+_to_string_ifa_flags(guint32 ifa_flags, char *buf, gsize size)
+{
+#define S_FLAGS_PREFIX " flags "
+    nm_assert(buf && size >= TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE && size > NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+
+    if (!ifa_flags)
+        buf[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        nm_platform_addr_flags2str(ifa_flags,
+                                   &buf[NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX)],
+                                   size - NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+        if (buf[NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX)] == '\0')
+            buf[0] = '\0';
+        else
+            memcpy(buf, S_FLAGS_PREFIX, NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+    }
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                    int                      ifindex,
+                                    _NMSettingWiredWakeOnLan wol,
+                                    const char *             wol_password)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan(ifindex, wol, wol_password);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_link_settings(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                      int                      ifindex,
+                                      gboolean                 autoneg,
+                                      guint32                  speed,
+                                      NMPlatformLinkDuplexType duplex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_link_settings(ifindex, autoneg, speed, duplex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_settings(NMPlatform *              self,
+                                      int                       ifindex,
+                                      gboolean *                out_autoneg,
+                                      guint32 *                 out_speed,
+                                      NMPlatformLinkDuplexType *out_duplex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_link_settings(ifindex, out_autoneg, out_speed, out_duplex);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMEthtoolFeatureStates *
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_features(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_features(ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_features(
+    NMPlatform *                  self,
+    int                           ifindex,
+    const NMEthtoolFeatureStates *features,
+    const NMOptionBool *requested /* indexed by NMEthtoolID - _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_FIRST */,
+    gboolean            do_set /* or reset */)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_features(ifindex, features, requested, do_set);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_coalesce(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                      int                     ifindex,
+                                      NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(coalesce, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_coalesce(ifindex, coalesce);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_coalesce(NMPlatform *                  self,
+                                 int                           ifindex,
+                                 const NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_coalesce(ifindex, coalesce);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMEthtoolRingState *ring)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ring, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_ring(ifindex, ring);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMEthtoolRingState *ring)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_ring(ifindex, ring);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_all(NMPlatform *self, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_all(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_id_type, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_entry(NMPlatform *self, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_entry_with_idx_type(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_id_type, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup(NMPlatform *self, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup(nm_platform_get_cache(self), lookup);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    return nm_platform_route_table_is_main(
+        nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(&obj->ip_route));
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main_skip_rtprot_kernel(const NMPObject *obj,
+                                                            gpointer         user_data)
+{
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    return nm_platform_route_table_is_main(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(&obj->ip_route))
+           && obj->ip_route.rt_source != NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_RTPROT_KERNEL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_lookup_clone:
+ * @self:
+ * @lookup:
+ * @predicate: if given, only objects for which @predicate returns %TRUE are included
+ *   in the result.
+ * @user_data: user data for @predicate
+ *
+ * Returns the result of lookup in a GPtrArray. The result array contains
+ * references objects from the cache, its destroy function will unref them.
+ *
+ * The user must unref the GPtrArray, which will also unref the NMPObject
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * The elements in the array *must* not be modified.
+ *
+ * Returns: the result of the lookup.
+ */
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_lookup_clone(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         const NMPLookup *      lookup,
+                         NMPObjectPredicateFunc predicate,
+                         gpointer               user_data)
+{
+    return nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head(nm_platform_lookup(self, lookup),
+                                                 (NMDedupMultiFcnSelectPredicate) predicate,
+                                                 user_data);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_address_set_addr(NMPlatformIP4Address *addr, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen)
+{
+    nm_assert(plen <= 32);
+
+    addr->address      = address;
+    addr->peer_address = address;
+    addr->plen         = plen;
+}
+
+const struct in6_addr *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&addr->peer_address)
+        || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&addr->peer_address, &addr->address))
+        return &addr->address;
+    return &addr->peer_address;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_match(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr, NMPlatformMatchFlags match_flag)
+{
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(
+        match_flag,
+        ~(NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE__ANY | NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE__ANY)));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE__ANY));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE__ANY));
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&addr->address)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_LINKLOCAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_NORMAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_DADFAILED)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_DADFAILED))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE)
+               && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_TENTATIVE))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_NORMAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            guint8      plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                            in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                            guint32     lifetime,
+                            guint32     preferred,
+                            guint32     flags,
+                            const char *label)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(lifetime > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!label || strlen(label) < sizeof(((NMPlatformIP4Address *) NULL)->label),
+                         FALSE);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        NMPlatformIP4Address addr;
+
+        addr = (NMPlatformIP4Address){
+            .ifindex           = ifindex,
+            .address           = address,
+            .peer_address      = peer_address,
+            .plen              = plen,
+            .timestamp         = 0, /* set it at zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
+            .lifetime          = lifetime,
+            .preferred         = preferred,
+            .n_ifa_flags       = flags,
+            .broadcast_address = broadcast_address,
+            .use_ip4_broadcast_address = TRUE,
+        };
+        if (label)
+            g_strlcpy(addr.label, label, sizeof(addr.label));
+
+        _LOG3D("address: adding or updating IPv4 address: %s",
+               nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(&addr, NULL, 0));
+    }
+    return klass->ip4_address_add(self,
+                                  ifindex,
+                                  address,
+                                  plen,
+                                  peer_address,
+                                  broadcast_address,
+                                  lifetime,
+                                  preferred,
+                                  flags,
+                                  label);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    self,
+                            int             ifindex,
+                            struct in6_addr address,
+                            guint8          plen,
+                            struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                            guint32         lifetime,
+                            guint32         preferred,
+                            guint32         flags)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 128, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(lifetime > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        NMPlatformIP6Address addr = {0};
+
+        addr.ifindex      = ifindex;
+        addr.address      = address;
+        addr.peer_address = peer_address;
+        addr.plen         = plen;
+        addr.timestamp    = 0; /* set it to zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
+        addr.lifetime     = lifetime;
+        addr.preferred    = preferred;
+        addr.n_ifa_flags  = flags;
+
+        _LOG3D("address: adding or updating IPv6 address: %s",
+               nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(&addr, NULL, 0));
+    }
+    return klass
+        ->ip6_address_add(self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address, lifetime, preferred, flags);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         ifindex,
+                               in_addr_t   address,
+                               guint8      plen,
+                               in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_peer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 50];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("address: deleting IPv4 address %s/%d, %s%s",
+           _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address, b1),
+           plen,
+           peer_address != address
+               ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_peer, "peer %s, ", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address, b2))
+               : "",
+           _to_string_dev(self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)));
+    return klass->ip4_address_delete(self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr address, guint8 plen)
+{
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 128, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("address: deleting IPv6 address %s/%d, %s",
+           _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address, sbuf),
+           plen,
+           _to_string_dev(self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)));
+    return klass->ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, address, plen);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Address *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            guint8      plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    NMPObject        obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(self), &obj_id);
+    nm_assert(!obj || nmp_object_is_visible(obj));
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(obj);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Address *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *address)
+{
+    NMPObject        obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    nm_assert(address);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, address);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(self), &obj_id);
+    nm_assert(!obj || nmp_object_is_visible(obj));
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(obj);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_addr_array_clean_expired(int          addr_family,
+                          int          ifindex,
+                          GPtrArray *  array,
+                          guint32      now,
+                          GHashTable **idx)
+{
+    guint    i;
+    gboolean any_addrs = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    nm_assert(now > 0);
+
+    if (!array)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* remove all addresses that are already expired. */
+    for (i = 0; i < array->len; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(array->pdata[i]);
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS > 10
+        nm_assert(a);
+        nm_assert(a->ifindex == ifindex);
+        {
+            const NMPObject *o = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(a);
+            guint            j;
+
+            nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(o)->addr_family == addr_family);
+            for (j = i + 1; j < array->len; j++) {
+                const NMPObject *o2 = array->pdata[j];
+
+                nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o2));
+                nm_assert(!nmp_object_id_equal(o, o2));
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        if (!NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family) && NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TEMPORARY)) {
+            /* temporary addresses are never added explicitly by NetworkManager but
+             * kernel adds them via mngtempaddr flag.
+             *
+             * We drop them from this list. */
+            goto clear_and_next;
+        }
+
+        if (!nm_utils_lifetime_get(a->timestamp, a->lifetime, a->preferred, now, NULL))
+            goto clear_and_next;
+
+        if (idx) {
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(!*idx)) {
+                *idx = g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                        (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+            }
+            if (!g_hash_table_add(*idx, (gpointer) NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(a)))
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+        any_addrs = TRUE;
+        continue;
+
+clear_and_next:
+        nmp_object_unref(g_steal_pointer(&array->pdata[i]));
+    }
+
+    return any_addrs;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(const GPtrArray *addresses, gconstpointer needle)
+{
+    return needle >= (gconstpointer) &addresses->pdata[0]
+           && needle < (gconstpointer) &addresses->pdata[addresses->len];
+}
+
+static const NMPObject **
+ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(const GPtrArray *addr_list, guint idx)
+{
+    nm_assert(addr_list);
+    nm_assert(addr_list->len > 1);
+    nm_assert(idx < addr_list->len);
+    nm_assert(addr_list->pdata[idx]);
+    nm_assert(!(*((gpointer *) addr_list->pdata[idx]))
+              || NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(*((gpointer *) addr_list->pdata[idx])));
+    nm_assert(idx == 0 || ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, idx - 1));
+    return addr_list->pdata[idx];
+}
+
+static void
+ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(GHashTable *subnets, const GPtrArray *addresses)
+{
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer       p;
+
+    if (!subnets)
+        return;
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, subnets);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, NULL, &p)) {
+        if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p))
+            g_ptr_array_free((GPtrArray *) p, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    g_hash_table_unref(subnets);
+}
+
+static GHashTable *
+ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(const GPtrArray *addresses,
+                             gboolean         consider_flags,
+                             gboolean         full_index)
+{
+    GHashTable *subnets;
+    guint       i;
+
+    nm_assert(addresses && addresses->len);
+
+    subnets = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+
+    /* Build a hash table of all addresses per subnet */
+    for (i = 0; i < addresses->len; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Address *address;
+        gpointer                    p_address;
+        GPtrArray *                 addr_list;
+        guint32                     net;
+        int                         position;
+        gpointer                    p;
+
+        if (!addresses->pdata[i])
+            continue;
+
+        p_address = &addresses->pdata[i];
+        address   = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(addresses->pdata[i]);
+
+        net = address->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(address->plen);
+        if (!g_hash_table_lookup_extended(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), NULL, &p)) {
+            g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), p_address);
+            continue;
+        }
+        nm_assert(p);
+
+        if (full_index) {
+            if (ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p)) {
+                addr_list = g_ptr_array_new();
+                g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), addr_list);
+                g_ptr_array_add(addr_list, p);
+            } else
+                addr_list = p;
+
+            if (!consider_flags || NM_FLAGS_HAS(address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY))
+                position = -1; /* append */
+            else
+                position = 0; /* prepend */
+            g_ptr_array_insert(addr_list, position, p_address);
+        } else {
+            /* we only care about the primary. No need to track the secondaries
+             * as a GPtrArray. */
+            nm_assert(ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p));
+            if (consider_flags && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY)) {
+                g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), p_address);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return subnets;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary:
+ * @address: an address
+ * @subnets: the hash table mapping subnets to addresses
+ * @addresses: array of addresses in the hash table
+ * @out_addr_list: array of addresses belonging to the same subnet
+ *
+ * Checks whether @address is secondary and returns in @out_addr_list the list of addresses
+ * belonging to the same subnet, if it contains other elements.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the address is secondary, %FALSE otherwise
+ */
+static gboolean
+ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(const NMPObject * address,
+                              GHashTable *      subnets,
+                              const GPtrArray * addresses,
+                              const GPtrArray **out_addr_list)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+    const GPtrArray *           addr_list;
+    gconstpointer               p;
+    guint32                     net;
+    const NMPObject **          o;
+
+    a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(address);
+
+    net = a->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a->plen);
+    p   = g_hash_table_lookup(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net));
+    nm_assert(p);
+    if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p)) {
+        addr_list = p;
+        nm_assert(addr_list->len > 1);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_addr_list, addr_list);
+        o = ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, 0);
+        nm_assert(o && *o);
+        if (*o != address)
+            return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_addr_list, NULL);
+        return address != *((gconstpointer *) p);
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_OTHER,
+} IP6AddrScope;
+
+static IP6AddrScope
+ip6_address_scope(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL;
+    return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_OTHER;
+}
+
+static int
+ip6_address_scope_cmp(gconstpointer p_a, gconstpointer p_b, gpointer increasing)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *b;
+
+    if (!increasing)
+        NM_SWAP(&p_a, &p_b);
+
+    a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(*(const NMPObject *const *) p_a);
+    b = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(*(const NMPObject *const *) p_b);
+
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(ip6_address_scope(a), ip6_address_scope(b));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_address_sync:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @addr_family: the address family AF_INET or AF_INET6.
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @known_addresses: List of addresses. The list will be modified and only
+ *   addresses that were successfully added will be kept in the list.
+ *   That means, expired addresses and addresses that could not be added
+ *   will be dropped.
+ *   Hence, the input argument @known_addresses is also an output argument
+ *   telling which addresses were successfully added.
+ *   Addresses are removed by unrefing the instance via nmp_object_unref()
+ *   and leaving a NULL tombstone.
+ * @addresses_prune: (allow-none): the list of addresses to delete.
+ *   If platform has such an address configured, it will be deleted
+ *   at the beginning of the sync. Note that the array will be modified
+ *   by the function.
+ *   Note that the addresses must be properly sorted, by their priority.
+ *   Create this list with nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list() which
+ *   gets the sorting right.
+ *
+ * A convenience function to synchronize addresses for a specific interface
+ * with the least possible disturbance. It simply removes addresses that are
+ * not listed and adds addresses that are.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_address_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         addr_family,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            GPtrArray * known_addresses,
+                            GPtrArray * addresses_prune)
+{
+    const gint32       now                             = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    const int          IS_IPv4                         = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_addresses_idx = NULL;
+    GPtrArray *                    plat_addresses;
+    GHashTable *                   known_subnets = NULL;
+    guint32                        ifa_flags;
+    guint                          i_plat;
+    guint                          i_know;
+    guint                          i;
+    guint                          j;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    /* The order we want to enforce is only among addresses with the same
+     * scope, as the kernel keeps addresses sorted by scope. Therefore,
+     * apply the same sorting to known addresses, so that we don't try to
+     * unnecessary change the order of addresses with different scopes. */
+    if (!IS_IPv4) {
+        if (known_addresses)
+            g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(known_addresses,
+                                       ip6_address_scope_cmp,
+                                       GINT_TO_POINTER(TRUE));
+    }
+
+    if (!_addr_array_clean_expired(addr_family,
+                                   ifindex,
+                                   known_addresses,
+                                   now,
+                                   &known_addresses_idx))
+        known_addresses = NULL;
+
+    /* @plat_addresses must be sorted in decreasing priority order (highest priority addresses first), contrary to
+     * @known_addresses which is in increasing priority order (lowest priority addresses first). */
+    plat_addresses = addresses_prune;
+
+    if (nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addresses) > 0) {
+        /* Delete unknown addresses */
+        if (IS_IPv4) {
+            GHashTable *plat_subnets;
+
+            plat_subnets = ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(plat_addresses, TRUE, TRUE);
+
+            for (i = 0; i < plat_addresses->len; i++) {
+                const NMPObject *           plat_obj;
+                const NMPlatformIP4Address *plat_address;
+                const GPtrArray *           addr_list;
+
+                plat_obj = plat_addresses->pdata[i];
+                if (!plat_obj) {
+                    /* Already deleted */
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                plat_address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(plat_obj);
+
+                if (known_addresses) {
+                    const NMPObject *o;
+
+                    o = g_hash_table_lookup(known_addresses_idx, plat_obj);
+                    if (o) {
+                        gboolean secondary;
+
+                        if (!known_subnets)
+                            known_subnets =
+                                ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(known_addresses, FALSE, FALSE);
+
+                        secondary =
+                            ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(o, known_subnets, known_addresses, NULL);
+                        if (secondary == NM_FLAGS_HAS(plat_address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY)) {
+                            /* if we have an existing known-address, with matching secondary role,
+                             * do not delete the platform-address. */
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(self,
+                                               ifindex,
+                                               plat_address->address,
+                                               plat_address->plen,
+                                               plat_address->peer_address);
+
+                if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(plat_obj,
+                                                   plat_subnets,
+                                                   plat_addresses,
+                                                   &addr_list)
+                    && addr_list) {
+                    /* If we just deleted a primary addresses and there were
+                     * secondary ones the kernel can do two things, depending on
+                     * version and sysctl setting: delete also secondary addresses
+                     * or promote a secondary to primary. Ensure that secondary
+                     * addresses are deleted, so that we can start with a clean
+                     * slate and add addresses in the right order. */
+                    for (j = 1; j < addr_list->len; j++) {
+                        const NMPObject **o;
+
+                        o = ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, j);
+                        nm_assert(o);
+
+                        if (*o) {
+                            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+                            a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(*o);
+                            nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(self,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           a->address,
+                                                           a->plen,
+                                                           a->peer_address);
+                            nmp_object_unref(*o);
+                            *o = NULL;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(plat_subnets, plat_addresses);
+        } else {
+            guint        known_addresses_len;
+            IP6AddrScope cur_scope;
+            gboolean     delete_remaining_addrs;
+
+            g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(plat_addresses,
+                                       ip6_address_scope_cmp,
+                                       GINT_TO_POINTER(FALSE));
+
+            known_addresses_len = known_addresses ? known_addresses->len : 0;
+
+            /* First, compare every address whether it is still a "known address", that is, whether
+             * to keep it or to delete it.
+             *
+             * If we don't find a matching valid address in @known_addresses, we will delete
+             * plat_addr.
+             *
+             * Certain addresses, like temporary addresses, are ignored by this function
+             * if not run with full_sync. These addresses are usually not managed by NetworkManager
+             * directly, or at least, they are not managed via nm_platform_ip6_address_sync().
+             * Only in full_sync mode, we really want to get rid of them (usually, when we take
+             * the interface down).
+             *
+             * Note that we mark handled addresses by setting it to %NULL in @plat_addresses array. */
+            for (i_plat = 0; i_plat < plat_addresses->len; i_plat++) {
+                const NMPObject *           plat_obj = plat_addresses->pdata[i_plat];
+                const NMPObject *           know_obj;
+                const NMPlatformIP6Address *plat_addr = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(plat_obj);
+
+                if (known_addresses_idx) {
+                    know_obj = g_hash_table_lookup(known_addresses_idx, plat_obj);
+                    if (know_obj
+                        && plat_addr->plen == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(know_obj)->plen) {
+                        /* technically, plen is not part of the ID for IPv6 addresses and thus
+                         * @plat_addr is essentially the same address as @know_addr (regrading
+                         * its identity, not its other attributes).
+                         * However, we cannot modify an existing addresses' plen without
+                         * removing and readding it. Thus, only keep plat_addr, if the plen
+                         * matches.
+                         *
+                         * keep this one, and continue */
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, plat_addr->address, plat_addr->plen);
+                nmp_object_unref(g_steal_pointer(&plat_addresses->pdata[i_plat]));
+            }
+
+            /* Next, we must preserve the priority of the routes. That is, source address
+             * selection will choose addresses in the order as they are reported by kernel.
+             * Note that the order in @plat_addresses of the remaining matches is highest
+             * priority first.
+             * We need to compare this to the order of addresses with same scope in
+             * @known_addresses (which has lowest priority first).
+             *
+             * If we find a first discrepancy, we need to delete all remaining addresses
+             * with same scope from that point on, because below we must re-add all the
+             * addresses in the right order to get their priority right. */
+            cur_scope              = IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK;
+            delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+            i_plat                 = plat_addresses->len;
+            i_know                 = 0;
+            while (i_plat > 0) {
+                const NMPlatformIP6Address *plat_addr =
+                    NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(plat_addresses->pdata[--i_plat]);
+                IP6AddrScope plat_scope;
+
+                if (!plat_addr)
+                    continue;
+
+                plat_scope = ip6_address_scope(plat_addr);
+                if (cur_scope != plat_scope) {
+                    nm_assert(cur_scope < plat_scope);
+                    delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+                    cur_scope              = plat_scope;
+                }
+
+                if (!delete_remaining_addrs) {
+                    delete_remaining_addrs = TRUE;
+                    for (; i_know < known_addresses_len; i_know++) {
+                        const NMPlatformIP6Address *know_addr =
+                            NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(known_addresses->pdata[i_know]);
+                        IP6AddrScope know_scope;
+
+                        if (!know_addr)
+                            continue;
+
+                        know_scope = ip6_address_scope(know_addr);
+                        if (know_scope < plat_scope)
+                            continue;
+
+                        if (IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&plat_addr->address, &know_addr->address)) {
+                            /* we have a match. Mark address as handled. */
+                            i_know++;
+                            delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+                            goto next_plat;
+                        }
+
+                        /* plat_address has no match. Now delete_remaining_addrs is TRUE and we will
+                         * delete all the remaining addresses with cur_scope. */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, plat_addr->address, plat_addr->plen);
+next_plat:;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!known_addresses)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    if (IS_IPv4)
+        ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(known_subnets, known_addresses);
+
+    ifa_flags = nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS)
+                    ? IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE
+                    : 0;
+
+    /* Add missing addresses. New addresses are added by kernel with top
+     * priority.
+     */
+    for (i_know = 0; i_know < known_addresses->len; i_know++) {
+        const NMPlatformIPXAddress *known_address;
+        const NMPObject *           o;
+        guint32                     lifetime;
+        guint32                     preferred;
+
+        o = known_addresses->pdata[i_know];
+        if (!o)
+            continue;
+
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4));
+
+        known_address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ADDRESS(o);
+
+        lifetime = nm_utils_lifetime_get(known_address->ax.timestamp,
+                                         known_address->ax.lifetime,
+                                         known_address->ax.preferred,
+                                         now,
+                                         &preferred);
+        nm_assert(lifetime > 0);
+
+        if (IS_IPv4) {
+            if (!nm_platform_ip4_address_add(
+                    self,
+                    ifindex,
+                    known_address->a4.address,
+                    known_address->a4.plen,
+                    known_address->a4.peer_address,
+                    nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(&known_address->a4),
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    ifa_flags,
+                    known_address->a4.label)) {
+                /* ignore error, for unclear reasons. */
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!nm_platform_ip6_address_add(self,
+                                             ifindex,
+                                             known_address->a6.address,
+                                             known_address->a6.plen,
+                                             known_address->a6.peer_address,
+                                             lifetime,
+                                             preferred,
+                                             ifa_flags | known_address->a6.n_ifa_flags))
+                return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_address_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex)
+{
+    gboolean success = TRUE;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET))
+        success &= nm_platform_ip4_address_sync(self, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET6))
+        success &= nm_platform_ip6_address_sync(self, ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_err_inval_due_to_ipv6_tentative_pref_src(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *  r;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    /* trying to add an IPv6 route with pref-src fails, if the address is
+     * still tentative (rh#1452684). We need to hack around that.
+     *
+     * Detect it, by guessing whether that's the case. */
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj);
+
+    /* we only allow this workaround for routes added manually by the user. */
+    if (r->rt_source != NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&r->pref_src))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(self, r->ifindex, &r->pref_src);
+    if (!a)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE)
+        || NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_DADFAILED))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *self,
+                                      int         addr_family,
+                                      int         ifindex,
+                                      gboolean    exclude_ipv6_temporary_addrs)
+{
+    const int                    IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GPtrArray *                  result;
+    CList *                      iter;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)), ifindex);
+
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup);
+
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = g_ptr_array_new_full(head_entry->len, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+    c_list_for_each (iter, &head_entry->lst_entries_head) {
+        const NMPObject *obj = c_list_entry(iter, NMDedupMultiEntry, lst_entries)->obj;
+
+        if (!IS_IPv4) {
+            if (exclude_ipv6_temporary_addrs
+                && NM_FLAGS_HAS(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj)->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TEMPORARY))
+                continue;
+        }
+
+        g_ptr_array_add(result, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(obj));
+    }
+
+    if (result->len == 0) {
+        g_ptr_array_unref(result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                    int                    addr_family,
+                                    int                    ifindex,
+                                    NMIPRouteTableSyncMode route_table_sync)
+{
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GPtrArray *                  routes_prune;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    CList *                      iter;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(route_table_sync,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_MAIN,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_FULL,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL));
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ROUTE(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)), ifindex);
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup);
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    routes_prune = g_ptr_array_new_full(head_entry->len, (GDestroyNotify) nm_dedup_multi_obj_unref);
+
+    c_list_for_each (iter, &head_entry->lst_entries_head) {
+        const NMPObject *obj = c_list_entry(iter, NMDedupMultiEntry, lst_entries)->obj;
+
+        if (route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_FULL) {
+            if (nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj))
+                == RT_TABLE_LOCAL)
+                continue;
+        } else if (route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_MAIN) {
+            if (!nm_platform_route_table_is_main(
+                    nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj))))
+                continue;
+        } else
+            nm_assert(route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+
+        g_ptr_array_add(routes_prune, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(obj));
+    }
+
+    if (routes_prune->len == 0) {
+        g_ptr_array_unref(routes_prune);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return routes_prune;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_route_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance.
+ * @addr_family: AF_INET or AF_INET6.
+ * @ifindex: the @ifindex for which the routes are to be added.
+ * @routes: (allow-none): a list of routes to configure. Must contain
+ *   NMPObject instances of routes, according to @addr_family.
+ * @routes_prune: (allow-none): the list of routes to delete.
+ *   If platform has such a route configured, it will be deleted
+ *   at the end of the operation. Note that if @routes contains
+ *   the same route, then it will not be deleted. @routes overrules
+ *   @routes_prune list.
+ * @out_temporary_not_available: (allow-none) (out): routes that could
+ *   currently not be synced. The caller shall keep them and try later again.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_route_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                          int         addr_family,
+                          int         ifindex,
+                          GPtrArray * routes,
+                          GPtrArray * routes_prune,
+                          GPtrArray **out_temporary_not_available)
+{
+    const int                    IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMPlatformVTableRoute *vt;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *routes_idx = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *              conf_o;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *      plat_entry;
+    guint                          i;
+    int                            i_type;
+    gboolean                       success = TRUE;
+    char                           sbuf1[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char                           sbuf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    vt = &nm_platform_vtable_route.vx[IS_IPv4];
+
+    for (i_type = 0; routes && i_type < 2; i_type++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < routes->len; i++) {
+            int      r, r2;
+            gboolean gateway_route_added = FALSE;
+
+            conf_o = routes->pdata[i];
+
+#define VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, o)                          \
+    (vt->is_ip4 ? (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o)->gateway == 0) \
+                : IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o)->gateway))
+
+            if ((i_type == 0 && !VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, conf_o))
+                || (i_type == 1 && VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, conf_o))) {
+                /* we add routes in two runs over @i_type.
+                 *
+                 * First device routes, then gateway routes. */
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!routes_idx) {
+                routes_idx = g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                              (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+            }
+            if (!g_hash_table_insert(routes_idx, (gpointer) conf_o, (gpointer) conf_o)) {
+                _LOG3D("route-sync: skip adding duplicate route %s",
+                       nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                            NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                            sbuf1,
+                                            sizeof(sbuf1)));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!IS_IPv4
+                && nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o))
+                       == 0) {
+                /* User space cannot add routes with metric 0. However, kernel can, and we might track such
+                 * routes in @route as they are present external. Skip them silently. */
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            plat_entry = nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, conf_o);
+            if (plat_entry) {
+                const NMPObject *plat_o;
+
+                plat_o = plat_entry->obj;
+
+                if (vt->route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(conf_o),
+                                  NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(plat_o),
+                                  NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+                    == 0)
+                    continue;
+
+                /* we need to replace the existing route with a (slightly) different
+                 * one. Delete it first. */
+                if (!nm_platform_object_delete(self, plat_o)) {
+                    /* ignore error. */
+                }
+            }
+
+sync_route_add:
+            r = nm_platform_ip_route_add(self,
+                                         NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND
+                                             | NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE,
+                                         conf_o);
+            if (r < 0) {
+                if (r == -EEXIST) {
+                    /* Don't fail for EEXIST. It's not clear that the existing route
+                     * is identical to the one that we were about to add. However,
+                     * above we should have deleted conflicting (non-identical) routes. */
+                    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+                        plat_entry =
+                            nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, conf_o);
+                        if (!plat_entry) {
+                            _LOG3D("route-sync: adding route %s failed with EEXIST, however we "
+                                   "cannot find such a route",
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf1,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf1)));
+                        } else if (vt->route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(conf_o),
+                                                 NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(plat_entry->obj),
+                                                 NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+                                   != 0) {
+                            _LOG3D("route-sync: adding route %s failed due to existing "
+                                   "(different!) route %s",
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf1,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(plat_entry->obj,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf2,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf2)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(conf_o)->rt_source < NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER) {
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: ignore failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                } else if (r == -EINVAL && out_temporary_not_available
+                           && _err_inval_due_to_ipv6_tentative_pref_src(self, conf_o)) {
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: ignore failure to add IPv6 route with tentative IPv6 "
+                           "pref-src: %s: %s",
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                    if (!*out_temporary_not_available)
+                        *out_temporary_not_available =
+                            g_ptr_array_new_full(0, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+                    g_ptr_array_add(*out_temporary_not_available,
+                                    (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(conf_o));
+                } else if (!gateway_route_added
+                           && ((r == -ENETUNREACH && vt->is_ip4
+                                && !!NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(conf_o)->gateway)
+                               || (r == -EHOSTUNREACH && !vt->is_ip4
+                                   && !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(
+                                       &NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o)->gateway)))) {
+                    NMPObject oo;
+
+                    if (vt->is_ip4) {
+                        const NMPlatformIP4Route *rt = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(conf_o);
+
+                        nmp_object_stackinit(
+                            &oo,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                            &((NMPlatformIP4Route){
+                                .ifindex       = rt->ifindex,
+                                .network       = rt->gateway,
+                                .plen          = 32,
+                                .metric        = nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(rt),
+                                .rt_source     = rt->rt_source,
+                                .table_coerced = nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(rt)),
+                            }));
+                    } else {
+                        const NMPlatformIP6Route *rt = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o);
+
+                        nmp_object_stackinit(
+                            &oo,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+                            &((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+                                .ifindex       = rt->ifindex,
+                                .network       = rt->gateway,
+                                .plen          = 128,
+                                .metric        = nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(rt),
+                                .rt_source     = rt->rt_source,
+                                .table_coerced = nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(rt)),
+                            }));
+                    }
+
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s; try adding direct "
+                           "route to gateway %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r),
+                           nmp_object_to_string(&oo,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf2,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf2)));
+
+                    r2 = nm_platform_ip_route_add(self,
+                                                  NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND
+                                                      | NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE,
+                                                  &oo);
+
+                    if (r2 < 0) {
+                        _LOG3D("route-sync: failure to add gateway IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                               vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                               nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                    NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                    sbuf1,
+                                                    sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                               nm_strerror(r2));
+                    }
+
+                    gateway_route_added = TRUE;
+                    goto sync_route_add;
+                } else {
+                    _LOG3W("route-sync: failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                    success = FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (routes_prune) {
+        for (i = 0; i < routes_prune->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *prune_o;
+
+            prune_o = routes_prune->pdata[i];
+
+            nm_assert((NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)
+                       && NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(prune_o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE)
+                      || (!NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)
+                          && NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(prune_o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+            if (routes_idx && g_hash_table_lookup(routes_idx, prune_o))
+                continue;
+
+            if (!nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, prune_o))
+                continue;
+
+            if (!nm_platform_object_delete(self, prune_o)) {
+                /* ignore error... */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_route_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex)
+{
+    gboolean success = TRUE;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET)) {
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes_prune = NULL;
+
+        routes_prune = nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(self,
+                                                           AF_INET,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+        success &= nm_platform_ip_route_sync(self, AF_INET, ifindex, NULL, routes_prune, NULL);
+    }
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET6)) {
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes_prune = NULL;
+
+        routes_prune = nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(self,
+                                                           AF_INET6,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+        success &= nm_platform_ip_route_sync(self, AF_INET6, ifindex, NULL, routes_prune, NULL);
+    }
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint8
+_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(const NMPlatformIP4Route *route)
+{
+    /* in kernel, you cannot set scope to RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE (255).
+     * That means, in NM, we treat RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE as unset, and detect
+     * it based on the presence of the gateway. In other words, when adding
+     * a route with scope RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE (in NetworkManager) to kernel,
+     * the resulting scope will be either "link" or "universe" (depending
+     * on the gateway).
+     *
+     * Note that internally, we track @scope_inv is the inverse of scope,
+     * so that the default equals zero (~(RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE)).
+     **/
+    if (route->scope_inv == 0) {
+        if (route->type_coerced == nm_platform_route_type_coerce(RTN_LOCAL))
+            return nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        else {
+            return nm_platform_route_scope_inv(!route->gateway ? RT_SCOPE_LINK : RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        }
+    }
+    return route->scope_inv;
+}
+
+static guint8
+_route_pref_normalize(guint8 pref)
+{
+    /* for kernel (and ICMPv6) pref can only have one of 3 values. Normalize. */
+    return NM_IN_SET(pref, NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_LOW, NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_HIGH)
+               ? pref
+               : NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_MEDIUM;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_route_normalize:
+ * @addr_family: AF_INET or AF_INET6
+ * @route: an NMPlatformIP4Route or NMPlatformIP6Route instance, depending on @addr_family.
+ *
+ * Adding a route to kernel via nm_platform_ip_route_add() will normalize/coerce some
+ * properties of the route. This function modifies (normalizes) the route like it
+ * would be done by adding the route in kernel.
+ *
+ * Note that this function is related to NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+ * in that if two routes compare semantically equal, after normalizing they also shall
+ * compare equal with NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(int addr_family, NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP4Route *r4;
+    NMPlatformIP6Route *r6;
+
+    route->table_coerced =
+        nm_platform_route_table_coerce(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(route));
+    route->table_any = FALSE;
+
+    route->rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(route->rt_source);
+
+    switch (addr_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        r4                = (NMPlatformIP4Route *) route;
+        route->metric     = nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(r4);
+        route->metric_any = FALSE;
+        r4->network       = nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(r4->network, r4->plen);
+        r4->scope_inv     = _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(r4);
+        break;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        r6                = (NMPlatformIP6Route *) route;
+        route->metric     = nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(r6);
+        route->metric_any = FALSE;
+        nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&r6->network, &r6->network, r6->plen);
+        nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&r6->src, &r6->src, r6->src_plen);
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+_ip_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, int addr_family, gconstpointer route)
+{
+    char sbuf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    int  ifindex;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(route);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    ifindex = ((const NMPlatformIPRoute *) route)->ifindex;
+    _LOG3D("route: %-10s IPv%c route: %s",
+           _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string(flags & NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK),
+           nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+           NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family) ? nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(route, sbuf, sizeof(sbuf))
+                                   : nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(route, sbuf, sizeof(sbuf)));
+
+    return klass->ip_route_add(self, flags, addr_family, route);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPObject *route)
+{
+    int addr_family;
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+        addr_family = AF_INET;
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        addr_family = AF_INET6;
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    }
+
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, addr_family, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(route));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP4Route *route)
+{
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, AF_INET, route);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP6Route *route)
+{
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, AF_INET6, route);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_object_delete(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    int ifindex;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        _LOGD("%s: delete %s",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        ifindex = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj)->ifindex;
+        _LOG3D("%s: delete %s",
+               NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->obj_type_name,
+               nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    }
+
+    return klass->object_delete(self, obj);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip_route_get(NMPlatform *  self,
+                         int           addr_family,
+                         gconstpointer address /* in_addr_t or struct in6_addr */,
+                         int           oif_ifindex,
+                         NMPObject **  out_route)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+    int                       result;
+    char                      buf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                      buf_oif[64];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6), -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOGT("route: get IPv%c route for: %s%s",
+          nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+          inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+          oif_ifindex > 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(buf_oif, " oif %d", oif_ifindex) : "");
+
+    if (!klass->ip_route_get)
+        result = -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    else {
+        result = klass->ip_route_get(self, addr_family, address, oif_ifindex, &route);
+    }
+
+    if (result < 0) {
+        nm_assert(!route);
+        _LOGW("route: get IPv%c route for: %s failed with %s",
+              nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+              inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+              nm_strerror(result));
+    } else {
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route),
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+        nm_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(route));
+        nm_assert(route->parent._ref_count == 1);
+        _LOGD("route: get IPv%c route for: %s succeeded: %s",
+              nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+              inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+              nmp_object_to_string(route, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_route, g_steal_pointer(&route));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS ((int) 1500)
+#define IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_GC_TIMEOUT_S \
+    ((int) (((IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS + 999) * 3) / 1000))
+
+static gint64
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    return timeout_msec >> 1;
+}
+
+static gint64
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    return !!(timeout_msec & ((gint64) 1));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_cb(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = user_data;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id = 0;
+
+again:
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash)
+        goto out;
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+        if (!_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(*p_timeout_ms))
+            continue;
+
+        /* unmark because we checked it. */
+        *p_timeout_ms = *p_timeout_ms & ~((gint64) 1);
+
+        if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms))
+            continue;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, p_obj))
+            continue;
+
+        _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: delete %s",
+              nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        nm_platform_object_delete(self, p_obj);
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+out:
+    return G_SOURCE_REMOVE;
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id) {
+        priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id =
+            g_idle_add_full(G_PRIORITY_HIGH, _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_cb, self, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_notify_route(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE);
+
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+
+    if (!g_hash_table_lookup_extended(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                      obj,
+                                      (gpointer *) &p_obj,
+                                      (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms))
+        return;
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+    if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+        /* already expired. Wait for gc. */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* We cannot delete it right away because we are in the process of receiving netlink messages.
+     * It may be possible to do so, but complicated and error prone.
+     *
+     * Instead, we mark the entry and schedule an idle action (with high priority). */
+    *p_timeout_ms = (*p_timeout_ms) | ((gint64) 1);
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(self);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = user_data;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+        if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+            _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: cleanup %s",
+                  nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+            g_hash_table_iter_remove(&iter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(self);
+    return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash
+        || g_hash_table_size(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) == 0) {
+        nm_clear_pointer(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash, g_hash_table_unref);
+        nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+    } else {
+        if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id) {
+            /* this timeout is only to garbage collect the expired entries from priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash.
+             * It can run infrequently, and it doesn't hurt if expired entries linger around a bit
+             * longer then necessary. */
+            priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id =
+                g_timeout_add_seconds(IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_GC_TIMEOUT_S,
+                                      _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle,
+                                      self);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_set:
+ * @self:
+ * @ifindex:
+ * @ip4_dev_route_blacklist:
+ *
+ * When adding an IP address, kernel automatically adds a device route.
+ * This can be suppressed via the IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE address flag. For proper
+ * IPv6 support, we require kernel support for IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE and always
+ * add the device route manually.
+ *
+ * For IPv4, this flag is rather new and we don't rely on it yet. We want to use
+ * it (but currently still don't). So, for IPv4, kernel possibly adds a device
+ * route, however it has a wrong metric of zero. We add our own device route (with
+ * proper metric), but need to delete the route that kernel adds.
+ *
+ * The problem is, that kernel does not immediately add the route, when adding
+ * the address. It only shows up some time later. So, we register here a list
+ * of blacklisted routes, and when they show up within a time out, we assume it's
+ * the kernel generated one, and we delete it.
+ *
+ * Eventually, we want to get rid of this and use IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE for IPv4
+ * routes as well.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                                        int         ifindex,
+                                        GPtrArray * ip4_dev_route_blacklist)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    guint              i;
+    gint64             timeout_msec;
+    gint64             timeout_msec_val;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gboolean           needs_check = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    /* TODO: the blacklist should be maintained by NML3Cfg. */
+
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    /* first, expire all for current ifindex... */
+    if (priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) {
+        g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+        while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+            if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(p_obj)->ifindex == ifindex) {
+                /* we could g_hash_table_iter_remove(&iter) the current entry.
+                 * Instead, just expire it and let _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle()
+                 * handle it.
+                 *
+                 * The assumption is, that ip4_dev_route_blacklist contains the very same entry
+                 * again, with a new timeout. So, we can un-expire it below. */
+                *p_timeout_ms = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ip4_dev_route_blacklist && ip4_dev_route_blacklist->len > 0) {
+        if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) {
+            priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash =
+                g_hash_table_new_full((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                      (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal,
+                                      (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref,
+                                      nm_g_slice_free_fcn_gint64);
+        }
+
+        timeout_msec = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS;
+        timeout_msec_val = (timeout_msec << 1) | ((gint64) 1);
+        for (i = 0; i < ip4_dev_route_blacklist->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *o;
+
+            needs_check = TRUE;
+            o           = ip4_dev_route_blacklist->pdata[i];
+            if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                             o,
+                                             (gpointer *) &p_obj,
+                                             (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+                if (nmp_object_equal(p_obj, o)) {
+                    /* un-expire and reuse the entry. */
+                    _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: register %s (update)",
+                          nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+                    *p_timeout_ms = timeout_msec_val;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: register %s",
+                  nmp_object_to_string(o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+            p_timeout_ms  = g_slice_new(gint64);
+            *p_timeout_ms = timeout_msec_val;
+            g_hash_table_replace(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                 (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(o),
+                                 p_timeout_ms);
+        }
+    }
+
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(self);
+
+    if (needs_check)
+        _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(self);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_routing_rule_add(NMPlatform *                 self,
+                             NMPNlmFlags                  flags,
+                             const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(routing_rule, -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOGD("routing-rule: adding or updating: %s",
+          nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(routing_rule, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->routing_rule_add(self, flags, routing_rule);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    int ifindex = qdisc->ifindex;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* Note: @qdisc must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of qdisc.kind
+     * is undefined. */
+
+    _LOG3D("adding or updating a qdisc: %s", nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(qdisc, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->qdisc_add(self, flags, qdisc);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_qdisc_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex where to configure the qdiscs.
+ * @known_qdiscs: the list of qdiscs (#NMPObject).
+ *
+ * The function promises not to take any reference to the qdisc
+ * instances from @known_qdiscs, nor to keep them around after
+ * the function returns. This is important, because it allows the
+ * caller to pass NMPlatformQdisc instances which "kind" string
+ * have a limited lifetime.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_qdiscs)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_qdiscs = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    guint                        i;
+    gboolean                     success            = TRUE;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_qdiscs_idx = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    known_qdiscs_idx =
+        g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash, (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+    if (known_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_qdiscs, i);
+
+            if (!g_hash_table_insert(known_qdiscs_idx, (gpointer) q, (gpointer) q)) {
+                _LOGW("duplicate qdisc %s", nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(&q->qdisc, NULL, 0));
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    plat_qdiscs =
+        nm_platform_lookup_clone(self,
+                                 nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, ifindex),
+                                 NULL,
+                                 NULL);
+    if (plat_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < plat_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *p = g_ptr_array_index(plat_qdiscs, i);
+            const NMPObject *k;
+
+            /* look up known qdisc with same parent */
+            k = g_hash_table_lookup(known_qdiscs_idx, p);
+
+            if (k) {
+                const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc_k = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(k);
+                const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc_p = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(p);
+
+                /* check other fields */
+                if (nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(qdisc_k, qdisc_p, FALSE) != 0
+                    || (qdisc_k->handle != qdisc_p->handle && qdisc_k != 0)) {
+                    k = NULL;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (k) {
+                g_hash_table_remove(known_qdiscs_idx, k);
+            } else {
+                /* can't delete qdisc with zero handle */
+                if (TC_H_MAJ(p->qdisc.handle) != 0) {
+                    success &= nm_platform_object_delete(self, p);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (known_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_qdiscs, i);
+
+            if (g_hash_table_contains(known_qdiscs_idx, q)) {
+                success &=
+                    (nm_platform_qdisc_add(self, NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(q)) >= 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_tfilter_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    int ifindex = tfilter->ifindex;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* Note: @tfilter must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of tfilter.kind
+     * and tfilter.action.kind is undefined. */
+
+    _LOG3D("adding or updating a tfilter: %s", nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(tfilter, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->tfilter_add(self, flags, tfilter);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_qdisc_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex where to configure the qdiscs.
+ * @known_tfilters: the list of tfilters (#NMPObject).
+ *
+ * The function promises not to take any reference to the tfilter
+ * instances from @known_tfilters, nor to keep them around after
+ * the function returns. This is important, because it allows the
+ * caller to pass NMPlatformTfilter instances which "kind" string
+ * have a limited lifetime.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_tfilter_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_tfilters)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_tfilters = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    guint                        i;
+    gboolean                     success              = TRUE;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_tfilters_idx = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    known_tfilters_idx =
+        g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash, (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+
+    if (known_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_tfilters, i);
+
+            g_hash_table_insert(known_tfilters_idx, (gpointer) q, (gpointer) q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    plat_tfilters =
+        nm_platform_lookup_clone(self,
+                                 nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, ifindex),
+                                 NULL,
+                                 NULL);
+
+    if (plat_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < plat_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(plat_tfilters, i);
+
+            if (!g_hash_table_lookup(known_tfilters_idx, q))
+                success &= nm_platform_object_delete(self, q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (known_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_tfilters, i);
+
+            success &=
+                (nm_platform_tfilter_add(self, NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(q)) >= 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string(const char *            name,
+                                       const NMVlanQosMapping *map,
+                                       gsize                   n_map,
+                                       char *                  buf,
+                                       gsize                   len)
+{
+    gsize i;
+    char *b;
+
+    nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init(&buf, &len);
+
+    if (!n_map) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, "");
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    if (!map)
+        g_return_val_if_reached("");
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    if (name) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, name);
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " {");
+    } else
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_c(&b, &len, '{');
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, " %u:%u", map[i].from, map[i].to);
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " }");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+_lifetime_to_string(guint32 timestamp, guint32 lifetime, gint32 now, char *buf, size_t buf_size)
+{
+    if (lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+        return "forever";
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               buf_size,
+               "%usec",
+               nm_utils_lifetime_rebase_relative_time_on_now(timestamp, lifetime, now));
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+_lifetime_summary_to_string(gint32  now,
+                            guint32 timestamp,
+                            guint32 preferred,
+                            guint32 lifetime,
+                            char *  buf,
+                            size_t  buf_size)
+{
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               buf_size,
+               " lifetime %d-%u[%u,%u]",
+               (signed) now,
+               (unsigned) timestamp,
+               (unsigned) preferred,
+               (unsigned) lifetime);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformLink address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an link struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the link.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_to_string(const NMPlatformLink *link, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        master[20];
+    char        parent[20];
+    char        str_flags[1 + NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN + 1];
+    char        str_highlighted_flags[50];
+    char *      s;
+    gsize       l;
+    char        str_addrmode[30];
+    char        str_address[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char        str_broadcast[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char        str_inet6_token[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    const char *str_link_type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(link, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    s = str_highlighted_flags;
+    l = sizeof(str_highlighted_flags);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "NOARP,");
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "UP");
+    else
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "DOWN");
+    if (link->connected)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, ",LOWER_UP");
+    nm_assert(s > str_highlighted_flags && l > 0);
+
+    if (link->n_ifi_flags) {
+        str_flags[0] = ';';
+        nm_platform_link_flags2str(link->n_ifi_flags, &str_flags[1], sizeof(str_flags) - 1);
+    } else
+        str_flags[0] = '\0';
+
+    if (link->master)
+        g_snprintf(master, sizeof(master), " master %d", link->master);
+    else
+        master[0] = 0;
+
+    if (link->parent > 0)
+        g_snprintf(parent, sizeof(parent), "@%d", link->parent);
+    else if (link->parent == NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS)
+        g_strlcpy(parent, "@other-netns", sizeof(parent));
+    else
+        parent[0] = 0;
+
+    _nmp_link_address_to_string(&link->l_address, str_address);
+    _nmp_link_address_to_string(&link->l_broadcast, str_broadcast);
+
+    str_link_type = nm_link_type_to_string(link->type);
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%d: "    /* ifindex */
+        "%s"      /* name */
+        "%s"      /* parent */
+        " <%s%s>" /* flags */
+        " mtu %d"
+        "%s"      /* master */
+        " arp %u" /* arptype */
+        " %s"     /* link->type */
+        "%s%s"    /* kind */
+        "%s"      /* is-in-udev */
+        "%s%s"    /* addr-gen-mode */
+        "%s%s"    /* l_address */
+        "%s%s"    /* l_broadcast */
+        "%s%s"    /* inet6_token */
+        "%s%s"    /* driver */
+        " rx:%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT ",%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " tx:%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+        ",%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT,
+        link->ifindex,
+        link->name,
+        parent,
+        str_highlighted_flags,
+        str_flags,
+        link->mtu,
+        master,
+        link->arptype,
+        str_link_type ?: "???",
+        link->kind ? (g_strcmp0(str_link_type, link->kind) ? "/" : "*") : "?",
+        link->kind && g_strcmp0(str_link_type, link->kind) ? link->kind : "",
+        link->initialized ? " init" : " not-init",
+        link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? " addrgenmode " : "",
+        link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str(
+            _nm_platform_uint8_inv(link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv),
+            str_addrmode,
+            sizeof(str_addrmode))
+                                      : "",
+        str_address[0] ? " addr " : "",
+        str_address[0] ? str_address : "",
+        str_broadcast[0] ? " brd " : "",
+        str_broadcast[0] ? str_broadcast : "",
+        link->inet6_token.id ? " inet6token " : "",
+        link->inet6_token.id
+            ? nm_utils_inet6_interface_identifier_to_token(link->inet6_token, str_inet6_token)
+            : "",
+        link->driver ? " driver " : "",
+        link->driver ?: "",
+        link->rx_packets,
+        link->rx_bytes,
+        link->tx_packets,
+        link->tx_bytes);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkBridge nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default = {
+    .forward_delay                 = NM_BRIDGE_FORWARD_DELAY_DEF_SYS,
+    .hello_time                    = NM_BRIDGE_HELLO_TIME_DEF_SYS,
+    .max_age                       = NM_BRIDGE_MAX_AGE_DEF_SYS,
+    .ageing_time                   = NM_BRIDGE_AGEING_TIME_DEF_SYS,
+    .stp_state                     = FALSE,
+    .priority                      = NM_BRIDGE_PRIORITY_DEF,
+    .vlan_protocol                 = 0x8100,
+    .vlan_stats_enabled            = NM_BRIDGE_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED_DEF,
+    .group_fwd_mask                = 0,
+    .group_addr                    = NM_ETHER_ADDR_INIT(NM_BRIDGE_GROUP_ADDRESS_DEF_BIN),
+    .mcast_snooping                = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_SNOOPING_DEF,
+    .mcast_router                  = 1,
+    .mcast_query_use_ifaddr        = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR_DEF,
+    .mcast_querier                 = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_DEF,
+    .mcast_hash_max                = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_HASH_MAX_DEF,
+    .mcast_last_member_count       = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_COUNT_DEF,
+    .mcast_startup_query_count     = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_COUNT_DEF,
+    .mcast_last_member_interval    = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_membership_interval     = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_querier_interval        = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_query_interval          = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_query_response_interval = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_startup_query_interval  = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF,
+};
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "forward_delay %u"
+               " hello_time %u"
+               " max_age %u"
+               " ageing_time %u"
+               " stp_state %d"
+               " priority %u"
+               " vlan_protocol %u"
+               " vlan_stats_enabled %d"
+               " group_fwd_mask %#x"
+               " group_address " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR " mcast_snooping %d"
+               " mcast_router %u"
+               " mcast_query_use_ifaddr %d"
+               " mcast_querier %d"
+               " mcast_hash_max %u"
+               " mcast_last_member_count %u"
+               " mcast_startup_query_count %u"
+               " mcast_last_member_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_membership_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_querier_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_query_response_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_startup_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT "",
+               lnk->forward_delay,
+               lnk->hello_time,
+               lnk->max_age,
+               lnk->ageing_time,
+               (int) lnk->stp_state,
+               lnk->priority,
+               lnk->vlan_protocol,
+               (int) lnk->vlan_stats_enabled,
+               lnk->group_fwd_mask,
+               NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(&lnk->group_addr),
+               (int) lnk->mcast_snooping,
+               lnk->mcast_router,
+               (int) lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+               (int) lnk->mcast_querier,
+               lnk->mcast_hash_max,
+               lnk->mcast_last_member_count,
+               lnk->mcast_startup_query_count,
+               lnk->mcast_last_member_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_membership_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_querier_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_query_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_query_response_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+    char str_input_flags[30];
+    char str_output_flags[30];
+    char str_input_key[30];
+    char str_input_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_output_key[30];
+    char str_output_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "gre%s" /* is_tap */
+        "%s"    /* remote */
+        "%s"    /* local */
+        "%s"    /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s"    /* ttl */
+        "%s"    /* tos */
+        "%s"    /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "%s"    /* iflags */
+        "%s"    /* oflags */
+        "%s"    /* ikey */
+        "%s"    /* okey */
+        "",
+        lnk->is_tap ? "tap" : "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
+        lnk->input_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_input_flags, " iflags 0x%x", lnk->input_flags) : "",
+        lnk->output_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_output_flags, " oflags 0x%x", lnk->output_flags)
+                          : "",
+        NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->input_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->input_key
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_input_key,
+                             " ikey %s",
+                             _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->input_key, str_input_key1))
+            : "",
+        NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->output_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->output_key
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_output_key,
+                             " okey %s",
+                             _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->output_key, str_output_key1))
+            : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_p_key[64];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "infiniband"
+               "%s"   /* p_key */
+               "%s%s" /* mode */
+               "",
+               lnk->p_key ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_p_key, " pkey %d", lnk->p_key) : "",
+               lnk->mode ? " mode " : "",
+               lnk->mode ?: "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char  str_local[30];
+    char  str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char  str_remote[30];
+    char  str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char  str_ttl[30];
+    char  str_tclass[30];
+    char  str_flow[30];
+    char  str_encap[30];
+    char  str_proto[30];
+    char  str_parent_ifindex[30];
+    char *str_type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->is_gre)
+        str_type = lnk->is_tap ? "ip6gretap" : "ip6gre";
+    else
+        str_type = "ip6tnl";
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s" /* type */
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tclass */
+        "%s" /* encap limit */
+        "%s" /* flow label */
+        "%s" /* proto */
+        " flags 0x%x"
+        "",
+        str_type,
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote, " remote %s", _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, str_remote1)),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, str_local1)),
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tclass == 1 ? " tclass inherit"
+                         : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tclass, " tclass 0x%x", lnk->tclass),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_encap, " encap-limit %u", lnk->encap_limit),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_flow, " flow-label 0x05%x", lnk->flow_label),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_proto, " proto %u", lnk->proto),
+        (guint) lnk->flags);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "ipip"
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tos */
+        "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "macsec "
+               "sci %016llx "
+               "protect %s "
+               "cipher %016llx "
+               "icvlen %u "
+               "encodingsa %u "
+               "validate %u "
+               "encrypt %s "
+               "send_sci %s "
+               "end_station %s "
+               "scb %s "
+               "replay %s",
+               (unsigned long long) lnk->sci,
+               lnk->protect ? "on" : "off",
+               (unsigned long long) lnk->cipher_suite,
+               lnk->icv_length,
+               lnk->encoding_sa,
+               lnk->validation,
+               lnk->encrypt ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->include_sci ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->es ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->scb ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->replay_protect ? "on" : "off");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s mode %u %s",
+               lnk->tap ? "macvtap" : "macvlan",
+               lnk->mode,
+               lnk->no_promisc ? "not-promisc" : "promisc");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_flags[30];
+    char str_proto[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "sit"
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tos */
+        "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "%s" /* flags */
+        "%s" /* proto */
+        "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
+        lnk->flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_flags, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags) : "",
+        lnk->proto ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_proto, " proto 0x%x", lnk->proto) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        str_owner[50];
+    char        str_group[50];
+    char        str_type[50];
+    const char *type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->type == IFF_TUN)
+        type = "tun";
+    else if (lnk->type == IFF_TAP)
+        type = "tap";
+    else
+        type = nm_sprintf_buf(str_type, "tun type %u", (guint) lnk->type);
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s" /* type */
+               "%s" /* pi */
+               "%s" /* vnet_hdr */
+               "%s" /* multi_queue */
+               "%s" /* persist */
+               "%s" /* owner */
+               "%s" /* group */
+               "",
+               type,
+               lnk->pi ? " pi" : "",
+               lnk->vnet_hdr ? " vnet_hdr" : "",
+               lnk->multi_queue ? " multi_queue" : "",
+               lnk->persist ? " persist" : "",
+               lnk->owner_valid ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_owner, " owner %u", (guint) lnk->owner) : "",
+               lnk->group_valid ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_group, " group %u", (guint) lnk->group) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *b;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, "vlan %u", lnk->id);
+    if (lnk->flags)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *b;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, "table %u", lnk->table);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_group[100];
+    char str_group6[100];
+    char str_local[100];
+    char str_local6[100];
+    char str_dev[25];
+    char str_limit[25];
+    char str_src_port[35];
+    char str_dst_port[25];
+    char str_tos[25];
+    char str_ttl[25];
+    char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->group == 0)
+        str_group[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_group,
+                   sizeof(str_group),
+                   " %s %s",
+                   IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(lnk->group)) ? "group" : "remote",
+                   _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->group, sbuf));
+    }
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&lnk->group6))
+        str_group6[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_group6,
+                   sizeof(str_group6),
+                   " %s%s %s",
+                   IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&lnk->group6) ? "group" : "remote",
+                   str_group[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
+                   _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->group6, sbuf));
+    }
+
+    if (lnk->local == 0)
+        str_local[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_local,
+                   sizeof(str_local),
+                   " local %s",
+                   _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, sbuf));
+    }
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&lnk->local6))
+        str_local6[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_local6,
+                   sizeof(str_local6),
+                   " local%s %s",
+                   str_local[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
+                   _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local6, sbuf));
+    }
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "vxlan"
+        " id %u"     /* id */
+        "%s%s"       /* group/group6 */
+        "%s%s"       /* local/local6 */
+        "%s"         /* dev */
+        "%s"         /* src_port_min/src_port_max */
+        "%s"         /* dst_port */
+        "%s"         /* learning */
+        "%s"         /* proxy */
+        "%s"         /* rsc */
+        "%s"         /* l2miss */
+        "%s"         /* l3miss */
+        "%s"         /* tos */
+        "%s"         /* ttl */
+        " ageing %u" /* ageing */
+        "%s"         /* limit */
+        "",
+        (guint) lnk->id,
+        str_group,
+        str_group6,
+        str_local,
+        str_local6,
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_dev, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
+        lnk->src_port_min || lnk->src_port_max
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_src_port, " srcport %u %u", lnk->src_port_min, lnk->src_port_max)
+            : "",
+        lnk->dst_port ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_dst_port, " dstport %u", lnk->dst_port) : "",
+        !lnk->learning ? " nolearning" : "",
+        lnk->proxy ? " proxy" : "",
+        lnk->rsc ? " rsc" : "",
+        lnk->l2miss ? " l2miss" : "",
+        lnk->l3miss ? " l3miss" : "",
+        lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos %#x", lnk->tos),
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : "",
+        lnk->ageing,
+        lnk->limit ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_limit, " maxaddr %u", lnk->limit) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(const NMPWireGuardPeer *peer, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *        buf0           = buf;
+    gs_free char *public_key_b64 = NULL;
+    char          s_sockaddr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 100];
+    char          s_endpoint[20 + sizeof(s_sockaddr)];
+    char          s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char          s_keepalive[100];
+    guint         i;
+
+    nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init(&buf, &len);
+
+    public_key_b64 = g_base64_encode(peer->public_key, sizeof(peer->public_key));
+
+    if (peer->endpoint.sa.sa_family != AF_UNSPEC) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            s_endpoint,
+            " endpoint %s",
+            nm_sock_addr_union_to_string(&peer->endpoint, s_sockaddr, sizeof(s_sockaddr)));
+    } else
+        s_endpoint[0] = '\0';
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+        &buf,
+        &len,
+        "public-key %s"
+        "%s"                                                   /* preshared-key */
+        "%s"                                                   /* endpoint */
+        " rx %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " tx %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT "%s" /* persistent-keepalive */
+        "%s",                                                  /* allowed-ips */
+        public_key_b64,
+        nm_utils_memeqzero_secret(peer->preshared_key, sizeof(peer->preshared_key))
+            ? ""
+            : " preshared-key (hidden)",
+        s_endpoint,
+        peer->rx_bytes,
+        peer->tx_bytes,
+        peer->persistent_keepalive_interval > 0
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(s_keepalive,
+                             " keepalive %u",
+                             (guint) peer->persistent_keepalive_interval)
+            : "",
+        peer->allowed_ips_len > 0 ? " allowed-ips" : "");
+
+    for (i = 0; i < peer->allowed_ips_len; i++) {
+        const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ip = &peer->allowed_ips[i];
+
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " %s/%u",
+                               nm_utils_inet_ntop(allowed_ip->family, &allowed_ip->addr, s_addr),
+                               allowed_ip->mask);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    gs_free char *public_b64 = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_memeqzero(lnk->public_key, sizeof(lnk->public_key)))
+        public_b64 = g_base64_encode(lnk->public_key, sizeof(lnk->public_key));
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "wireguard"
+               "%s%s" /* public-key */
+               "%s"   /* private-key */
+               " listen-port %u"
+               " fwmark 0x%x",
+               public_b64 ? " public-key " : "",
+               public_b64 ?: "",
+               nm_utils_memeqzero_secret(lnk->private_key, sizeof(lnk->private_key))
+                   ? ""
+                   : " private-key (hidden)",
+               lnk->listen_port,
+               lnk->fwmark);
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Address address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: ""
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the address.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        s_address[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        s_peer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        str_label[32];
+    char        str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
+    char *      str_peer = NULL;
+    const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
+    gint32      now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    in_addr_t   broadcast_address;
+    char        str_broadcast[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(address, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &address->address, s_address, sizeof(s_address));
+
+    if (address->peer_address != address->address) {
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof(s_peer));
+        str_peer = g_strconcat(" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
+    }
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    if (*address->label)
+        g_snprintf(str_label, sizeof(str_label), " label %s", address->label);
+    else
+        str_label[0] = 0;
+
+    str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                    address->lifetime ?: NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                    now,
+                                    str_lft,
+                                    sizeof(str_lft)),
+    str_pref_p =
+        (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
+            ? str_lft_p
+            : (_lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                   address->lifetime ? MIN(address->preferred, address->lifetime)
+                                                     : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                   now,
+                                   str_pref,
+                                   sizeof(str_pref)));
+    str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string(now,
+                                             address->timestamp,
+                                             address->preferred,
+                                             address->lifetime,
+                                             str_time,
+                                             sizeof(str_time));
+
+    broadcast_address = nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(address);
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s/%d"
+        "%s%s" /* broadcast */
+        " lft %s"
+        " pref %s"
+        "%s" /* time */
+        "%s" /* peer  */
+        "%s" /* dev */
+        "%s" /* flags */
+        "%s" /* label */
+        " src %s"
+        "%s" /* external */
+        "%s" /* ip4acd_not_ready */
+        "",
+        s_address,
+        address->plen,
+        broadcast_address != 0u || address->use_ip4_broadcast_address
+            ? (address->use_ip4_broadcast_address ? " brd " : " brd* ")
+            : "",
+        broadcast_address != 0u || address->use_ip4_broadcast_address
+            ? _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(broadcast_address, str_broadcast)
+            : "",
+        str_lft_p,
+        str_pref_p,
+        str_time_p,
+        str_peer ?: "",
+        str_dev,
+        _to_string_ifa_flags(address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+        str_label,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        address->external ? " ext" : "",
+        address->ip4acd_not_ready ? " ip4acd-not-ready" : "");
+    g_free(str_peer);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_link_flags2str,
+                          unsigned,
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_LOOPBACK, "loopback"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_BROADCAST, "broadcast"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_POINTOPOINT, "pointopoint"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_MULTICAST, "multicast"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_NOARP, "noarp"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_ALLMULTI, "allmulti"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_PROMISC, "promisc"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_MASTER, "master"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_SLAVE, "slave"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DEBUG, "debug"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DYNAMIC, "dynamic"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_AUTOMEDIA, "automedia"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_PORTSEL, "portsel"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_NOTRAILERS, "notrailers"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_UP, "up"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_RUNNING, "running"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_LOWER_UP, "lowerup"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DORMANT, "dormant"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_ECHO, "echo"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str,
+                         guint8,
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE, "none"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64, "eui64"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY, "stable-privacy"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM, "random"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_addr_flags2str,
+                          unsigned,
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_SECONDARY, "secondary"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_NODAD, "nodad"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC, "optimistic"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_HOMEADDRESS, "homeaddress"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_DEPRECATED, "deprecated"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_PERMANENT, "permanent"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR, "mngtmpaddr"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE, "noprefixroute"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_TENTATIVE, "tentative"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_route_scope2str,
+                         int,
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE, "nowhere"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_HOST, "host"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_LINK, "link"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_SITE, "site"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, "global"), );
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Address address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "2001:db8:0:f101::1/64 lft 4294967295 pref 4294967295 time 16922666 on dev em1"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the address.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        s_address[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        s_peer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char *      str_peer = NULL;
+    const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
+    gint32      now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(address, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &address->address, s_address, sizeof(s_address));
+
+    if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&address->peer_address)) {
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof(s_peer));
+        str_peer = g_strconcat(" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
+    }
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                    address->lifetime ?: NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                    now,
+                                    str_lft,
+                                    sizeof(str_lft)),
+    str_pref_p =
+        (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
+            ? str_lft_p
+            : (_lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                   address->lifetime ? MIN(address->preferred, address->lifetime)
+                                                     : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                   now,
+                                   str_pref,
+                                   sizeof(str_pref)));
+    str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string(now,
+                                             address->timestamp,
+                                             address->preferred,
+                                             address->lifetime,
+                                             str_time,
+                                             sizeof(str_time));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s/%d lft %s pref %s%s%s%s%s src %s%s",
+        s_address,
+        address->plen,
+        str_lft_p,
+        str_pref_p,
+        str_time_p,
+        str_peer ?: "",
+        str_dev,
+        _to_string_ifa_flags(address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        address->external ? " ext" : "");
+    g_free(str_peer);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(_rtm_flags_to_string,
+                                 unsigned,
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_DEAD, "dead"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_PERVASIVE, "pervasive"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_ONLINK, "onlink"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(8 /*RTNH_F_OFFLOAD*/, "offload"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(16 /*RTNH_F_LINKDOWN*/, "linkdown"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(32 /*RTNH_F_UNRESOLVED*/, "unresolved"),
+
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_NOTIFY, "notify"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_CLONED, "cloned"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_EQUALIZE, "equalize"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_PREFIX, "prefix"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(0x1000 /*RTM_F_LOOKUP_TABLE*/, "lookup-table"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(0x2000 /*RTM_F_FIB_MATCH*/, "fib-match"), );
+
+#define _RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN 200
+
+static const char *
+_rtm_flags_to_string_full(char *buf, gsize buf_size, unsigned rtm_flags)
+{
+    const char *buf0 = buf;
+
+    nm_assert(buf_size >= _RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN);
+
+    if (!rtm_flags)
+        return "";
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, " rtm_flags ");
+    _rtm_flags_to_string(rtm_flags, buf, buf_size);
+    nm_assert(strlen(buf) < buf_size);
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Route route structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 dev em1 metric 0 mss 0"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the route.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char s_network[INET_ADDRSTRLEN], s_gateway[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_pref_src[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char str_table[30];
+    char str_scope[30], s_source[50];
+    char str_tos[32], str_window[32], str_cwnd[32], str_initcwnd[32], str_initrwnd[32], str_mtu[32];
+    char str_rtm_flags[_RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN];
+    char str_type[30];
+    char str_metric[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(route, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->network, s_network, sizeof(s_network));
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof(s_gateway));
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "type %s " /* type */
+        "%s"       /* table */
+        "%s/%d"
+        " via %s"
+        "%s"
+        " metric %s"
+        " mss %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
+        "%s"                                   /* rtm_flags */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* scope */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* pref-src */
+        "%s"                                   /* tos */
+        "%s"                                   /* window */
+        "%s"                                   /* cwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initcwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initrwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* mtu */
+        "",
+        nm_utils_route_type2str(nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(route->type_coerced),
+                                str_type,
+                                sizeof(str_type)),
+        route->table_any
+            ? "table ?? "
+            : (route->table_coerced
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_table,
+                                    "table %u ",
+                                    nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(route->table_coerced, FALSE))
+                   : ""),
+        s_network,
+        route->plen,
+        s_gateway,
+        str_dev,
+        route->metric_any
+            ? (route->metric ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "??+%u", route->metric) : "??")
+            : nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "%u", route->metric),
+        route->mss,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        _rtm_flags_to_string_full(str_rtm_flags, sizeof(str_rtm_flags), route->r_rtm_flags),
+        route->scope_inv ? " scope " : "",
+        route->scope_inv
+            ? (nm_platform_route_scope2str(nm_platform_route_scope_inv(route->scope_inv),
+                                           str_scope,
+                                           sizeof(str_scope)))
+            : "",
+        route->pref_src ? " pref-src " : "",
+        route->pref_src ? inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof(s_pref_src)) : "",
+        route->tos ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", (unsigned) route->tos) : "",
+        route->window || route->lock_window ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_window,
+                                                             " window %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                             route->lock_window ? "lock " : "",
+                                                             route->window)
+                                            : "",
+        route->cwnd || route->lock_cwnd ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_cwnd,
+                                                         " cwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                         route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                                                         route->cwnd)
+                                        : "",
+        route->initcwnd || route->lock_initcwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initcwnd,
+                             " initcwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initcwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->initrwnd || route->lock_initrwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initrwnd,
+                             " initrwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initrwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->mtu || route->lock_mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_mtu,
+                                                       " mtu %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                       route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "",
+                                                       route->mtu)
+                                      : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Route route structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "ff02::fb/128 via :: dev em1 metric 0"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the route.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char s_network[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_gateway[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_pref_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_src_all[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN + 40];
+    char s_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_type[30];
+    char str_table[30];
+    char str_pref[40];
+    char str_pref2[30];
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char s_source[50];
+    char str_window[32];
+    char str_cwnd[32];
+    char str_initcwnd[32];
+    char str_initrwnd[32];
+    char str_mtu[32];
+    char str_rtm_flags[_RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN];
+    char str_metric[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(route, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->network, s_network, sizeof(s_network));
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof(s_gateway));
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&route->pref_src))
+        s_pref_src[0] = 0;
+    else
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof(s_pref_src));
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "type %s " /* type */
+        "%s"       /* table */
+        "%s/%d"
+        " via %s"
+        "%s"
+        " metric %s"
+        " mss %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
+        "%s"                                   /* source */
+        "%s"                                   /* rtm_flags */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* pref-src */
+        "%s"                                   /* window */
+        "%s"                                   /* cwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initcwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initrwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* mtu */
+        "%s"                                   /* pref */
+        "",
+        nm_utils_route_type2str(nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(route->type_coerced),
+                                str_type,
+                                sizeof(str_type)),
+        route->table_any
+            ? "table ?? "
+            : (route->table_coerced
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_table,
+                                    "table %u ",
+                                    nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(route->table_coerced, FALSE))
+                   : ""),
+        s_network,
+        route->plen,
+        s_gateway,
+        str_dev,
+        route->metric_any
+            ? (route->metric ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "??+%u", route->metric) : "??")
+            : nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "%u", route->metric),
+        route->mss,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        route->src_plen || !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&route->src)
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(s_src_all,
+                             " src %s/%u",
+                             _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&route->src, s_src),
+                             (unsigned) route->src_plen)
+            : "",
+        _rtm_flags_to_string_full(str_rtm_flags, sizeof(str_rtm_flags), route->r_rtm_flags),
+        s_pref_src[0] ? " pref-src " : "",
+        s_pref_src[0] ? s_pref_src : "",
+        route->window || route->lock_window ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_window,
+                                                             " window %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                             route->lock_window ? "lock " : "",
+                                                             route->window)
+                                            : "",
+        route->cwnd || route->lock_cwnd ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_cwnd,
+                                                         " cwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                         route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                                                         route->cwnd)
+                                        : "",
+        route->initcwnd || route->lock_initcwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initcwnd,
+                             " initcwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initcwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->initrwnd || route->lock_initrwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initrwnd,
+                             " initrwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initrwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->mtu || route->lock_mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_mtu,
+                                                       " mtu %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                       route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "",
+                                                       route->mtu)
+                                      : "",
+        route->rt_pref ? nm_sprintf_buf(
+            str_pref,
+            " pref %s",
+            nm_icmpv6_router_pref_to_string(route->rt_pref, str_pref2, sizeof(str_pref2)))
+                       : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static void
+_routing_rule_addr_to_string(char **         buf,
+                             gsize *         len,
+                             int             addr_family,
+                             const NMIPAddr *addr,
+                             guint8          plen,
+                             gboolean        is_src)
+{
+    char     s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    gboolean is_zero;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family);
+
+    is_zero = nm_utils_memeqzero(addr, addr_size);
+
+    if (plen == 0 && is_zero) {
+        if (is_src)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, " from all");
+        else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, "");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, is_src ? " from " : " to ");
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, nm_utils_inet_ntop(addr_family, addr, s_addr));
+
+    if (plen != (addr_size * 8))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, "/%u", plen);
+}
+
+static void
+_routing_rule_port_range_to_string(char **                   buf,
+                                   gsize *                   len,
+                                   const NMFibRulePortRange *port_range,
+                                   const char *              name)
+{
+    if (port_range->start == 0 && port_range->end == 0)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, "");
+    else {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, " %s %u", name, port_range->start);
+        if (port_range->start != port_range->end)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, "-%u", port_range->end);
+    }
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    const char *buf0;
+    guint32     rr_flags;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(routing_rule, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(routing_rule->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+        /* invalid addr-family. The other fields are undefined. */
+        if (routing_rule->addr_family == AF_UNSPEC)
+            g_snprintf(buf, len, "[routing-rule]");
+        else
+            g_snprintf(buf, len, "[routing-rule family:%u]", routing_rule->addr_family);
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    buf0 = buf;
+
+    rr_flags = routing_rule->flags;
+
+    rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                           &len,
+                           "[%c] " /* addr-family */
+                           "%u:"   /* priority */
+                           "%s",   /* not/FIB_RULE_INVERT */
+                           nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(routing_rule->addr_family),
+                           routing_rule->priority,
+                           (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT) ? " not" : ""));
+
+    _routing_rule_addr_to_string(&buf,
+                                 &len,
+                                 routing_rule->addr_family,
+                                 &routing_rule->src,
+                                 routing_rule->src_len,
+                                 TRUE);
+
+    _routing_rule_addr_to_string(&buf,
+                                 &len,
+                                 routing_rule->addr_family,
+                                 &routing_rule->dst,
+                                 routing_rule->dst_len,
+                                 FALSE);
+
+    if (routing_rule->tos)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " tos 0x%02x", routing_rule->tos);
+
+    if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0 || routing_rule->fwmask != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " fwmark %#x", (unsigned) routing_rule->fwmark);
+        if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0xFFFFFFFFu)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, "/%#x", (unsigned) routing_rule->fwmask);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->iifname[0]) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " iif %s", routing_rule->iifname);
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " [detached]");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->oifname[0]) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " oif %s", routing_rule->oifname);
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " [detached]");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->l3mdev != 0) {
+        if (routing_rule->l3mdev == 1)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " lookup [l3mdev-table]");
+        else {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                                   &len,
+                                   " lookup [l3mdev-table/%u]",
+                                   (unsigned) routing_rule->l3mdev);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->uid_range_has || routing_rule->uid_range.start
+        || routing_rule->uid_range.end) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " uidrange %u-%u%s",
+                               routing_rule->uid_range.start,
+                               routing_rule->uid_range.end,
+                               routing_rule->uid_range_has ? "" : "(?)");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->ip_proto != 0) {
+        /* we don't call getprotobynumber(), just print the numeric value.
+         * This differs from what ip-rule prints. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ipproto %u", routing_rule->ip_proto);
+    }
+
+    _routing_rule_port_range_to_string(&buf, &len, &routing_rule->sport_range, "sport");
+
+    _routing_rule_port_range_to_string(&buf, &len, &routing_rule->dport_range, "dport");
+
+    if (routing_rule->tun_id != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " tun_id %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT, routing_rule->tun_id);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->table != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " lookup %u", routing_rule->table);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " suppress_prefixlen %d",
+                               (int) (~routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse));
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " suppress_ifgroup %d",
+                               (int) (~routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse));
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->flow) {
+        /* FRA_FLOW is only for IPv4, but we want to print the value for all address-families,
+         * to see when it is set. In practice, this should not be set except for IPv4.
+         *
+         * We don't follow the style how ip-rule prints flow/realms. It's confusing. Just
+         * print the value hex. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " realms 0x%08x", routing_rule->flow);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->action == RTN_NAT) {
+        G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(RTN_NAT == 10);
+
+        /* NAT is deprecated for many years. We don't support RTA_GATEWAY/FRA_UNUSED2
+         * for the gateway, and so do recent kernels ignore that parameter. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " masquerade");
+    } else if (routing_rule->action == FR_ACT_GOTO) {
+        if (routing_rule->goto_target != 0)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " goto %u", routing_rule->goto_target);
+        else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " goto none");
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " unresolved");
+    } else if (routing_rule->action != FR_ACT_TO_TBL) {
+        const char *ss;
+        char        ss_buf[60];
+
+#define _V(v1, v2) ((sizeof(char[(((int) (v1)) == ((int) (v2))) ? 1 : -1]) * 0) + (v1))
+        switch (routing_rule->action) {
+        case _V(FR_ACT_UNSPEC, RTN_UNSPEC):
+            ss = "none";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_TO_TBL, RTN_UNICAST):
+            ss = "unicast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_GOTO, RTN_LOCAL):
+            ss = "local";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_NOP, RTN_BROADCAST):
+            ss = "nop";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_RES3, RTN_ANYCAST):
+            ss = "anycast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_RES4, RTN_MULTICAST):
+            ss = "multicast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_BLACKHOLE, RTN_BLACKHOLE):
+            ss = "blackhole";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE, RTN_UNREACHABLE):
+            ss = "unreachable";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_PROHIBIT, RTN_PROHIBIT):
+            ss = "prohibit";
+            break;
+        case RTN_THROW:
+            ss = "throw";
+            break;
+        case RTN_NAT:
+            ss = "nat";
+            break;
+        case RTN_XRESOLVE:
+            ss = "xresolve";
+            break;
+        default:
+            ss = nm_sprintf_buf(ss_buf, "action-%u", routing_rule->action);
+            break;
+        }
+#undef _V
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " %s", ss);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->protocol != RTPROT_UNSPEC)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " protocol %u", routing_rule->protocol);
+
+    if (routing_rule->goto_target != 0 && routing_rule->action != FR_ACT_GOTO) {
+        /* a trailing target is set for an unexpected action. Print it. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " goto-target %u", routing_rule->goto_target);
+    }
+
+    if (rr_flags != 0) {
+        /* we have some flags we didn't print about yet. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " remaining-flags %x", rr_flags);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    const char *buf0;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(qdisc, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    buf0 = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                           &len,
+                           "%s%s family %u handle %x parent %x info %x",
+                           qdisc->kind,
+                           _to_string_dev(NULL, qdisc->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)),
+                           qdisc->addr_family,
+                           qdisc->handle,
+                           qdisc->parent,
+                           qdisc->info);
+
+    if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", qdisc->fq_codel.limit);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.flows)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " flows %u", qdisc->fq_codel.flows);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.target)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " target %u", qdisc->fq_codel.target);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.interval)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " interval %u", qdisc->fq_codel.interval);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.quantum)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " quantum %u", qdisc->fq_codel.quantum);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ce_threshold %u", qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " memory_limit %u", qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.ecn)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ecn");
+    } else if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "sfq")) {
+        if (qdisc->sfq.quantum)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " quantum %u", qdisc->sfq.quantum);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.perturb_period)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " perturb %d", qdisc->sfq.perturb_period);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", (guint) qdisc->sfq.limit);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.divisor)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " divisor %u", qdisc->sfq.divisor);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.flows)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " flows %u", qdisc->sfq.flows);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.depth)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " depth %u", qdisc->sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "tbf")) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " rate %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT, qdisc->tbf.rate);
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " burst %u", qdisc->tbf.burst);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", qdisc->tbf.limit);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.latency)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " latency %uns", qdisc->tbf.latency);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_qdisc_hash_update(const NMPlatformQdisc *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->addr_family, obj->handle, obj->parent, obj->info);
+    if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->fq_codel.limit,
+                            obj->fq_codel.flows,
+                            obj->fq_codel.target,
+                            obj->fq_codel.interval,
+                            obj->fq_codel.quantum,
+                            obj->fq_codel.ce_threshold,
+                            obj->fq_codel.memory_limit,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->fq_codel.ecn));
+    } else if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "sfq")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->sfq.quantum,
+                            obj->sfq.perturb_period,
+                            obj->sfq.limit,
+                            obj->sfq.divisor,
+                            obj->sfq.flows,
+                            obj->sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "tbf")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->tbf.rate, obj->tbf.burst, obj->tbf.limit, obj->tbf.latency);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(const NMPlatformQdisc *a,
+                           const NMPlatformQdisc *b,
+                           gboolean               compare_handle)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+    if (compare_handle)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, handle);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, info);
+
+    if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.flows);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.target);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.interval);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.quantum);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.memory_limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, fq_codel.ecn);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "sfq")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.quantum);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.perturb_period);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.flows);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.divisor);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "tbf")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.rate);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.burst);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.latency);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_cmp(const NMPlatformQdisc *a, const NMPlatformQdisc *b)
+{
+    return nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(a, b, TRUE);
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char  str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char  act_buf[300];
+    char *p;
+    gsize l;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(tfilter, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (tfilter->action.kind) {
+        p = act_buf;
+        l = sizeof(act_buf);
+
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&p, &l, " \"%s\"", tfilter->action.kind);
+        if (nm_streq(tfilter->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            gs_free char *t = NULL;
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                &p,
+                &l,
+                " (\"%s\")",
+                nm_utils_str_utf8safe_escape(tfilter->action.kind,
+                                             NM_UTILS_STR_UTF8_SAFE_FLAG_ESCAPE_CTRL
+                                                 | NM_UTILS_STR_UTF8_SAFE_FLAG_ESCAPE_NON_ASCII,
+                                             &t));
+        } else if (nm_streq(tfilter->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&p,
+                                   &l,
+                                   "%s%s%s%s dev %d",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.ingress ? " ingress" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.egress ? " egress" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.mirror ? " mirror" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.redirect ? " redirect" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.ifindex);
+        }
+    } else
+        act_buf[0] = '\0';
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s%s family %u handle %x parent %x info %x%s",
+               tfilter->kind,
+               _to_string_dev(NULL, tfilter->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)),
+               tfilter->addr_family,
+               tfilter->handle,
+               tfilter->parent,
+               tfilter->info,
+               act_buf);
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_tfilter_hash_update(const NMPlatformTfilter *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->addr_family, obj->handle, obj->parent, obj->info);
+    if (obj->action.kind) {
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->action.kind);
+        if (nm_streq(obj->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->action.simple.sdata);
+        } else if (nm_streq(obj->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                                obj->action.mirred.ifindex,
+                                NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.ingress,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.egress,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.mirror,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.redirect));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_tfilter_cmp(const NMPlatformTfilter *a, const NMPlatformTfilter *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, handle);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, info);
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, action.kind);
+    if (a->action.kind) {
+        if (nm_streq(a->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, action.simple.sdata);
+        } else if (nm_streq(a->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, action.mirred.ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.ingress);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.egress);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.mirror);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.redirect);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_vf_to_string(const NMPlatformVF *vf, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char                 str_mac[128], mac[128];
+    char                 str_spoof_check[64];
+    char                 str_trust[64];
+    char                 str_min_tx_rate[64];
+    char                 str_max_tx_rate[64];
+    nm_auto_free_gstring GString *gstr_vlans = NULL;
+    guint                         i;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(vf, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (vf->mac.len) {
+        _nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(vf->mac.data, vf->mac.len, TRUE, mac, sizeof(mac));
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_mac, " mac %s", mac);
+    } else
+        str_mac[0] = '\0';
+
+    if (vf->num_vlans) {
+        gstr_vlans = g_string_new("");
+        for (i = 0; i < vf->num_vlans; i++) {
+            g_string_append_printf(gstr_vlans, " vlan %u", (unsigned) vf->vlans[i].id);
+            if (vf->vlans[i].qos)
+                g_string_append_printf(gstr_vlans, " qos %u", (unsigned) vf->vlans[i].qos);
+            if (vf->vlans[i].proto_ad)
+                g_string_append(gstr_vlans, " proto 802.1ad");
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%u"  /* index */
+               "%s"  /* MAC */
+               "%s"  /* spoof check */
+               "%s"  /* trust */
+               "%s"  /* min tx rate */
+               "%s"  /* max tx rate */
+               "%s", /* VLANs */
+               vf->index,
+               str_mac,
+               vf->spoofchk >= 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_spoof_check, " spoofchk %d", vf->spoofchk)
+                                 : "",
+               vf->trust >= 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_trust, " trust %d", vf->trust) : "",
+               vf->min_tx_rate
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_min_tx_rate, " min_tx_rate %u", (unsigned) vf->min_tx_rate)
+                   : "",
+               vf->max_tx_rate
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_max_tx_rate, " max_tx_rate %u", (unsigned) vf->max_tx_rate)
+                   : "",
+               gstr_vlans ? gstr_vlans->str : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_bridge_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_vid_end[64];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(vlan, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%u"
+               "%s"
+               "%s"
+               "%s",
+               vlan->vid_start,
+               vlan->vid_start != vlan->vid_end ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_vid_end, "-%u", vlan->vid_end)
+                                                : "",
+               vlan->pvid ? " PVID" : "",
+               vlan->untagged ? " untagged" : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_link_hash_update(const NMPlatformLink *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->master,
+                        obj->parent,
+                        obj->n_ifi_flags,
+                        obj->mtu,
+                        obj->type,
+                        obj->arptype,
+                        obj->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                        obj->inet6_token,
+                        obj->rx_packets,
+                        obj->rx_bytes,
+                        obj->tx_packets,
+                        obj->tx_bytes,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->connected, obj->initialized));
+    nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->name);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->driver);
+    /* nm_hash_update_mem() also hashes the length obj->addr.len */
+    nm_hash_update_mem(h,
+                       obj->l_address.data,
+                       NM_MIN(obj->l_address.len, sizeof(obj->l_address.data)));
+    nm_hash_update_mem(h,
+                       obj->l_broadcast.data,
+                       NM_MIN(obj->l_broadcast.len, sizeof(obj->l_broadcast.data)));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_cmp(const NMPlatformLink *a, const NMPlatformLink *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, name);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, master);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifi_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, connected);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, initialized);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, arptype);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l_address.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l_broadcast.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, driver);
+    if (a->l_address.len)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, l_address.data, a->l_address.len);
+    if (a->l_broadcast.len)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, l_broadcast.data, a->l_broadcast.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, inet6_token);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rx_packets);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rx_bytes);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tx_packets);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tx_bytes);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->forward_delay,
+                        obj->hello_time,
+                        obj->max_age,
+                        obj->ageing_time,
+                        obj->priority,
+                        obj->vlan_protocol,
+                        obj->group_fwd_mask,
+                        obj->group_addr,
+                        obj->mcast_hash_max,
+                        obj->mcast_last_member_count,
+                        obj->mcast_startup_query_count,
+                        obj->mcast_last_member_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_membership_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_querier_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_query_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_router,
+                        obj->mcast_query_response_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_startup_query_interval,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->stp_state,
+                                              obj->mcast_querier,
+                                              obj->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+                                              obj->mcast_snooping,
+                                              obj->vlan_stats_enabled));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *a, const NMPlatformLnkBridge *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, forward_delay);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, hello_time);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, max_age);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ageing_time);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, stp_state);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, priority);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, vlan_protocol);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, vlan_stats_enabled);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group_fwd_mask);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, group_addr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_snooping);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_router);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_querier);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_hash_max);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_last_member_count);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_startup_query_count);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_last_member_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_membership_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_querier_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_query_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_query_response_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_startup_query_interval);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkGre *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->input_flags,
+                        obj->output_flags,
+                        obj->input_key,
+                        obj->output_key,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery,
+                        (bool) obj->is_tap);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkGre *a, const NMPlatformLnkGre *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->p_key);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->mode);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *a, const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, p_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, mode);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tclass,
+                        obj->encap_limit,
+                        obj->proto,
+                        obj->flow_label,
+                        obj->flags,
+                        obj->input_flags,
+                        obj->output_flags,
+                        obj->input_key,
+                        obj->output_key,
+                        (bool) obj->is_gre,
+                        (bool) obj->is_tap);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *a, const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tclass);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, encap_limit);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flow_label);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, proto);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_gre);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *a, const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->sci,
+                        obj->cipher_suite,
+                        obj->window,
+                        obj->icv_length,
+                        obj->encoding_sa,
+                        obj->validation,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->encrypt,
+                                              obj->protect,
+                                              obj->include_sci,
+                                              obj->es,
+                                              obj->scb,
+                                              obj->replay_protect));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sci);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, icv_length);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cipher_suite);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, encoding_sa);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, validation);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, encrypt);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, protect);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, include_sci);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, es);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, scb);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, replay_protect);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->mode, NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->no_promisc, obj->tap));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mode);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, no_promisc);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkSit *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->flags,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        obj->proto,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkSit *a, const NMPlatformLnkSit *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, proto);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkTun *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->type,
+                        obj->owner,
+                        obj->group,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->owner_valid,
+                                              obj->group_valid,
+                                              obj->pi,
+                                              obj->vnet_hdr,
+                                              obj->multi_queue,
+                                              obj->persist));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkTun *a, const NMPlatformLnkTun *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, owner);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, owner_valid);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, group_valid);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, pi);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, vnet_hdr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, multi_queue);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, persist);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->id, obj->flags);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, id);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->table);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *a, const NMPlatformLnkVrf *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->group6,
+                        obj->local6,
+                        obj->group,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->id,
+                        obj->ageing,
+                        obj->limit,
+                        obj->dst_port,
+                        obj->src_port_min,
+                        obj->src_port_max,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->learning,
+                                              obj->proxy,
+                                              obj->rsc,
+                                              obj->l2miss,
+                                              obj->l3miss));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, id);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, group6);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, local6);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, learning);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ageing);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, limit);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dst_port);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_port_min);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_port_max);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, proxy);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, rsc);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l2miss);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l3miss);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->listen_port, obj->fwmark);
+    nm_hash_update(h, obj->private_key, sizeof(obj->private_key));
+    nm_hash_update(h, obj->public_key, sizeof(obj->public_key));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *a, const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, listen_port);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmark);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, private_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, public_key);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(in_addr_t addr)
+{
+    if (nm_utils_ip4_address_is_link_local(addr))
+        return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a1,
+                                        const NMPlatformIP4Address *a2)
+{
+    in_addr_t n1;
+    in_addr_t n2;
+
+    nm_assert(a1);
+    nm_assert(a2);
+
+    /* Sort by address type. For example link local will
+     * be sorted *after* a global address. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(a2->address),
+                  _address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(a1->address));
+
+    /* Sort the addresses based on their source. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(a2->addr_source, a1->addr_source);
+
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT((a2->label[0] == '\0'), (a1->label[0] == '\0'));
+
+    /* Finally, sort addresses lexically. We compare only the
+     * network part so that the order of addresses in the same
+     * subnet (and thus also the primary/secondary role) is
+     * preserved.
+     */
+    n1 = a1->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a1->plen);
+    n2 = a2->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a2->plen);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(&n1, &n2, sizeof(guint32));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(const struct in6_addr *addr)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr))
+        return 0;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(addr))
+        return 1;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(addr))
+        return 2;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(addr))
+        return 3;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(addr))
+        return 4;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(addr))
+        return 5;
+    return 6;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a1,
+                                        const NMPlatformIP6Address *a2,
+                                        gboolean                    prefer_temp)
+{
+    gboolean ipv6_privacy1;
+    gboolean ipv6_privacy2;
+
+    nm_assert(a1);
+    nm_assert(a2);
+
+    /* tentative addresses are always sorted back... */
+    /* sort tentative addresses after non-tentative. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(NM_FLAGS_HAS(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE),
+                  NM_FLAGS_HAS(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE));
+
+    /* Sort by address type. For example link local will
+     * be sorted *after* site local or global. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(&a2->address),
+                  _address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(&a1->address));
+
+    ipv6_privacy1 = NM_FLAGS_ANY(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR | IFA_F_TEMPORARY);
+    ipv6_privacy2 = NM_FLAGS_ANY(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR | IFA_F_TEMPORARY);
+    if (ipv6_privacy1 || ipv6_privacy2) {
+        gboolean public1 = TRUE;
+        gboolean public2 = TRUE;
+
+        if (ipv6_privacy1) {
+            if (a1->n_ifa_flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY)
+                public1 = prefer_temp;
+            else
+                public1 = !prefer_temp;
+        }
+        if (ipv6_privacy2) {
+            if (a2->n_ifa_flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY)
+                public2 = prefer_temp;
+            else
+                public2 = !prefer_temp;
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(public2, public1);
+    }
+
+    /* Sort the addresses based on their source. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(a2->addr_source, a1->addr_source);
+
+    /* sort permanent addresses before non-permanent. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(NM_FLAGS_HAS(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_PERMANENT),
+                  NM_FLAGS_HAS(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_PERMANENT));
+
+    /* finally sort addresses lexically */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR(&a1->address, &a2->address);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(a1, a2, sizeof(*a1));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Address *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->addr_source,
+                        obj->use_ip4_broadcast_address ? obj->broadcast_address : ((in_addr_t) 0u),
+                        obj->timestamp,
+                        obj->lifetime,
+                        obj->preferred,
+                        obj->n_ifa_flags,
+                        obj->plen,
+                        obj->address,
+                        obj->peer_address,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->external,
+                                              obj->use_ip4_broadcast_address,
+                                              obj->ip4acd_not_ready));
+    nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->label);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a, const NMPlatformIP4Address *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, peer_address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, use_ip4_broadcast_address);
+    if (a->use_ip4_broadcast_address)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, broadcast_address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_source);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, timestamp);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, lifetime);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, preferred);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifa_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, label);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, external);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, ip4acd_not_ready);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip6_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Address *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->addr_source,
+                        obj->timestamp,
+                        obj->lifetime,
+                        obj->preferred,
+                        obj->n_ifa_flags,
+                        obj->plen,
+                        obj->address,
+                        obj->peer_address,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->external));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a, const NMPlatformIP6Address *b)
+{
+    const struct in6_addr *p_a, *p_b;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+    p_a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(a);
+    p_b = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(b);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(p_a, p_b, sizeof(*p_a));
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_source);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, timestamp);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, lifetime);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, preferred);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifa_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, external);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Route *obj,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                  NMHashState *             h)
+{
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->tos,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->tos,
+            /* on top of WEAK_ID: */
+            obj->ifindex,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(obj),
+            obj->gateway,
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            obj->ifindex,
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->gateway,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(obj),
+            obj->tos,
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK),
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->type_coerced,
+                            obj->table_coerced,
+                            obj->ifindex,
+                            obj->network,
+                            obj->plen,
+                            obj->metric,
+                            obj->gateway,
+                            obj->rt_source,
+                            obj->scope_inv,
+                            obj->tos,
+                            obj->mss,
+                            obj->pref_src,
+                            obj->window,
+                            obj->cwnd,
+                            obj->initcwnd,
+                            obj->initrwnd,
+                            obj->mtu,
+                            obj->r_rtm_flags,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                                  obj->table_any,
+                                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Route *a,
+                          const NMPlatformIP4Route *b,
+                          NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                      nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN4ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(a->network, b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(a),
+                          _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(b));
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, gateway);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, pref_src);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK, b->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        }
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                          nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN4ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(a->network, b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, network);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, gateway);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(a),
+                          _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(b));
+        } else {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_source);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, scope_inv);
+        }
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, pref_src);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK),
+                          b->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, r_rtm_flags);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Route *obj,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                  NMHashState *             h)
+{
+    struct in6_addr a1, a2;
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any),
+            /* on top of WEAK_ID: */
+            obj->ifindex,
+            obj->gateway);
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            obj->ifindex,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->gateway,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu),
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            _route_pref_normalize(obj->rt_pref));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->type_coerced,
+                            obj->table_coerced,
+                            obj->ifindex,
+                            obj->network,
+                            obj->metric,
+                            obj->gateway,
+                            obj->pref_src,
+                            obj->src,
+                            obj->src_plen,
+                            obj->rt_source,
+                            obj->mss,
+                            obj->r_rtm_flags,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                                  obj->table_any,
+                                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_mtu),
+                            obj->window,
+                            obj->cwnd,
+                            obj->initcwnd,
+                            obj->initrwnd,
+                            obj->mtu,
+                            obj->rt_pref);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Route *a,
+                          const NMPlatformIP6Route *b,
+                          NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                      nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->network, &b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->src, &b->src, MIN(a->src_plen, b->src_plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, gateway);
+        }
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                          nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->network, &b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, network);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, gateway);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, pref_src);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->src, &b->src, MIN(a->src_plen, b->src_plen));
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+        } else {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, src);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_source);
+        }
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED, b->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED);
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, r_rtm_flags);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_route_pref_normalize(a->rt_pref), _route_pref_normalize(b->rt_pref));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_pref);
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define _ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE \
+    (FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED | FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED | FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED)
+
+#define _routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, kernel_support_type) \
+    ((cmp_type) == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL    \
+     || nm_platform_kernel_support_get(kernel_support_type))
+
+void
+nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *obj,
+                                     NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type,
+                                     NMHashState *                h)
+{
+    gboolean cmp_full = TRUE;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+    guint32  flags_mask = G_MAXUINT32;
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(!NM_IN_SET(obj->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))) {
+        /* the address family is not one of the supported ones. That means, the
+         * instance will only compare equal to itself (pointer-equality). */
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, (gconstpointer) obj);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+
+        flags_mask &= ~_ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+
+        cmp_full = FALSE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->addr_family,
+            obj->tun_id,
+            obj->table,
+            obj->flags & flags_mask,
+            obj->priority,
+            obj->fwmark,
+            obj->fwmask,
+            ((cmp_full
+              || (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+                  && obj->action == FR_ACT_GOTO))
+                 ? obj->goto_target
+                 : (guint32) 0u),
+            ((cmp_full || obj->addr_family == AF_INET) ? obj->flow : (guint32) 0u),
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(
+                guint8,
+                (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)
+                     ? obj->uid_range_has
+                     : FALSE)),
+            obj->suppress_prefixlen_inverse,
+            obj->suppress_ifgroup_inverse,
+            (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)
+                 ? (cmp_full ? (guint16) obj->l3mdev : (guint16) !!obj->l3mdev)
+                 : G_MAXUINT16),
+            obj->action,
+            obj->tos,
+            obj->src_len,
+            obj->dst_len,
+            (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL)
+                 ? (guint16) obj->protocol
+                 : G_MAXUINT16));
+        addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(obj->addr_family);
+        if (cmp_full || obj->src_len > 0)
+            nm_hash_update(h, &obj->src, addr_size);
+        if (cmp_full || obj->dst_len > 0)
+            nm_hash_update(h, &obj->dst, addr_size);
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            if (cmp_full || obj->uid_range_has)
+                nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->uid_range);
+        }
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+            nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->ip_proto);
+            nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->sport_range);
+            nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->dport_range);
+        }
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->iifname);
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->oifname);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *a,
+                             const NMPlatformRoutingRule *b,
+                             NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type)
+{
+    gboolean cmp_full = TRUE;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+    bool     valid;
+    guint32  flags_mask = G_MAXUINT32;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    valid = NM_IN_SET(a->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(valid, (bool) NM_IN_SET(b->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(!valid)) {
+        /* the address family is not one of the supported ones. That means, the
+         * instance will only compare equal to itself. */
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT((uintptr_t) a, (uintptr_t) b);
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+
+        flags_mask &= ~_ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+
+        cmp_full = FALSE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, action);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, priority);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tun_id);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)) {
+            if (cmp_full)
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l3mdev);
+            else
+                NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l3mdev);
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table);
+
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->flags & flags_mask, b->flags & flags_mask);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmark);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmask);
+
+        if (cmp_full
+            || (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+                && a->action == FR_ACT_GOTO))
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, goto_target);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, suppress_prefixlen_inverse);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, suppress_ifgroup_inverse);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+
+        if (cmp_full || a->addr_family == AF_INET)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flow);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL))
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, protocol);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ip_proto);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sport_range.start);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sport_range.end);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dport_range.start);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dport_range.end);
+        }
+
+        addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(a->addr_family);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_len);
+        if (cmp_full || a->src_len > 0)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, src, addr_size);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dst_len);
+        if (cmp_full || a->dst_len > 0)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, dst, addr_size);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, uid_range_has);
+            if (cmp_full || a->uid_range_has) {
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, uid_range.start);
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, uid_range.end);
+            }
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, iifname);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, oifname);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry:
+ * @a: a NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
+ * @b: the other NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
+ *
+ * Compares two addresses and returns which one has a longer remaining lifetime.
+ * If both addresses have the same lifetime, look at the remaining preferred time.
+ *
+ * For comparison, only the timestamp, lifetime and preferred fields are considered.
+ * If they compare equal (== 0), their other fields were not considered.
+ *
+ * Returns: -1, 0, or 1 according to the comparison
+ **/
+int
+nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry(const NMPlatformIPAddress *a, const NMPlatformIPAddress *b)
+{
+    gint64 ta = 0, tb = 0;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    if (a->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || a->lifetime == 0)
+        ta = G_MAXINT64;
+    else if (a->timestamp)
+        ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->lifetime;
+
+    if (b->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || b->lifetime == 0)
+        tb = G_MAXINT64;
+    else if (b->timestamp)
+        tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->lifetime;
+
+    if (ta == tb) {
+        /* if the lifetime is equal, compare the preferred time. */
+        ta = tb = 0;
+
+        if (a->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+            || a->lifetime == 0 /* lifetime==0 means permanent! */)
+            ta = G_MAXINT64;
+        else if (a->timestamp)
+            ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->preferred;
+
+        if (b->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || b->lifetime == 0)
+            tb = G_MAXINT64;
+        else if (b->timestamp)
+            tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->preferred;
+
+        if (ta == tb)
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    return ta < tb ? -1 : 1;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+GHashTable *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_addr_to_hash(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GHashTable *                 hash;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+
+    head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->cache, &lookup);
+
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    hash = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &obj) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Address *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(obj);
+
+        g_hash_table_add(hash, GUINT_TO_POINTER(a->address));
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type)
+{
+    switch (change_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED:
+        return "added";
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED:
+        return "changed";
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED:
+        return "removed";
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("UNKNOWN");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+log_link(NMPlatform *               self,
+         NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+         int                        ifindex,
+         NMPlatformLink *           device,
+         NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+         gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: link %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_link_to_string(device, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip4_address(NMPlatform *               self,
+                NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                NMPlatformIP4Address *     address,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: address 4 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(address, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip6_address(NMPlatform *               self,
+                NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                NMPlatformIP6Address *     address,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: address 6 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(address, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip4_route(NMPlatform *               self,
+              NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+              int                        ifindex,
+              NMPlatformIP4Route *       route,
+              NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+              gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: route   4 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(route, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip6_route(NMPlatform *               self,
+              NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+              int                        ifindex,
+              NMPlatformIP6Route *       route,
+              NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+              gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: route   6 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(route, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_routing_rule(NMPlatform *               self,
+                 NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                 int                        ifindex,
+                 NMPlatformRoutingRule *    routing_rule,
+                 NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                 gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    /* routing rules don't have an ifindex. We probably should refactor the signals that are emitted for platform changes. */
+    _LOG3D("signal: rt-rule %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(routing_rule, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_qdisc(NMPlatform *               self,
+          NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+          int                        ifindex,
+          NMPlatformQdisc *          qdisc,
+          NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+          gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: qdisc %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(qdisc, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_tfilter(NMPlatform *               self,
+            NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+            int                        ifindex,
+            NMPlatformTfilter *        tfilter,
+            NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+            gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: tfilter %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(tfilter, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(NMPlatform *     self,
+                                     NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                                     const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                                     const NMPObject *obj_new)
+{
+    gboolean         visible_new;
+    gboolean         visible_old;
+    const NMPObject *o;
+    const NMPClass * klass;
+    int              ifindex;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_NONE,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED));
+
+    ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+
+    NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT(self);
+
+    switch (cache_op) {
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED:
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new))
+            return;
+        o = obj_new;
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED:
+        visible_old = nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old);
+        visible_new = nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new);
+        if (!visible_old && visible_new) {
+            o        = obj_new;
+            cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
+        } else if (visible_old && !visible_new) {
+            o        = obj_old;
+            cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+        } else if (!visible_new) {
+            /* it was invisible and stayed invisible. Nothing to do. */
+            return;
+        } else
+            o = obj_new;
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED:
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old))
+            return;
+        o = obj_old;
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(o);
+
+    if (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE)
+        ifindex = 0;
+    else
+        ifindex = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(o)->ifindex;
+
+    if (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE
+        && NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id
+        && NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED))
+        _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_notify_route(self, o);
+
+    _LOG3t("emit signal %s %s: %s",
+           klass->signal_type,
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op),
+           nmp_object_to_string(o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+
+    nmp_object_ref(o);
+    g_signal_emit(self,
+                  _nm_platform_signal_id_get(klass->signal_type_id),
+                  0,
+                  (int) klass->obj_type,
+                  ifindex,
+                  &o->object,
+                  (int) cache_op);
+    nmp_object_unref(o);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMPCache *
+nm_platform_get_cache(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->cache;
+}
+
+NMPNetns *
+nm_platform_netns_get(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    return self->_netns;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_netns_push(NMPlatform *self, NMPNetns **netns)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), FALSE);
+
+    if (self->_netns && !nmp_netns_push(self->_netns)) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(netns, NULL);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(netns, self->_netns);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const _NMPlatformVTableRouteUnion nm_platform_vtable_route = {
+    .v4 =
+        {
+            .is_ip4          = TRUE,
+            .obj_type        = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+            .addr_family     = AF_INET,
+            .sizeof_route    = sizeof(NMPlatformIP4Route),
+            .route_cmp       = (int (*)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a,
+                                  const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)) nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp,
+            .route_to_string = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route,
+                                                 char *                    buf,
+                                                 gsize len)) nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string,
+        },
+    .v6 =
+        {
+            .is_ip4          = FALSE,
+            .obj_type        = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+            .addr_family     = AF_INET6,
+            .sizeof_route    = sizeof(NMPlatformIP6Route),
+            .route_cmp       = (int (*)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a,
+                                  const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)) nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp,
+            .route_to_string = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route,
+                                                 char *                    buf,
+                                                 gsize len)) nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string,
+        },
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+set_property(GObject *object, guint prop_id, const GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    switch (prop_id) {
+    case PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT:
+        /* construct-only */
+        if (g_value_get_boolean(value)) {
+            NMPNetns *netns;
+
+            netns = nmp_netns_get_current();
+            if (netns)
+                self->_netns = g_object_ref(netns);
+        }
+        break;
+    case PROP_USE_UDEV:
+        /* construct-only */
+        priv->use_udev = g_value_get_boolean(value);
+        break;
+    case PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR:
+        /* construct-only */
+        priv->log_with_ptr = g_value_get_boolean(value);
+        break;
+    default:
+        G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID(object, prop_id, pspec);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+nm_platform_init(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    self->_priv = G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_PRIVATE(self, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatformPrivate);
+}
+
+static GObject *
+constructor(GType type, guint n_construct_params, GObjectConstructParam *construct_params)
+{
+    GObject *          object;
+    NMPlatform *       self;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+
+    object = G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_platform_parent_class)
+                 ->constructor(type, n_construct_params, construct_params);
+    self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    priv->multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_new();
+
+    priv->cache = nmp_cache_new(priv->multi_idx, priv->use_udev);
+
+    return object;
+}
+
+static void
+finalize(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id);
+    nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash, g_hash_table_unref);
+    g_clear_object(&self->_netns);
+    nm_dedup_multi_index_unref(priv->multi_idx);
+    nmp_cache_free(priv->cache);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_platform_class_init(NMPlatformClass *platform_class)
+{
+    GObjectClass *object_class = G_OBJECT_CLASS(platform_class);
+
+    g_type_class_add_private(object_class, sizeof(NMPlatformPrivate));
+
+    object_class->constructor  = constructor;
+    object_class->set_property = set_property;
+    object_class->finalize     = finalize;
+
+    platform_class->wifi_set_powersave = wifi_set_powersave;
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_USE_UDEV,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             FALSE,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             TRUE,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+#define SIGNAL(signal, signal_id, method)                                                \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                         \
+    {                                                                                    \
+        signals[signal] =                                                                \
+            g_signal_new_class_handler("" signal_id "",                                  \
+                                       G_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE(object_class),                \
+                                       G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST,                               \
+                                       G_CALLBACK(method),                               \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       G_TYPE_NONE,                                      \
+                                       4,                                                \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT, /* (int) NMPObjectType */             \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT, /* ifindex */                         \
+                                       G_TYPE_POINTER /* const NMPObject * */,           \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT /* (int) NMPlatformSignalChangeType */ \
+            );                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                    \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+    /* Signals */
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LINK, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED, log_link);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ADDRESS,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+           log_ip4_address);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ADDRESS,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+           log_ip6_address);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ROUTE, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED, log_ip4_route);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ROUTE, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED, log_ip6_route);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_ROUTING_RULE,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ROUTING_RULE_CHANGED,
+           log_routing_rule);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_QDISC, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED, log_qdisc);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_TFILTER, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED, log_tfilter);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-platform.h b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d400c568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __NETWORKMANAGER_PLATFORM_H__
+#define __NETWORKMANAGER_PLATFORM_H__
+
+#include "nm-dbus-interface.h"
+#include "nm-core-types-internal.h"
+
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-base.h"
+#include "nm-base/nm-base.h"
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-setting-vlan.h"
+#include "nm-setting-wired.h"
+#include "nm-setting-wireless.h"
+#include "nm-setting-ip-tunnel.h"
+
+#define NM_TYPE_PLATFORM (nm_platform_get_type())
+#define NM_PLATFORM(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatform))
+#define NM_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatformClass))
+#define NM_IS_PLATFORM(obj)         (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_IS_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_PLATFORM))
+#define NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatformClass))
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT FALSE
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT "netns-support"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV      "use-udev"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR  "log-with-ptr"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* IFNAMSIZ is both defined in <linux/if.h> and <net/if.h>. In the past, these
+ * headers conflicted, so we cannot simply include either of them in a header-file.*/
+#define NMP_IFNAMSIZ 16
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMPWireGuardPeer;
+
+struct udev_device;
+
+typedef gboolean (*NMPObjectPredicateFunc)(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data);
+
+/* workaround for older libnl version, that does not define these flags. */
+#ifndef IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR
+    #define IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR 0x100
+#endif
+#ifndef IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE
+    #define IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE 0x200
+#endif
+
+#define NM_RT_SCOPE_LINK 253 /* RT_SCOPE_LINK */
+
+/* Define of the IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_* values to workaround old kernel headers
+ * that don't define it. */
+#define NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_UNKNOWN        255 /* no corresponding value.  */
+#define NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64          0 /* IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64 */
+#define NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE           1 /* IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE */
+#define NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY 2 /* IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY */
+#define NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM         3 /* IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM */
+
+#define NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE 0x0100 /* IFF_MULTI_QUEUE */
+
+/* Redefine this in host's endianness */
+#define NM_GRE_KEY 0x2000
+
+typedef enum {
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO = 0x08, /* NLM_F_ECHO, Echo this request */
+
+    /* use our own platform enum for the nlmsg-flags. Otherwise, we'd have
+     * to include <linux/netlink.h> */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_REPLACE = 0x100, /* NLM_F_REPLACE, Override existing */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_EXCL    = 0x200, /* NLM_F_EXCL, Do not touch, if it exists */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_CREATE  = 0x400, /* NLM_F_CREATE, Create, if it does not exist */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_APPEND  = 0x800, /* NLM_F_APPEND, Add to end of list */
+
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK = 0xFFFF, /* a mask for all NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_* flags */
+
+    /* instructs NM to suppress logging an error message for any failures
+     * received from kernel.
+     *
+     * It will still log with debug-level, and it will still log
+     * other failures aside the kernel response. */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE = 0x10000,
+
+    /* the following aliases correspond to iproute2's `ip route CMD` for
+     * RTM_NEWROUTE, with CMD being one of add, change, replace, prepend,
+     * append and test. */
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD     = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_CREATE | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_EXCL,
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_CHANGE  = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_REPLACE,
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_CREATE | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_REPLACE,
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_PREPEND = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_CREATE,
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND  = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_CREATE | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_APPEND,
+    NMP_NLM_FLAG_TEST    = NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_EXCL,
+} NMPNlmFlags;
+
+typedef enum {
+    /* compare fields which kernel considers as similar routes.
+     * It is a looser comparisong then NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID
+     * and means that `ip route add` would fail to add two routes
+     * that have the same NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID.
+     * On the other hand, `ip route append` would allow that, as
+     * long as NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID differs. */
+    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID,
+
+    /* compare two routes as kernel would allow to add them with
+     * `ip route append`. In other words, kernel does not allow you to
+     * add two routes (at the same time) which compare equal according
+     * to NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID.
+     *
+     * For the ID we can only recognize route fields that we actually implement.
+     * However, kernel supports more routing options, some of them also part of
+     * the ID. NetworkManager is oblivious to these options and will wrongly think
+     * that two routes are identical, while they are not. That can lead to an
+     * inconsistent platform cache. Not much what we can do about that, except
+     * implementing all options that kernel supports *sigh*. See rh#1337860.
+     */
+    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID,
+
+    /* compare all fields as they make sense for kernel. For example,
+     * a route destination 192.168.1.5/24 is not accepted by kernel and
+     * we treat it identical to 192.168.1.0/24. Semantically these
+     * routes are identical, but NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL will
+     * report them as different.
+     *
+     * The result shall be identical to call first nm_platform_ip_route_normalize()
+     * on both routes and then doing a full comparison. */
+    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY,
+
+    /* compare all fields. This should have the same effect as memcmp(),
+     * except allowing for undefined data in holes between field alignment.
+     */
+    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL,
+
+} NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType;
+
+typedef enum {
+    NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID,
+
+    NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY,
+
+    NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL,
+} NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    union {
+        guint8      data[20 /* NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX */];
+        NMEtherAddr ether_addr;
+    };
+    guint8 len;
+} NMPLinkAddress;
+
+/* assert that NMEtherAddr does not affect the alignment of NMPLinkAddress struct. */
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMEtherAddr) == 1);
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPLinkAddress) == 1);
+
+gconstpointer nmp_link_address_get(const NMPLinkAddress *addr, size_t *length);
+GBytes *      nmp_link_address_get_as_bytes(const NMPLinkAddress *addr);
+
+typedef enum {
+
+    /* match-flags are strictly inclusive. That means,
+     * by default nothing is matched, but if you enable a particular
+     * flag, a candidate that matches passes the check.
+     *
+     * In other words: adding more flags can only extend the result
+     * set of matching objects.
+     *
+     * Also, the flags form partitions. Like, an address can be either of
+     * ADDRTYPE_NORMAL or ADDRTYPE_LINKLOCAL, but never both. Same for
+     * the ADDRSTATE match types.
+     */
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_NONE = 0,
+
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_NORMAL    = (1LL << 0),
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_LINKLOCAL = (1LL << 1),
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE__ANY =
+        NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_NORMAL | NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_LINKLOCAL,
+
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_NORMAL    = (1LL << 2),
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_TENTATIVE = (1LL << 3),
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_DADFAILED = (1LL << 4),
+    NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE__ANY      = NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_NORMAL
+                                            | NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_TENTATIVE
+                                            | NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_DADFAILED,
+} NMPlatformMatchFlags;
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS (-1)
+
+struct _NMPlatformObject {
+    /* the object type has no fields of its own, it is only used to having
+     * a special pointer type that can be used to indicate "any" type. */
+    char _dummy_don_t_use_me;
+};
+
+#define __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON \
+    int ifindex;                          \
+    ;
+
+struct _NMPlatformObjWithIfindex {
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;
+};
+
+struct _NMPlatformLink {
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;
+    char       name[NMP_IFNAMSIZ];
+    NMLinkType type;
+
+    /* rtnl_link_get_type(), IFLA_INFO_KIND. */
+    /* NMPlatform initializes this field with a static string. */
+    const char *kind;
+
+    /* NMPlatform initializes this field with a static string. */
+    const char *driver;
+
+    int master;
+
+    /* rtnl_link_get_link(), IFLA_LINK.
+     * If IFLA_LINK_NETNSID indicates that the parent is in another namespace,
+     * this field be set to (negative) NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS. */
+    int parent;
+
+    /* IFF_* flags. Note that the flags in 'struct ifinfomsg' are declared as 'unsigned'. */
+    guint n_ifi_flags;
+
+    guint mtu;
+
+    /* rtnl_link_get_arptype(), ifinfomsg.ifi_type. */
+    guint32 arptype;
+
+    /* IFLA_ADDRESS */
+    NMPLinkAddress l_address;
+
+    /* IFLA_BROADCAST */
+    NMPLinkAddress l_broadcast;
+
+    /* rtnl_link_inet6_get_token(), IFLA_INET6_TOKEN */
+    NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId inet6_token;
+
+    /* The bitwise inverse of rtnl_link_inet6_get_addr_gen_mode(). It is inverse
+     * to have a default of 0 -- meaning: unspecified. That way, a struct
+     * initialized with memset(0) has and unset value.*/
+    guint8 inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv;
+
+    /* Statistics */
+    guint64 rx_packets;
+    guint64 rx_bytes;
+    guint64 tx_packets;
+    guint64 tx_bytes;
+
+    /* @connected is mostly identical to (@n_ifi_flags & IFF_UP). Except for bridge/bond masters,
+     * where we coerce the link as disconnect if it has no slaves. */
+    bool connected : 1;
+
+    bool initialized : 1;
+};
+
+typedef enum { /*< skip >*/
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_NONE,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LINK,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ADDRESS,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ADDRESS,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ROUTE,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ROUTE,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_ROUTING_RULE,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_QDISC,
+               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_TFILTER,
+               _NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST,
+} NMPlatformSignalIdType;
+
+guint _nm_platform_signal_id_get(NMPlatformSignalIdType signal_type);
+
+typedef enum {
+    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_NONE,
+    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+} NMPlatformSignalChangeType;
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_IP_ADDRESS_CAST(address) \
+    NM_CONSTCAST(NMPlatformIPAddress,        \
+                 (address),                  \
+                 NMPlatformIPXAddress,       \
+                 NMPlatformIP4Address,       \
+                 NMPlatformIP6Address)
+
+#define __NMPlatformIPAddress_COMMON                                                         \
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;                                                       \
+    NMIPConfigSource addr_source;                                                            \
+                                                                                             \
+    /* Timestamp in seconds in the reference system of nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_*().
+     *
+     * The rules are:
+     * 1 @lifetime==0: @timestamp and @preferred is irrelevant (but mostly set to 0 too). Such addresses
+     *   are permanent. This rule is so that unset addresses (calloc) are permanent by default.
+     * 2 @lifetime==@preferred==NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT: @timestamp is irrelevant (but mostly
+     *   set to 0). Such addresses are permanent.
+     * 3 Non permanent addresses should (almost) always have @timestamp > 0. 0 is not a valid timestamp
+     *   and never returned by nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec(). In this case @valid/@preferred
+     *   is anchored at @timestamp.
+     * 4 Non permanent addresses with @timestamp == 0 are implicitly anchored at *now*, thus the time
+     *   moves as time goes by. This is usually not useful, except e.g. nm_platform_ip[46]_address_add().
+     *
+     * Non permanent addresses from DHCP/RA might have the @timestamp set to the moment of when the
+     * lease was received. Addresses from kernel might have the @timestamp based on the last modification
+     * time of the addresses. But don't rely on this behaviour, the @timestamp is only defined for anchoring
+     * @lifetime and @preferred.
+     */ \
+    guint32 timestamp;                                                                       \
+    guint32 lifetime;  /* seconds since timestamp */                                         \
+    guint32 preferred; /* seconds since timestamp */                                         \
+                                                                                             \
+    /* ifa_flags in 'struct ifaddrmsg' from <linux/if_addr.h>, extended to 32 bit by
+     * IFA_FLAGS attribute. */         \
+    guint32 n_ifa_flags;                                                                     \
+                                                                                             \
+    guint8 plen;                                                                             \
+                                                                                             \
+    /* FIXME(l3cfg): the external marker won't be necessary anymore, because we only
+     * merge addresses we care about, and ignore (don't remove) external addresses. */         \
+    bool external : 1;                                                                       \
+                                                                                             \
+    bool use_ip4_broadcast_address : 1;                                                      \
+                                                                                             \
+    /* Whether the address is ready to be configured. By default, an address is, but this
+     * flag may indicate that the address is just for tracking purpose only, but the ACD
+     * state is not yet ready for the address to be configured. */    \
+    bool ip4acd_not_ready : 1;                                                               \
+    ;
+
+/**
+ * NMPlatformIPAddress:
+ *
+ * Common parts of NMPlatformIP4Address and NMPlatformIP6Address.
+ **/
+typedef struct {
+    __NMPlatformIPAddress_COMMON;
+    union {
+        guint8  address_ptr[1];
+        guint32 __dummy_for_32bit_alignment;
+    };
+} NMPlatformIPAddress;
+
+/**
+ * NMPlatformIP4Address:
+ * @timestamp: timestamp as returned by nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec()
+ **/
+struct _NMPlatformIP4Address {
+    __NMPlatformIPAddress_COMMON;
+
+    /* The local address IFA_LOCAL. */
+    in_addr_t address;
+
+    /* The IFA_ADDRESS PTP peer address. This field is rather important, because
+     * it constitutes the identifier for the IPv4 address (e.g. you can add two
+     * addresses that only differ by their peer's network-part.
+     *
+     * Beware that for most cases, NetworkManager doesn't want to set an explicit
+     * peer-address. However, that corresponds to setting the peer address to @address
+     * itself. Leaving peer-address unset/zero, means explicitly setting the peer
+     * address to 0.0.0.0, which you probably don't want.
+     * */
+    in_addr_t peer_address; /* PTP peer address */
+
+    /* IFA_BROADCAST.
+     *
+     * This parameter is ignored unless use_ip4_broadcast_address is TRUE.
+     * See nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(). */
+    in_addr_t broadcast_address;
+
+    char label[NMP_IFNAMSIZ];
+};
+
+/**
+ * NMPlatformIP6Address:
+ * @timestamp: timestamp as returned by nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec()
+ **/
+struct _NMPlatformIP6Address {
+    __NMPlatformIPAddress_COMMON;
+    struct in6_addr address;
+    struct in6_addr peer_address;
+};
+
+typedef union {
+    NMPlatformIPAddress  ax;
+    NMPlatformIP4Address a4;
+    NMPlatformIP6Address a6;
+} NMPlatformIPXAddress;
+
+#undef __NMPlatformIPAddress_COMMON
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_IP4_ADDRESS_INIT(...) (&((const NMPlatformIP4Address){__VA_ARGS__}))
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_IP6_ADDRESS_INIT(...) (&((const NMPlatformIP6Address){__VA_ARGS__}))
+
+/* Default value for adding an IPv4 route. This is also what iproute2 does.
+ * Note that contrary to IPv6, you can add routes with metric 0 and it is even
+ * the default.
+ */
+#define NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_DEFAULT_IP4 ((guint32) 0u)
+
+/* Default value for adding an IPv6 route. This is also what iproute2 does.
+ * Adding an IPv6 route with metric 0, kernel translates to IP6_RT_PRIO_USER (1024).
+ *
+ * Note that kernel doesn't allow adding IPv6 routes with metric zero via netlink.
+ * It however can itself add routes with metric zero. */
+#define NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_DEFAULT_IP6 ((guint32) 1024u)
+
+/* For IPv4, kernel adds a device route (subnet routes) with metric 0 when user
+ * configures addresses. */
+#define NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_IP4_DEVICE_ROUTE ((guint32) 0u)
+
+#define __NMPlatformIPRoute_COMMON                                                        \
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;                                                    \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* The NMIPConfigSource. For routes that we receive from cache this corresponds
+     * to the rtm_protocol field (and is one of the NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_RTPROT_* values).
+     * When adding a route, the source will be coerced to the protocol using
+     * nmp_utils_ip_config_source_coerce_to_rtprot().
+     *
+     * rtm_protocol is part of the primary key of an IPv4 route (meaning, you can add
+     * two IPv4 routes that only differ in their rtm_protocol. For IPv6, that is not
+     * the case.
+     *
+     * When deleting an IPv4/IPv6 route, the rtm_protocol field must match (even
+     * if it is not part of the primary key for IPv6) -- unless rtm_protocol is set
+     * to zero, in which case the first matching route (with proto ignored) is deleted. */       \
+    NMIPConfigSource rt_source;                                                           \
+                                                                                          \
+    guint8 plen;                                                                          \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS:
+     *
+     * For IPv4 routes, these properties are part of their
+     * ID (meaning: you can add otherwise identical IPv4 routes that
+     * only differ by the metric property).
+     * On the other hand, for IPv6 you cannot add two IPv6 routes that only differ
+     * by an RTA_METRICS property.
+     *
+     * When deleting a route, kernel seems to ignore the RTA_METRICS properties.
+     * That is a problem/bug for IPv4 because you cannot explicitly select which
+     * route to delete. Kernel just picks the first. See rh#1475642. */                                                                       \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_LOCK (iproute2: "lock" arguments) */                              \
+    bool lock_window : 1;                                                                 \
+    bool lock_cwnd : 1;                                                                   \
+    bool lock_initcwnd : 1;                                                               \
+    bool lock_initrwnd : 1;                                                               \
+    bool lock_mtu : 1;                                                                    \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* if TRUE, the "metric" field is interpreted as an offset that is added to a default
+     * metric. For example, form a DHCP lease we don't know the actually used metric, because
+     * that is determined by upper layers (the configuration). However, we have a default
+     * metric that should be used. So we set "metric_any" to %TRUE, which means to use
+     * the default metric. However, we still treat the "metric" field as an offset that
+     * will be added to the default metric. In most case, you want that "metric" is zero
+     * when setting "metric_any". */ \
+    bool metric_any : 1;                                                                  \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* like "metric_any", the table is determined by other layers of the code.
+     * This field overrides "table_coerced" field. If "table_any" is true, then
+     * the "table_coerced" field is ignored (unlike for the metric). */            \
+    bool table_any : 1;                                                                   \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* rtnh_flags
+     *
+     * Routes with rtm_flags RTM_F_CLONED are hidden by platform and
+     * do not exist from the point-of-view of platform users.
+     * Such a route is not alive, according to nmp_object_is_alive().
+     *
+     * NOTE: currently we ignore all flags except RTM_F_CLONED
+     * and RTNH_F_ONLINK.
+     * We also may not properly consider the flags as part of the ID
+     * in route-cmp. */                                                                         \
+    unsigned r_rtm_flags;                                                                 \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_ADVMSS (iproute2: advmss) */                                      \
+    guint32 mss;                                                                          \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_WINDOW (iproute2: window) */                                      \
+    guint32 window;                                                                       \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_CWND (iproute2: cwnd) */                                          \
+    guint32 cwnd;                                                                         \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_INITCWND (iproute2: initcwnd) */                                  \
+    guint32 initcwnd;                                                                     \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_INITRWND (iproute2: initrwnd) */                                  \
+    guint32 initrwnd;                                                                     \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_METRICS.RTAX_MTU (iproute2: mtu) */                                            \
+    guint32 mtu;                                                                          \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* RTA_PRIORITY (iproute2: metric)
+     * If "metric_any" is %TRUE, then this is interpreted as an offset that will be
+     * added to a default base metric. In such cases, the offset is usually zero. */                                                    \
+    guint32 metric;                                                                       \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* rtm_table, RTA_TABLE.
+     *
+     * This is not the original table ID. Instead, 254 (RT_TABLE_MAIN) and
+     * zero (RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) are swapped, so that the default is the main
+     * table. Use nm_platform_route_table_coerce()/nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(). */                                                              \
+    guint32 table_coerced;                                                                \
+                                                                                          \
+    /* rtm_type.
+     *
+     * This is not the original type, if type_coerced is 0 then
+     * it means RTN_UNSPEC otherwise the type value is preserved.
+     * */                                                                          \
+    guint8 type_coerced;                                                                  \
+                                                                                          \
+    /*end*/
+
+typedef struct {
+    __NMPlatformIPRoute_COMMON;
+    union {
+        guint8  network_ptr[1];
+        guint32 __dummy_for_32bit_alignment;
+    };
+} NMPlatformIPRoute;
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(route) \
+    NM_CONSTCAST(NMPlatformIPRoute,      \
+                 (route),                \
+                 NMPlatformIPXRoute,     \
+                 NMPlatformIP4Route,     \
+                 NMPlatformIP6Route)
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_IS_DEFAULT(route) (NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(route)->plen <= 0)
+
+struct _NMPlatformIP4Route {
+    __NMPlatformIPRoute_COMMON;
+    in_addr_t network;
+
+    /* RTA_GATEWAY. The gateway is part of the primary key for a route */
+    in_addr_t gateway;
+
+    /* RTA_PREFSRC (called "src" by iproute2).
+     *
+     * pref_src is part of the ID of an IPv4 route. When deleting a route,
+     * pref_src must match, unless set to 0.0.0.0 to match any. */
+    in_addr_t pref_src;
+
+    /* rtm_tos (iproute2: tos)
+     *
+     * For IPv4, tos is part of the weak-id (like metric).
+     *
+     * For IPv6, tos is ignored by kernel.  */
+    guint8 tos;
+
+    /* The bitwise inverse of the route scope rtm_scope. It is inverted so that the
+     * default value (RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE) is zero. Use nm_platform_route_scope_inv()
+     * to convert back and forth between the inverse representation and the
+     * real value.
+     *
+     * rtm_scope is part of the primary key for IPv4 routes. When deleting a route,
+     * the scope must match, unless it is left at RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE, in which case the first
+     * matching route is deleted.
+     *
+     * For IPv6 routes, the scope is ignored and kernel always assumes global scope.
+     * Hence, this field is only in NMPlatformIP4Route. */
+    guint8 scope_inv;
+};
+
+struct _NMPlatformIP6Route {
+    __NMPlatformIPRoute_COMMON;
+    struct in6_addr network;
+
+    /* RTA_GATEWAY. The gateway is part of the primary key for a route */
+    struct in6_addr gateway;
+
+    /* RTA_PREFSRC (called "src" by iproute2).
+     *
+     * pref_src is not part of the ID for an IPv6 route. You cannot add two
+     * routes that only differ by pref_src.
+     *
+     * When deleting a route, pref_src is ignored by kernel. */
+    struct in6_addr pref_src;
+
+    /* RTA_SRC and rtm_src_len (called "from" by iproute2).
+     *
+     * Kernel clears the host part of src/src_plen.
+     *
+     * src/src_plen is part of the ID of a route just like network/plen. That is,
+     * Not only `ip route append`, but also `ip route add` allows to add routes that only
+     * differ in their src/src_plen.
+     */
+    struct in6_addr src;
+    guint8          src_plen;
+
+    /* RTA_PREF router preference.
+     *
+     * The type is guint8 to keep the struct size small. But the values are compatible with
+     * the NMIcmpv6RouterPref enum. */
+    guint8 rt_pref;
+};
+
+typedef union {
+    NMPlatformIPRoute  rx;
+    NMPlatformIP4Route r4;
+    NMPlatformIP6Route r6;
+} NMPlatformIPXRoute;
+
+#undef __NMPlatformIPRoute_COMMON
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* struct fib_rule_uid_range */
+    guint32 start;
+    guint32 end;
+} NMFibRuleUidRange;
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* struct fib_rule_port_range */
+    guint16 start;
+    guint16 end;
+} NMFibRulePortRange;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMIPAddr           src;                        /* FRA_SRC */
+    NMIPAddr           dst;                        /* FRA_DST */
+    guint64            tun_id;                     /* betoh64(FRA_TUN_ID) */
+    guint32            table;                      /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).table, FRA_TABLE */
+    guint32            flags;                      /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).flags */
+    guint32            priority;                   /* RA_PRIORITY */
+    guint32            fwmark;                     /* FRA_FWMARK */
+    guint32            fwmask;                     /* FRA_FWMASK */
+    guint32            goto_target;                /* FRA_GOTO */
+    guint32            flow;                       /* FRA_FLOW */
+    guint32            suppress_prefixlen_inverse; /* ~(FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN) */
+    guint32            suppress_ifgroup_inverse;   /* ~(FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP) */
+    NMFibRuleUidRange  uid_range;                  /* FRA_UID_RANGE */
+    NMFibRulePortRange sport_range;                /* FRA_SPORT_RANGE */
+    NMFibRulePortRange dport_range;                /* FRA_DPORT_RANGE */
+    char               iifname[NMP_IFNAMSIZ];      /* FRA_IIFNAME */
+    char               oifname[NMP_IFNAMSIZ];      /* FRA_OIFNAME */
+    guint8             addr_family;                /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).family */
+    guint8             action;                     /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).action */
+    guint8             tos;                        /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).tos */
+    guint8             src_len;                    /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).src_len */
+    guint8             dst_len;                    /* (struct fib_rule_hdr).dst_len */
+    guint8             l3mdev;                     /* FRA_L3MDEV */
+    guint8             protocol;                   /* FRA_PROTOCOL */
+    guint8             ip_proto;                   /* FRA_IP_PROTO */
+
+    bool uid_range_has : 1; /* has(FRA_UID_RANGE) */
+} NMPlatformRoutingRule;
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET (~((guint32) 0))
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED ((guint32) 0x83126E97u)
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(((((guint64) NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED) * 1000u) >> 10)
+                == (guint64) INT_MAX);
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32 limit;
+    guint32 flows;
+    guint32 target;
+    guint32 interval;
+    guint32 quantum;
+
+    /* TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD: kernel internally stores this value as
+     * ((val64 * NSEC_PER_USEC) >> CODEL_SHIFT). The default value (in
+     * the domain with this coercion) is CODEL_DISABLED_THRESHOLD (INT_MAX).
+     * That means, "disabled" is expressed on RTM_NEWQDISC netlink API by absence of the
+     * netlink attribute but also as the special value 0x83126E97u
+     * (NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED).
+     * Beware: zero is not the default you must always explicitly set this value. */
+    guint32 ce_threshold;
+
+    /* TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT: note that only values <= 2^31 are accepted by kernel
+     * and kernel defaults to 32MB.
+     * Note that we use the special value NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET
+     * to indicate that no explicit limit is set (when we send a RTM_NEWQDISC request).
+     * This will cause kernel to choose the default (32MB).
+     * Beware: zero is not the default you must always explicitly set this value. */
+    guint32 memory_limit;
+
+    bool ecn : 1;
+} NMPlatformQdiscFqCodel;
+
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned quantum;
+    int      perturb_period;
+    guint32  limit;
+    unsigned divisor;
+    unsigned flows;
+    unsigned depth;
+} NMPlatformQdiscSfq;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint64 rate;
+    guint32 burst;
+    guint32 limit;
+    guint32 latency;
+} NMPlatformQdiscTbf;
+
+typedef struct {
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;
+
+    /* beware, kind is embedded in an NMPObject, hence you must
+     * take care of the lifetime of the string. */
+    const char *kind;
+
+    int     addr_family;
+    guint32 handle;
+    guint32 parent;
+    guint32 info;
+    union {
+        NMPlatformQdiscFqCodel fq_codel;
+        NMPlatformQdiscSfq     sfq;
+        NMPlatformQdiscTbf     tbf;
+    };
+} NMPlatformQdisc;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char sdata[32];
+} NMPlatformActionSimple;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int  ifindex;
+    bool egress : 1;
+    bool ingress : 1;
+    bool mirror : 1;
+    bool redirect : 1;
+} NMPlatformActionMirred;
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* beware, kind is embedded in an NMPObject, hence you must
+     * take care of the lifetime of the string. */
+    const char *kind;
+
+    union {
+        NMPlatformActionSimple simple;
+        NMPlatformActionMirred mirred;
+    };
+} NMPlatformAction;
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE "simple"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED "mirred"
+
+typedef struct {
+    __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON;
+
+    /* beware, kind is embedded in an NMPObject, hence you must
+     * take care of the lifetime of the string. */
+    const char *kind;
+
+    int              addr_family;
+    guint32          handle;
+    guint32          parent;
+    guint32          info;
+    NMPlatformAction action;
+} NMPlatformTfilter;
+
+#undef __NMPlatformObjWithIfindex_COMMON
+
+typedef struct {
+    gboolean      is_ip4;
+    NMPObjectType obj_type;
+    int           addr_family;
+    gsize         sizeof_route;
+    int (*route_cmp)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a,
+                     const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b,
+                     NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type);
+    const char *(*route_to_string)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route, char *buf, gsize len);
+} NMPlatformVTableRoute;
+
+typedef union {
+    struct {
+        NMPlatformVTableRoute v6;
+        NMPlatformVTableRoute v4;
+    };
+    NMPlatformVTableRoute vx[2];
+} _NMPlatformVTableRouteUnion;
+
+extern const _NMPlatformVTableRouteUnion nm_platform_vtable_route;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint16 id;
+    guint32 qos;
+    bool    proto_ad : 1;
+} NMPlatformVFVlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32           index;
+    guint32           min_tx_rate;
+    guint32           max_tx_rate;
+    guint             num_vlans;
+    NMPlatformVFVlan *vlans;
+    struct {
+        guint8 data[20]; /* NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX */
+        guint8 len;
+    } mac;
+    gint8 spoofchk;
+    gint8 trust;
+} NMPlatformVF;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint16 vid_start;
+    guint16 vid_end;
+    bool    untagged : 1;
+    bool    pvid : 1;
+} NMPlatformBridgeVlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMEtherAddr group_addr;
+    bool        mcast_querier : 1;
+    bool        mcast_query_use_ifaddr : 1;
+    bool        mcast_snooping : 1;
+    bool        stp_state : 1;
+    bool        vlan_stats_enabled : 1;
+    guint16     group_fwd_mask;
+    guint16     priority;
+    guint16     vlan_protocol;
+    guint32     ageing_time;
+    guint32     forward_delay;
+    guint32     hello_time;
+    guint32     max_age;
+    guint32     mcast_last_member_count;
+    guint32     mcast_startup_query_count;
+    guint32     mcast_hash_max;
+    guint64     mcast_last_member_interval;
+    guint64     mcast_membership_interval;
+    guint64     mcast_querier_interval;
+    guint64     mcast_query_interval;
+    guint64     mcast_query_response_interval;
+    guint64     mcast_startup_query_interval;
+    guint8      mcast_router;
+} NMPlatformLnkBridge;
+
+extern const NMPlatformLnkBridge nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default;
+
+typedef struct {
+    in_addr_t local;
+    in_addr_t remote;
+    int       parent_ifindex;
+    guint16   input_flags;
+    guint16   output_flags;
+    guint32   input_key;
+    guint32   output_key;
+    guint8    ttl;
+    guint8    tos;
+    bool      path_mtu_discovery : 1;
+    bool      is_tap : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkGre;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int         p_key;
+    const char *mode;
+} NMPlatformLnkInfiniband;
+
+typedef struct {
+    struct in6_addr local;
+    struct in6_addr remote;
+    int             parent_ifindex;
+    guint8          ttl;
+    guint8          tclass;
+    guint8          encap_limit;
+    guint8          proto;
+    guint           flow_label;
+    guint32         flags;
+
+    /* IP6GRE only */
+    guint32 input_key;
+    guint32 output_key;
+    guint16 input_flags;
+    guint16 output_flags;
+    bool    is_tap : 1;
+    bool    is_gre : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl;
+
+typedef struct {
+    in_addr_t local;
+    in_addr_t remote;
+    int       parent_ifindex;
+    guint8    ttl;
+    guint8    tos;
+    bool      path_mtu_discovery : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkIpIp;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int     parent_ifindex;
+    guint64 sci; /* host byte order */
+    guint64 cipher_suite;
+    guint32 window;
+    guint8  icv_length;
+    guint8  encoding_sa;
+    guint8  validation;
+    bool    encrypt : 1;
+    bool    protect : 1;
+    bool    include_sci : 1;
+    bool    es : 1;
+    bool    scb : 1;
+    bool    replay_protect : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkMacsec;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint mode;
+    bool  no_promisc : 1;
+    bool  tap : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkMacvlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    in_addr_t local;
+    in_addr_t remote;
+    int       parent_ifindex;
+    guint16   flags;
+    guint8    ttl;
+    guint8    tos;
+    guint8    proto;
+    bool      path_mtu_discovery : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkSit;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32 owner;
+    guint32 group;
+
+    guint8 type;
+
+    bool owner_valid : 1;
+    bool group_valid : 1;
+
+    bool pi : 1;
+    bool vnet_hdr : 1;
+    bool multi_queue : 1;
+    bool persist : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkTun;
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* rtnl_link_vlan_get_id(), IFLA_VLAN_ID */
+    guint16     id;
+    NMVlanFlags flags;
+} NMPlatformLnkVlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32 table;
+} NMPlatformLnkVrf;
+
+typedef struct {
+    struct in6_addr group6;
+    struct in6_addr local6;
+    in_addr_t       group;
+    in_addr_t       local;
+    int             parent_ifindex;
+    guint32         id;
+    guint32         ageing;
+    guint32         limit;
+    guint16         dst_port;
+    guint16         src_port_min;
+    guint16         src_port_max;
+    guint8          tos;
+    guint8          ttl;
+    bool            learning : 1;
+    bool            proxy : 1;
+    bool            rsc : 1;
+    bool            l2miss : 1;
+    bool            l3miss : 1;
+} NMPlatformLnkVxlan;
+
+#define NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN    32
+#define NMP_WIREGUARD_SYMMETRIC_KEY_LEN 32
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32 fwmark;
+    guint16 listen_port;
+    guint8  private_key[NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN];
+    guint8  public_key[NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN];
+} NMPlatformLnkWireGuard;
+
+typedef enum {
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_NONE            = 0,
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS   = (1LL << 0),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY = (1LL << 1),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT = (1LL << 2),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK      = (1LL << 3),
+} NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags;
+
+typedef enum {
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_NONE                   = 0,
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME              = (1LL << 0),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY      = (1LL << 1),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = (1LL << 2),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT           = (1LL << 3),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS         = (1LL << 4),
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS     = (1LL << 5),
+
+    NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_DEFAULT =
+        NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY
+        | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL
+        | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT
+        | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS,
+
+} NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags;
+
+typedef void (*NMPlatformAsyncCallback)(GError *error, gpointer user_data);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum {
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL,
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED,
+
+    /* this also includes FRA_SPORT_RANGE and FRA_DPORT_RANGE which
+     * were added at the same time. */
+    NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO,
+
+    _NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM,
+} NMPlatformKernelSupportType;
+
+extern volatile int _nm_platform_kernel_support_state[_NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM];
+
+int _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type, int value);
+
+static inline gboolean
+_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type)
+{
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(type) && type < G_N_ELEMENTS(_nm_platform_kernel_support_state));
+
+    return G_LIKELY(g_atomic_int_get(&_nm_platform_kernel_support_state[type]) != 0);
+}
+
+static inline NMOptionBool
+nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type, gboolean init_if_not_set)
+{
+    int v;
+
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(type) && type < G_N_ELEMENTS(_nm_platform_kernel_support_state));
+
+    v = g_atomic_int_get(&_nm_platform_kernel_support_state[type]);
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(v == 0)) {
+        if (!init_if_not_set)
+            return NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT;
+        v = _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(type, 0);
+    }
+    return (v >= 0);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type)
+{
+    return nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(type, TRUE) != NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMPlatformPrivate;
+
+struct _NMPlatform {
+    GObject                    parent;
+    NMPNetns *                 _netns;
+    struct _NMPlatformPrivate *_priv;
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    GObjectClass parent;
+
+    gboolean (*sysctl_set)(NMPlatform *self,
+                           const char *pathid,
+                           int         dirfd,
+                           const char *path,
+                           const char *value);
+    void (*sysctl_set_async)(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             const char *            pathid,
+                             int                     dirfd,
+                             const char *            path,
+                             const char *const *     values,
+                             NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                             gpointer                data,
+                             GCancellable *          cancellable);
+    char *(*sysctl_get)(NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path);
+
+    void (*refresh_all)(NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type);
+    void (*process_events)(NMPlatform *self);
+
+    int (*link_add)(NMPlatform *           self,
+                    NMLinkType             type,
+                    const char *           name,
+                    int                    parent,
+                    const void *           address,
+                    size_t                 address_len,
+                    guint32                mtu,
+                    gconstpointer          extra_data,
+                    const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+    gboolean (*link_delete)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_refresh)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_set_netns)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int netns_fd);
+    gboolean (*link_set_up)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware);
+    gboolean (*link_set_down)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_set_arp)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_set_noarp)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+    int (*link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean enabled);
+    gboolean (*link_set_token)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid);
+
+    gboolean (*link_get_permanent_address)(NMPlatform *self,
+                                           int         ifindex,
+                                           guint8 *    buf,
+                                           size_t *    length);
+    int (*link_set_address)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length);
+    int (*link_set_mtu)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 mtu);
+    gboolean (*link_set_name)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name);
+    void (*link_set_sriov_params_async)(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                        int                     ifindex,
+                                        guint                   num_vfs,
+                                        NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                                        NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                                        gpointer                callback_data,
+                                        GCancellable *          cancellable);
+    gboolean (*link_set_sriov_vfs)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs);
+    gboolean (*link_set_bridge_vlans)(NMPlatform *                       self,
+                                      int                                ifindex,
+                                      gboolean                           on_master,
+                                      const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans);
+
+    char *(*link_get_physical_port_id)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    guint (*link_get_dev_id)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_get_wake_on_lan)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_get_driver_info)(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         ifindex,
+                                     char **     out_driver_name,
+                                     char **     out_driver_version,
+                                     char **     out_fw_version);
+
+    gboolean (*link_supports_carrier_detect)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_supports_vlans)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*link_supports_sriov)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+    gboolean (*link_enslave)(NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave);
+    gboolean (*link_release)(NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave);
+
+    gboolean (*link_can_assume)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+    int (*link_wireguard_change)(NMPlatform *                              self,
+                                 int                                       ifindex,
+                                 const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                 const struct _NMPWireGuardPeer *          peers,
+                                 const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                 guint                                     peers_len,
+                                 NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags);
+
+    gboolean (*link_vlan_change)(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                 int                     ifindex,
+                                 NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                                 NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                                 gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                                 const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                                 gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                                 gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                                 const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                                 gsize                   n_egress_map);
+    gboolean (*link_tun_add)(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             const char *            name,
+                             const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+                             const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+                             int *                   out_fd);
+
+    gboolean (*infiniband_partition_add)(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                         int                    parent,
+                                         int                    p_key,
+                                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+    gboolean (*infiniband_partition_delete)(NMPlatform *self, int parent, int p_key);
+
+    gboolean (*wifi_get_capabilities)(NMPlatform *              self,
+                                      int                       ifindex,
+                                      NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps);
+    gboolean (*wifi_get_station)(NMPlatform * self,
+                                 int          ifindex,
+                                 NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                                 int *        out_quality,
+                                 guint32 *    out_rate);
+    gboolean (*wifi_get_bssid)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *bssid);
+    guint32 (*wifi_get_frequency)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    int (*wifi_get_quality)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    guint32 (*wifi_get_rate)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    NM80211Mode (*wifi_get_mode)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    void (*wifi_set_mode)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode);
+    void (*wifi_set_powersave)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 powersave);
+    guint32 (*wifi_find_frequency)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs);
+    void (*wifi_indicate_addressing_running)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean running);
+    NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan (*wifi_get_wake_on_wlan)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*wifi_set_wake_on_wlan)(NMPlatform *                self,
+                                      int                         ifindex,
+                                      NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl);
+
+    guint32 (*mesh_get_channel)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*mesh_set_channel)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 channel);
+    gboolean (*mesh_set_ssid)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len);
+
+    guint16 (*wpan_get_pan_id)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*wpan_set_pan_id)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id);
+    guint16 (*wpan_get_short_addr)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+    gboolean (*wpan_set_short_addr)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr);
+    gboolean (*wpan_set_channel)(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel);
+
+    gboolean (*object_delete)(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj);
+
+    gboolean (*ip4_address_add)(NMPlatform *self,
+                                int         ifindex,
+                                in_addr_t   address,
+                                guint8      plen,
+                                in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                                in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                                guint32     lifetime,
+                                guint32     preferred_lft,
+                                guint32     flags,
+                                const char *label);
+    gboolean (*ip6_address_add)(NMPlatform *    self,
+                                int             ifindex,
+                                struct in6_addr address,
+                                guint8          plen,
+                                struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                                guint32         lifetime,
+                                guint32         preferred_lft,
+                                guint32         flags);
+    gboolean (*ip4_address_delete)(NMPlatform *self,
+                                   int         ifindex,
+                                   in_addr_t   address,
+                                   guint8      plen,
+                                   in_addr_t   peer_address);
+    gboolean (*ip6_address_delete)(NMPlatform *    self,
+                                   int             ifindex,
+                                   struct in6_addr address,
+                                   guint8          plen);
+
+    int (*ip_route_add)(NMPlatform *             self,
+                        NMPNlmFlags              flags,
+                        int                      addr_family,
+                        const NMPlatformIPRoute *route);
+    int (*ip_route_get)(NMPlatform *  self,
+                        int           addr_family,
+                        gconstpointer address,
+                        int           oif_ifindex,
+                        NMPObject **  out_route);
+
+    int (*routing_rule_add)(NMPlatform *                 self,
+                            NMPNlmFlags                  flags,
+                            const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule);
+
+    int (*qdisc_add)(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc);
+
+    int (*tfilter_add)(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter);
+} NMPlatformClass;
+
+/* NMPlatform signals
+ *
+ * Each signal handler is called with a type-specific object that provides
+ * key attributes that constitute identity of the object. They may also
+ * provide additional attributes for convenience.
+ *
+ * The object only intended to be used by the signal handler to determine
+ * the current values. It is no longer valid after the signal handler exits
+ * but you are free to copy the provided information and use it for later
+ * reference.
+ */
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED         "link-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED  "ip4-address-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED  "ip6-address-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED    "ip4-route-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED    "ip6-route-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ROUTING_RULE_CHANGED "routing-rule-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED        "qdisc-changed"
+#define NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED      "tfilter-changed"
+
+const char *nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+GType nm_platform_get_type(void);
+
+void        nm_platform_setup(NMPlatform *instance);
+NMPlatform *nm_platform_get(void);
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_GET (nm_platform_get())
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static inline in_addr_t
+nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_create(in_addr_t address, guint8 plen)
+{
+    return address | ~_nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(plen);
+}
+
+static inline in_addr_t
+nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(const NMPlatformIP4Address *addr)
+{
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    if (addr->use_ip4_broadcast_address)
+        return addr->broadcast_address;
+
+    /* the set broadcast-address gets ignored, and we determine a default brd base
+     * on the peer IFA_ADDRESS. */
+    if (addr->peer_address != 0u && addr->plen < 31 /* RFC3021 */)
+        return nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_create(addr->peer_address, addr->plen);
+    return 0u;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_route_table_coerce:
+ * @table: the route table, in its original value as received
+ *   from rtm_table/RTA_TABLE.
+ *
+ * Returns: returns the coerced table id, that can be stored in
+ *   NMPlatformIPRoute.table_coerced.
+ */
+static inline guint32
+nm_platform_route_table_coerce(guint32 table)
+{
+    /* For kernel, the default table is RT_TABLE_MAIN (254).
+     * We want that in NMPlatformIPRoute.table_coerced a numeric
+     * zero is the default. Hence, @table_coerced swaps the
+     * value 0 and 254. Use nm_platform_route_table_coerce()
+     * and nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce() to convert between
+     * the two domains. */
+    switch (table) {
+    case 0 /* RT_TABLE_UNSPEC */:
+        return 254;
+    case 254 /* RT_TABLE_MAIN */:
+        return 0;
+    default:
+        return table;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce:
+ * @table_coerced: the route table, in its coerced value
+ * @normalize: whether to normalize RT_TABLE_UNSPEC to
+ *   RT_TABLE_MAIN. For kernel, routes with a table id
+ *   RT_TABLE_UNSPEC do not exist and are treated like
+ *   RT_TABLE_MAIN.
+ *
+ * Returns: reverts the coerced table ID in NMPlatformIPRoute.table_coerced
+ *   to the original value as kernel understands it.
+ */
+static inline guint32
+nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(guint32 table_coerced, gboolean normalize)
+{
+    /* this undoes nm_platform_route_table_coerce().  */
+    switch (table_coerced) {
+    case 0 /* RT_TABLE_UNSPEC */:
+        return 254;
+    case 254 /* RT_TABLE_MAIN */:
+        return normalize ? 254 : 0;
+    default:
+        return table_coerced;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nm_platform_route_table_is_main(guint32 table)
+{
+    /* same as
+     *   nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce (table, TRUE) == RT_TABLE_MAIN
+     * and
+     *   nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce (nm_platform_route_table_coerce (table), TRUE) == RT_TABLE_MAIN
+     *
+     * That is, the function operates the same on @table and its coerced
+     * form.
+     */
+    return table == 0 || table == 254;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_route_scope_inv:
+ * @scope: the route scope, either its original value, or its inverse.
+ *
+ * This function is useful, because the constants such as RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE
+ * are 'int', so ~scope also gives an 'int'. This function gets the type
+ * casts to guint8 right.
+ *
+ * Returns: the bitwise inverse of the route scope.
+ * */
+#define nm_platform_route_scope_inv _nm_platform_uint8_inv
+static inline guint8
+_nm_platform_uint8_inv(guint8 scope)
+{
+    return (guint8) ~scope;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_route_type_coerce:
+ * @table: the route type, in its original value.
+ *
+ * Returns: returns the coerced type, that can be stored in
+ *   NMPlatformIPRoute.type_coerced.
+ */
+static inline guint8
+nm_platform_route_type_coerce(guint8 type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+    case 0 /* RTN_UNSPEC */:
+        return 1;
+    case 1 /* RTN_UNICAST */:
+        return 0;
+    default:
+        return type;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce:
+ * @table: the type table, in its coerced value
+ *
+ * Returns: reverts the coerced type in NMPlatformIPRoute.type_coerced
+ *   to the original value as kernel understands it.
+ */
+static inline guint8
+nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(guint8 type_coerced)
+{
+    return nm_platform_route_type_coerce(type_coerced);
+}
+
+gboolean nm_platform_get_use_udev(NMPlatform *self);
+gboolean nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(NMPlatform *self);
+
+NMPNetns *nm_platform_netns_get(NMPlatform *self);
+gboolean  nm_platform_netns_push(NMPlatform *self, NMPNetns **netns);
+
+const char *nm_link_type_to_string(NMLinkType link_type);
+
+#define NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path) ((const char *) NULL), -1, (path)
+
+#define NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe(dirfd, ifname, path)                        \
+    nm_sprintf_buf_unsafe_a(NM_STRLEN("net:/sys/class/net//\0") + NMP_IFNAMSIZ + ({ \
+                                const gsize _l = strlen(path);                      \
+                                                                                    \
+                                nm_assert(_l < 200);                                \
+                                _l;                                                 \
+                            }),                                                     \
+                            "net:/sys/class/net/%s/%s",                             \
+                            (ifname),                                               \
+                            (path)),                                                \
+        (dirfd), (path)
+
+#define NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, path)                            \
+    nm_sprintf_bufa(NM_STRLEN("net:/sys/class/net//" path "/\0") + NMP_IFNAMSIZ, \
+                    "net:/sys/class/net/%s/%s",                                  \
+                    (ifname),                                                    \
+                    path),                                                       \
+        (dirfd), ("" path "")
+
+int      nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *out_ifname);
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                                const char *pathid,
+                                int         dirfd,
+                                const char *path,
+                                const char *value);
+void     nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                      const char *            pathid,
+                                      int                     dirfd,
+                                      const char *            path,
+                                      const char *const *     values,
+                                      NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                                      gpointer                data,
+                                      GCancellable *          cancellable);
+char *   nm_platform_sysctl_get(NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path);
+gint32   nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(NMPlatform *self,
+                                      const char *pathid,
+                                      int         dirfd,
+                                      const char *path,
+                                      gint32      fallback);
+gint64   nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                            const char *pathid,
+                                            int         dirfd,
+                                            const char *path,
+                                            guint       base,
+                                            gint64      min,
+                                            gint64      max,
+                                            gint64      fallback);
+
+char *nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         addr_family,
+                                     const char *ifname,
+                                     const char *property);
+
+gint64 nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                  int         addr_family,
+                                                  const char *ifname,
+                                                  const char *property,
+                                                  guint       base,
+                                                  gint64      min,
+                                                  gint64      max,
+                                                  gint64      fallback);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                                        int         addr_family,
+                                        const char *ifname,
+                                        const char *property,
+                                        const char *value);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_int64(NMPlatform *self,
+                                              int         addr_family,
+                                              const char *ifname,
+                                              const char *property,
+                                              gint64      value);
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_ipv6_hop_limit_safe(NMPlatform *self, const char *iface, int value);
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_reachable_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                             const char *iface,
+                                                             guint       value_ms);
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_retrans_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                           const char *iface,
+                                                           guint       value_ms);
+int      nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_rp_filter_ipv4(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                                       const char *iface,
+                                                       gboolean    consider_all,
+                                                       gboolean *  out_due_to_all);
+
+const char *nm_platform_if_indextoname(NMPlatform *self,
+                                       int         ifindex,
+                                       char        out_ifname[static 16 /* IFNAMSIZ */]);
+int         nm_platform_if_nametoindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname);
+
+const NMPObject *nm_platform_link_get_obj(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean visible_only);
+const NMPlatformLink *nm_platform_link_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+const NMPlatformLink *nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname);
+const NMPlatformLink *nm_platform_link_get_by_address(NMPlatform *  self,
+                                                      NMLinkType    link_type,
+                                                      gconstpointer address,
+                                                      size_t        length);
+
+GPtrArray *nm_platform_link_get_all(NMPlatform *self, gboolean sort_by_name);
+
+int nm_platform_link_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         NMLinkType             type,
+                         const char *           name,
+                         int                    parent,
+                         const void *           address,
+                         size_t                 address_len,
+                         guint32                mtu,
+                         gconstpointer          extra_data,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_veth_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                          const char *           name,
+                          const char *           peer,
+                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, peer, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NMPlatform *self, const char *name, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_bridge_add(NMPlatform *               self,
+                            const char *               name,
+                            const void *               address,
+                            size_t                     address_len,
+                            guint32                    mtu,
+                            const NMPlatformLnkBridge *props,
+                            const NMPlatformLink **    out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,
+                                name,
+                                0,
+                                address,
+                                address_len,
+                                mtu,
+                                props,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_bond_add(NMPlatform *self, const char *name, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_team_add(NMPlatform *self, const char *name, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_wireguard_add(NMPlatform *self, const char *name, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_gre_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                         const char *            name,
+                         const void *            address,
+                         size_t                  address_len,
+                         const NMPlatformLnkGre *props,
+                         const NMPlatformLink ** out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                props->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,
+                                name,
+                                0,
+                                address,
+                                address_len,
+                                0,
+                                props,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_sit_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                         const char *            name,
+                         const NMPlatformLnkSit *props,
+                         const NMPlatformLink ** out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, props, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_vlan_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                          const char *           name,
+                          int                    parent,
+                          int                    vlanid,
+                          guint32                vlanflags,
+                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(vlanid >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,
+                                name,
+                                parent,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                0,
+                                &((NMPlatformLnkVlan){
+                                    .id    = vlanid,
+                                    .flags = vlanflags,
+                                }),
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_vrf_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                         const char *            name,
+                         const NMPlatformLnkVrf *props,
+                         const NMPlatformLink ** out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, props, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_vxlan_add(NMPlatform *              self,
+                           const char *              name,
+                           const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props,
+                           const NMPlatformLink **   out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, props, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_6lowpan_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                             const char *           name,
+                             int                    parent,
+                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN,
+                                name,
+                                parent,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                0,
+                                NULL,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_ip6tnl_add(NMPlatform *               self,
+                            const char *               name,
+                            const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props,
+                            const NMPlatformLink **    out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!props->is_gre, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, props, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_ip6gre_add(NMPlatform *               self,
+                            const char *               name,
+                            const void *               address,
+                            size_t                     address_len,
+                            const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props,
+                            const NMPlatformLink **    out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props->is_gre, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                props->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+                                name,
+                                0,
+                                address,
+                                address_len,
+                                0,
+                                props,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_ipip_add(NMPlatform *             self,
+                          const char *             name,
+                          const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props,
+                          const NMPlatformLink **  out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, name, 0, NULL, 0, 0, props, out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_macsec_add(NMPlatform *               self,
+                            const char *               name,
+                            int                        parent,
+                            const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props,
+                            const NMPlatformLink **    out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC,
+                                name,
+                                parent,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                0,
+                                props,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_link_macvlan_add(NMPlatform *                self,
+                             const char *                name,
+                             int                         parent,
+                             const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props,
+                             const NMPlatformLink **     out_link)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return nm_platform_link_add(self,
+                                props->tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+                                name,
+                                parent,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                0,
+                                props,
+                                out_link);
+}
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_netns(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int netns_fd);
+
+struct _NMDedupMultiHeadEntry;
+struct _NMPLookup;
+const struct _NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *nm_platform_lookup(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                                        const struct _NMPLookup *lookup);
+
+#define nm_platform_iter_obj_for_each(iter, self, lookup, obj)                   \
+    for (nm_dedup_multi_iter_init((iter), nm_platform_lookup((self), (lookup))); \
+         nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_obj((iter), (obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);)
+
+gboolean nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data);
+gboolean nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main_skip_rtprot_kernel(const NMPObject *obj,
+                                                                     gpointer         user_data);
+
+GPtrArray *nm_platform_lookup_clone(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                    const struct _NMPLookup *lookup,
+                                    NMPObjectPredicateFunc   predicate,
+                                    gpointer                 user_data);
+
+/* convenience methods to lookup the link and access fields of NMPlatformLink. */
+int         nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *name);
+const char *nm_platform_link_get_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+NMLinkType  nm_platform_link_get_type(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_is_software(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+int         nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint requested_flags);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_is_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_is_connected(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+guint32     nm_platform_link_get_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+gconstpointer nm_platform_link_get_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, size_t *length);
+
+int nm_platform_link_get_master(NMPlatform *self, int slave);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_can_assume(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *unmanaged);
+gboolean    nm_platform_link_supports_slaves(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+const char *nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_refresh(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+void     nm_platform_process_events(NMPlatform *self);
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_process_events_ensure_link(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *ifname);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_down(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+const char *nm_platform_link_get_udi(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+const char *nm_platform_link_get_path(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+struct udev_device *nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+int      nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean enabled);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid);
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length);
+int nm_platform_link_set_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const void *address, size_t length);
+int nm_platform_link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 mtu);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name);
+
+void nm_platform_link_set_sriov_params_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                             int                     ifindex,
+                                             guint                   num_vfs,
+                                             NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                                             NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                                             gpointer                callback_data,
+                                             GCancellable *          cancellable);
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_sriov_vfs(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_set_bridge_vlans(NMPlatform *                       self,
+                                           int                                ifindex,
+                                           gboolean                           on_master,
+                                           const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans);
+
+char *   nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+guint    nm_platform_link_get_dev_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_get_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *self,
+                                          int         ifindex,
+                                          char **     out_driver_name,
+                                          char **     out_driver_version,
+                                          char **     out_fw_version);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_enslave(NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_release(NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                              int         ifindex,
+                                              const char *option,
+                                              const char *value);
+char *   nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option);
+gboolean nm_platform_sysctl_slave_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                             int         ifindex,
+                                             const char *option,
+                                             const char *value);
+char *   nm_platform_sysctl_slave_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option);
+
+const NMPObject *nm_platform_link_get_lnk(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                          int                    ifindex,
+                                          NMLinkType             link_type,
+                                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkBridge *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_bridge(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macsec(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvtap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkSit *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_sit(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkTun *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_tun(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkVlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkVrf *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vrf(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vxlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                      int                     ifindex,
+                                      NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                                      NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                                      gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                                      const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                                      gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                                      gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                                      const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                                      gsize                   n_egress_map);
+
+int      nm_platform_link_infiniband_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                         int                    parent,
+                                         int                    p_key,
+                                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+int      nm_platform_link_infiniband_delete(NMPlatform *self, int parent, int p_key);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_infiniband_get_properties(NMPlatform * self,
+                                                    int          ifindex,
+                                                    int *        parent,
+                                                    int *        p_key,
+                                                    const char **mode);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_peer_ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties(NMPlatform *      self,
+                                             int               ifindex,
+                                             NMPlatformLnkTun *out_properties);
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps);
+guint32     nm_platform_wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean    nm_platform_wifi_get_station(NMPlatform * self,
+                                         int          ifindex,
+                                         NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                                         int *        out_quality,
+                                         guint32 *    out_rate);
+NM80211Mode nm_platform_wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+void        nm_platform_wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode);
+void        nm_platform_wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 powersave);
+guint32     nm_platform_wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs);
+void nm_platform_wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean running);
+NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan nm_platform_wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl);
+
+guint32  nm_platform_mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 channel);
+gboolean nm_platform_mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len);
+
+guint16  nm_platform_wpan_get_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_wpan_set_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id);
+guint16  nm_platform_wpan_get_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean nm_platform_wpan_set_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr);
+gboolean nm_platform_wpan_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel);
+
+void nm_platform_ip4_address_set_addr(NMPlatformIP4Address *addr, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen);
+const struct in6_addr *nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr);
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Address *nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                        int         ifindex,
+                                                        in_addr_t   address,
+                                                        guint8      plen,
+                                                        in_addr_t   peer_address);
+
+int      nm_platform_link_sit_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                  const char *            name,
+                                  const NMPlatformLnkSit *props,
+                                  const NMPlatformLink ** out_link);
+int      nm_platform_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                  const char *            name,
+                                  const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+                                  const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+                                  int *                   out_fd);
+gboolean nm_platform_link_6lowpan_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_parent);
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_wireguard_add(NMPlatform *self, const char *name, const NMPlatformLink **out_link);
+
+int nm_platform_link_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *                              self,
+                                      int                                       ifindex,
+                                      const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                      const struct _NMPWireGuardPeer *          peers,
+                                      const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                      guint                                     peers_len,
+                                      NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags);
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Address *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *address);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_object_delete(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *route);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         ifindex,
+                                     in_addr_t   address,
+                                     guint8      plen,
+                                     in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                                     in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                                     guint32     lifetime,
+                                     guint32     preferred_lft,
+                                     guint32     flags,
+                                     const char *label);
+gboolean nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    self,
+                                     int             ifindex,
+                                     struct in6_addr address,
+                                     guint8          plen,
+                                     struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                                     guint32         lifetime,
+                                     guint32         preferred_lft,
+                                     guint32         flags);
+gboolean nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *self,
+                                        int         ifindex,
+                                        in_addr_t   address,
+                                        guint8      plen,
+                                        in_addr_t   peer_address);
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr address, guint8 plen);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip_address_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         addr_family,
+                                     int         ifindex,
+                                     GPtrArray * known_addresses,
+                                     GPtrArray * addresses_prune);
+
+GPtrArray *nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                 int         addr_family,
+                                                 int         ifindex,
+                                                 gboolean    exclude_ipv6_temporary_addrs);
+
+static inline gboolean
+_nm_platform_ip_address_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                             int         addr_family,
+                             int         ifindex,
+                             GPtrArray * known_addresses,
+                             gboolean    full_sync)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *addresses_prune = NULL;
+
+    addresses_prune = nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list(self, addr_family, ifindex, !full_sync);
+    return nm_platform_ip_address_sync(self,
+                                       addr_family,
+                                       ifindex,
+                                       known_addresses,
+                                       addresses_prune);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nm_platform_ip4_address_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_addresses)
+{
+    return _nm_platform_ip_address_sync(self, AF_INET, ifindex, known_addresses, TRUE);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                             int         ifindex,
+                             GPtrArray * known_addresses,
+                             gboolean    full_sync)
+{
+    return _nm_platform_ip_address_sync(self, AF_INET6, ifindex, known_addresses, full_sync);
+}
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip_address_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex);
+
+static inline gconstpointer
+nm_platform_ip_address_get_peer_address(int addr_family, const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr)
+{
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    if (NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family))
+        return &((NMPlatformIP4Address *) addr)->peer_address;
+    return &((NMPlatformIP6Address *) addr)->peer_address;
+}
+
+void nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(int addr_family, NMPlatformIPRoute *route);
+
+static inline guint32
+nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(const NMPlatformIP4Route *r)
+{
+    nm_assert(r);
+
+    return r->metric_any ? nm_add_clamped_u32(NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_DEFAULT_IP4, r->metric)
+                         : r->metric;
+}
+
+static inline guint32
+nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(const NMPlatformIP6Route *r)
+{
+    nm_assert(r);
+
+    return r->metric_any ? nm_add_clamped_u32(NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_DEFAULT_IP6, r->metric)
+                         : r->metric;
+}
+
+static inline guint32
+nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(const NMPlatformIPRoute *r)
+{
+    nm_assert(r);
+    nm_assert(!r->table_any || r->table_coerced == 0);
+
+    return r->table_any ? 254u /* RT_TABLE_MAIN */
+                        : nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(r->table_coerced, TRUE);
+}
+
+static inline gconstpointer
+nm_platform_ip_route_get_gateway(int addr_family, const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(route);
+
+    if (NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family))
+        return &((NMPlatformIP4Route *) route)->gateway;
+    return &((NMPlatformIP6Route *) route)->gateway;
+}
+
+int nm_platform_ip_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPObject *route);
+int nm_platform_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP4Route *route);
+int nm_platform_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP6Route *route);
+
+GPtrArray *nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                               int                    addr_family,
+                                               int                    ifindex,
+                                               NMIPRouteTableSyncMode route_table_sync);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip_route_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                                   int         addr_family,
+                                   int         ifindex,
+                                   GPtrArray * routes,
+                                   GPtrArray * routes_prune,
+                                   GPtrArray **out_temporary_not_available);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip_route_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex);
+
+int nm_platform_ip_route_get(NMPlatform *  self,
+                             int           addr_family,
+                             gconstpointer address,
+                             int           oif_ifindex,
+                             NMPObject **  out_route);
+
+int nm_platform_routing_rule_add(NMPlatform *                 self,
+                                 NMPNlmFlags                  flags,
+                                 const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule);
+
+int      nm_platform_qdisc_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc);
+gboolean nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_qdiscs);
+
+int nm_platform_tfilter_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter);
+gboolean nm_platform_tfilter_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_tfilters);
+
+const char *nm_platform_link_to_string(const NMPlatformLink *link, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *lnk, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Address *address, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Route *route, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Route *route, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_vf_to_string(const NMPlatformVF *vf, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *
+nm_platform_bridge_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan, char *buf, gsize len);
+
+const char *nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string(const char *            name,
+                                                   const NMVlanQosMapping *map,
+                                                   gsize                   n_map,
+                                                   char *                  buf,
+                                                   gsize                   len);
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(const struct _NMPWireGuardPeer *peer, char *buf, gsize len);
+
+int nm_platform_link_cmp(const NMPlatformLink *a, const NMPlatformLink *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *a, const NMPlatformLnkBridge *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkGre *a, const NMPlatformLnkGre *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *a,
+                                   const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *a, const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_ipip_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *a, const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_macsec_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_sit_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkSit *a, const NMPlatformLnkSit *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_tun_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkTun *a, const NMPlatformLnkTun *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVlan *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_vrf_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *a, const NMPlatformLnkVrf *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *b);
+int nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *a, const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *b);
+int nm_platform_ip4_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a, const NMPlatformIP4Address *b);
+int nm_platform_ip6_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a, const NMPlatformIP6Address *b);
+
+int nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a1,
+                                            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a2);
+
+int nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a1,
+                                            const NMPlatformIP6Address *a2,
+                                            gboolean                    prefer_temp);
+
+GHashTable *nm_platform_ip4_address_addr_to_hash(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+int nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Route *a,
+                              const NMPlatformIP4Route *b,
+                              NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type);
+int nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Route *a,
+                              const NMPlatformIP6Route *b,
+                              NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type);
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp_full(const NMPlatformIP4Route *a, const NMPlatformIP4Route *b)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(a, b, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL);
+}
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp_full(const NMPlatformIP6Route *a, const NMPlatformIP6Route *b)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(a, b, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL);
+}
+
+int nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *a,
+                                 const NMPlatformRoutingRule *b,
+                                 NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type);
+
+static inline int
+nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp_full(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *a, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *b)
+{
+    return nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(a, b, NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL);
+}
+
+int nm_platform_qdisc_cmp(const NMPlatformQdisc *a, const NMPlatformQdisc *b);
+int nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(const NMPlatformQdisc *a,
+                               const NMPlatformQdisc *b,
+                               gboolean               compare_handle);
+int nm_platform_tfilter_cmp(const NMPlatformTfilter *a, const NMPlatformTfilter *b);
+
+void nm_platform_link_hash_update(const NMPlatformLink *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_ip4_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Address *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_ip6_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Address *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Route *obj,
+                                       NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                       NMHashState *             h);
+void nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Route *obj,
+                                       NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                       NMHashState *             h);
+void nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *obj,
+                                          NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type,
+                                          NMHashState *                h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_bridge_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkGre *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_ipip_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_macsec_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_sit_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkSit *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_tun_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkTun *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_vrf_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *obj, NMHashState *h);
+
+void nm_platform_qdisc_hash_update(const NMPlatformQdisc *obj, NMHashState *h);
+void nm_platform_tfilter_hash_update(const NMPlatformTfilter *obj, NMHashState *h);
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN ((gsize) 162)
+
+const char *nm_platform_link_flags2str(unsigned flags, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str(guint8 mode, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_addr_flags2str(unsigned flags, char *buf, gsize len);
+const char *nm_platform_route_scope2str(int scope, char *buf, gsize len);
+
+int nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry(const NMPlatformIPAddress *a, const NMPlatformIPAddress *b);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                             int                      ifindex,
+                                             _NMSettingWiredWakeOnLan wol,
+                                             const char *             wol_password);
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_set_link_settings(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                               int                      ifindex,
+                                               gboolean                 autoneg,
+                                               guint32                  speed,
+                                               NMPlatformLinkDuplexType duplex);
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_settings(NMPlatform *              self,
+                                               int                       ifindex,
+                                               gboolean *                out_autoneg,
+                                               guint32 *                 out_speed,
+                                               NMPlatformLinkDuplexType *out_duplex);
+
+NMEthtoolFeatureStates *nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_features(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+gboolean                nm_platform_ethtool_set_features(
+                   NMPlatform *                  self,
+                   int                           ifindex,
+                   const NMEthtoolFeatureStates *features,
+                   const NMOptionBool *requested /* indexed by NMEthtoolID - _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_FIRST */,
+                   gboolean            do_set /* or reset */);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_coalesce(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                               int                     ifindex,
+                                               NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_set_coalesce(NMPlatform *                  self,
+                                          int                           ifindex,
+                                          const NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce);
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMEthtoolRingState *ring);
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMEthtoolRingState *ring);
+
+void nm_platform_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                                             int         ifindex,
+                                             GPtrArray * ip4_dev_route_blacklist);
+
+struct _NMDedupMultiIndex *nm_platform_get_multi_idx(NMPlatform *self);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean nm_platform_ip6_address_match(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr,
+                                       NMPlatformMatchFlags        match_flag);
+
+#endif /* __NETWORKMANAGER_PLATFORM_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nmp-object.c b/src/core/platform/nmp-object.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a26595e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nmp-object.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3457 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-secret-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+
+#include "wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h"
+#include "wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG(level, obj, ...)                                               \
+    G_STMT_START                                                              \
+    {                                                                         \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);                                   \
+                                                                              \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) {                     \
+            const NMPObject *const __obj = (obj);                             \
+                                                                              \
+            _nm_log(__level,                                                  \
+                    _NMLOG_DOMAIN,                                            \
+                    0,                                                        \
+                    NULL,                                                     \
+                    NULL,                                                     \
+                    "nmp-object[%p/%s]: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__), \
+                    __obj,                                                    \
+                    (__obj ? NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(__obj)->obj_type_name       \
+                           : "???") _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));       \
+        }                                                                     \
+    }                                                                         \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMDedupMultiIdxType parent;
+    NMPCacheIdType      cache_id_type;
+} DedupMultiIdxType;
+
+struct _NMPCache {
+    /* the cache contains only one hash table for all object types, and similarly
+     * it contains only one NMMultiIndex.
+     * This works, because different object types don't ever compare equal and
+     * because their index ids also don't overlap.
+     *
+     * For routes and addresses, the cache contains an address if (and only if) the
+     * object was reported via netlink.
+     * For links, the cache contain a link if it was reported by either netlink
+     * or udev. That means, a link object can be alive, even if it was already
+     * removed via netlink.
+     *
+     * This effectively merges the udev-device cache into the NMPCache.
+     */
+
+    NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx;
+
+    /* an idx_type entry for each NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE. Note that NONE (zero)
+     * is skipped, so the index is shifted by one: idx_type[cache_id_type - 1].
+     *
+     * Don't bother, use _idx_type_get() instead! */
+    DedupMultiIdxType idx_types[NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX];
+
+    gboolean use_udev;
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_sock_addr_union_cmp(const NMSockAddrUnion *a, const NMSockAddrUnion *b)
+{
+    nm_assert(!a || NM_IN_SET(a->sa.sa_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(!b || NM_IN_SET(b->sa.sa_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sa.sa_family);
+    switch (a->sa.sa_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(ntohl(a->in.sin_addr.s_addr), ntohl(b->in.sin_addr.s_addr));
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(htons(a->in.sin_port), htons(b->in.sin_port));
+        break;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR(&a->in6.sin6_addr, &b->in6.sin6_addr);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(htons(a->in6.sin6_port), htons(b->in6.sin6_port));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, in6.sin6_scope_id);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, in6.sin6_flowinfo);
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_sock_addr_union_hash_update(const NMSockAddrUnion *a, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    if (!a) {
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, 1241364739u);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(a->sa.sa_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    switch (a->sa.sa_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h, a->in.sin_family, a->in.sin_addr.s_addr, a->in.sin_port);
+        return;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            a->in6.sin6_family,
+                            a->in6.sin6_addr,
+                            a->in6.sin6_port,
+                            a->in6.sin6_scope_id,
+                            a->in6.sin6_flowinfo);
+        return;
+    default:
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, a->sa.sa_family);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_sock_addr_union_cpy:
+ * @dst: the destination #NMSockAddrUnion. It will always be fully initialized,
+ *   to one of the address families AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC (in case of
+ *   error).
+ * @src: (allow-none): the source buffer with an sockaddr to copy. It may be unaligned in
+ *   memory. If not %NULL, the buffer must be at least large enough to contain
+ *   sa.sa_family, and then, depending on sa.sa_family, it must be large enough
+ *   to hold struct sockaddr_in or struct sockaddr_in6.
+ *
+ * @dst will always be fully initialized (including setting all un-used bytes to zero).
+ */
+void
+nm_sock_addr_union_cpy(NMSockAddrUnion *dst,
+                       gconstpointer    src /* unaligned (const NMSockAddrUnion *) */)
+{
+    struct sockaddr sa;
+    gsize           src_len;
+
+    nm_assert(dst);
+
+    *dst = (NMSockAddrUnion) NM_SOCK_ADDR_UNION_INIT_UNSPEC;
+
+    if (!src)
+        return;
+
+    memcpy(&sa.sa_family, &((struct sockaddr *) src)->sa_family, sizeof(sa.sa_family));
+
+    if (sa.sa_family == AF_INET)
+        src_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+    else if (sa.sa_family == AF_INET6)
+        src_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+    else
+        return;
+
+    memcpy(dst, src, src_len);
+    nm_assert(dst->sa.sa_family == sa.sa_family);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_sock_addr_union_cpy_untrusted:
+ * @dst: the destination #NMSockAddrUnion. It will always be fully initialized,
+ *   to one of the address families AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC (in case of
+ *   error).
+ * @src: the source buffer with an sockaddr to copy. It may be unaligned in
+ *   memory.
+ * @src_len: the length of @src in bytes.
+ *
+ * The function requires @src_len to be either sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) or sizeof (struct sockaddr_in6).
+ * If that's the case, then @src will be interpreted as such structure (unaligned), and
+ * accessed. It will check sa.sa_family to match the expected sizes, and if it does, the
+ * struct will be copied.
+ *
+ * On any failure, @dst will be set to sa.sa_family AF_UNSPEC.
+ * @dst will always be fully initialized (including setting all un-used bytes to zero).
+ */
+void
+nm_sock_addr_union_cpy_untrusted(NMSockAddrUnion *dst,
+                                 gconstpointer    src /* unaligned (const NMSockAddrUnion *) */,
+                                 gsize            src_len)
+{
+    int             f_expected;
+    struct sockaddr sa;
+
+    nm_assert(dst);
+
+    *dst = (NMSockAddrUnion) NM_SOCK_ADDR_UNION_INIT_UNSPEC;
+
+    if (src_len == sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))
+        f_expected = AF_INET;
+    else if (src_len == sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6))
+        f_expected = AF_INET6;
+    else
+        return;
+
+    memcpy(&sa.sa_family, &((struct sockaddr *) src)->sa_family, sizeof(sa.sa_family));
+
+    if (sa.sa_family != f_expected)
+        return;
+
+    memcpy(dst, src, src_len);
+    nm_assert(dst->sa.sa_family == sa.sa_family);
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_sock_addr_union_to_string(const NMSockAddrUnion *sa, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_scope_id[40];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(sa, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    /* maybe we should use getnameinfo(), but here implement it ourself.
+     *
+     * We want to see the actual bytes for debugging (as we understand them),
+     * and now what getnameinfo() makes of it. Also, it's simpler this way. */
+
+    switch (sa->sa.sa_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        g_snprintf(buf,
+                   len,
+                   "%s:%u",
+                   _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(sa->in.sin_addr.s_addr, s_addr),
+                   (guint) htons(sa->in.sin_port));
+        break;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        g_snprintf(buf,
+                   len,
+                   "[%s%s]:%u",
+                   _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&sa->in6.sin6_addr, s_addr),
+                   (sa->in6.sin6_scope_id != 0
+                        ? nm_sprintf_buf(s_scope_id, "%u", sa->in6.sin6_scope_id)
+                        : ""),
+                   (guint) htons(sa->in6.sin6_port));
+        break;
+    case AF_UNSPEC:
+        g_snprintf(buf, len, "unspec");
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_snprintf(buf, len, "{addr-family:%u}", (unsigned) sa->sa.sa_family);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMDedupMultiIdxTypeClass _dedup_multi_idx_type_class;
+
+static void
+_idx_obj_id_hash_update(const NMDedupMultiIdxType *idx_type,
+                        const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj,
+                        NMHashState *              h)
+{
+    const NMPObject *o = (NMPObject *) obj;
+
+    nm_assert(idx_type && idx_type->klass == &_dedup_multi_idx_type_class);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    nmp_object_id_hash_update(o, h);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_idx_obj_id_equal(const NMDedupMultiIdxType *idx_type,
+                  const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj_a,
+                  const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj_b)
+{
+    const NMPObject *o_a = (NMPObject *) obj_a;
+    const NMPObject *o_b = (NMPObject *) obj_b;
+
+    nm_assert(idx_type && idx_type->klass == &_dedup_multi_idx_type_class);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o_a) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o_b) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    return nmp_object_id_equal(o_a, o_b);
+}
+
+static guint
+_idx_obj_part(const DedupMultiIdxType *idx_type,
+              const NMPObject *        obj_a,
+              const NMPObject *        obj_b,
+              NMHashState *            h)
+{
+    NMPObjectType obj_type;
+
+    /* the hash/equals functions are strongly related. So, keep them
+     * side-by-side and do it all in _idx_obj_part(). */
+
+    nm_assert(idx_type);
+    nm_assert(idx_type->parent.klass == &_dedup_multi_idx_type_class);
+    nm_assert(obj_a);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    nm_assert(!obj_b || (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN));
+    nm_assert(!h || !obj_b);
+
+    switch (idx_type->cache_id_type) {
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE:
+        if (obj_b)
+            return NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b);
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h, idx_type->cache_id_type, NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a));
+        }
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_LINK_BY_IFNAME:
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK) {
+            /* first check, whether obj_a is suitable for this idx_type.
+             * If not, return 0 (which is correct for partitionable(), hash() and equal()
+             * functions. */
+            if (h)
+                nm_hash_update_val(h, obj_a);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (obj_b) {
+            /* we are in equal() mode. Compare obj_b with obj_a. */
+            return NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK
+                   && nm_streq(obj_a->link.name, obj_b->link.name);
+        }
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_val(h, idx_type->cache_id_type);
+            nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj_a->link.name);
+        }
+        /* just return 1, to indicate that obj_a is partitionable by this idx_type. */
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_DEFAULT_ROUTES:
+        if (!NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a),
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+            || !NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_IS_DEFAULT(&obj_a->ip_route)
+            || !nmp_object_is_visible(obj_a)) {
+            if (h)
+                nm_hash_update_val(h, obj_a);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (obj_b) {
+            return NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b)
+                   && NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_IS_DEFAULT(&obj_b->ip_route)
+                   && nmp_object_is_visible(obj_b);
+        }
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h, idx_type->cache_id_type, NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a));
+        }
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX:
+        if (!NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a),
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC,
+                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER)
+            || !nmp_object_is_visible(obj_a)) {
+            if (h)
+                nm_hash_update_val(h, obj_a);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj_a)->ifindex > 0);
+        if (obj_b) {
+            return NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b)
+                   && NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj_a)->ifindex
+                          == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj_b)->ifindex
+                   && nmp_object_is_visible(obj_b);
+        }
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h, idx_type->cache_id_type, obj_a->obj_with_ifindex.ifindex);
+        }
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID:
+        obj_type = NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a);
+        if (!NM_IN_SET(obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+            || NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj_a)->ifindex <= 0) {
+            if (h)
+                nm_hash_update_val(h, obj_a);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (obj_b) {
+            return obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b)
+                   && NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj_b)->ifindex > 0
+                   && (obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE
+                           ? (nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(&obj_a->ip4_route,
+                                                        &obj_b->ip4_route,
+                                                        NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID)
+                              == 0)
+                           : (nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(&obj_a->ip6_route,
+                                                        &obj_b->ip6_route,
+                                                        NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID)
+                              == 0));
+        }
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_val(h, idx_type->cache_id_type);
+            if (obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE)
+                nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update(&obj_a->ip4_route,
+                                                  NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID,
+                                                  h);
+            else
+                nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update(&obj_a->ip6_route,
+                                                  NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID,
+                                                  h);
+        }
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_ADDR_FAMILY:
+        obj_type = NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_a);
+        /* currently, only routing rules are supported for this cache-id-type. */
+        if (obj_type != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE
+            || !NM_IN_SET(obj_a->routing_rule.addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+            if (h)
+                nm_hash_update_val(h, obj_a);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (obj_b) {
+            return NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_b) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE
+                   && obj_a->routing_rule.addr_family == obj_b->routing_rule.addr_family;
+        }
+        if (h) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h, idx_type->cache_id_type, obj_a->routing_rule.addr_family);
+        }
+        return 1;
+
+    case NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE:
+    case __NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX:
+        break;
+    }
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_idx_obj_partitionable(const NMDedupMultiIdxType *idx_type, const NMDedupMultiObj *obj)
+{
+    return _idx_obj_part((DedupMultiIdxType *) idx_type, (NMPObject *) obj, NULL, NULL) != 0;
+}
+
+static void
+_idx_obj_partition_hash_update(const NMDedupMultiIdxType *idx_type,
+                               const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj,
+                               NMHashState *              h)
+{
+    _idx_obj_part((DedupMultiIdxType *) idx_type, (NMPObject *) obj, NULL, h);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_idx_obj_partition_equal(const NMDedupMultiIdxType *idx_type,
+                         const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj_a,
+                         const NMDedupMultiObj *    obj_b)
+{
+    return _idx_obj_part((DedupMultiIdxType *) idx_type,
+                         (NMPObject *) obj_a,
+                         (NMPObject *) obj_b,
+                         NULL);
+}
+
+static const NMDedupMultiIdxTypeClass _dedup_multi_idx_type_class = {
+    .idx_obj_id_hash_update        = _idx_obj_id_hash_update,
+    .idx_obj_id_equal              = _idx_obj_id_equal,
+    .idx_obj_partitionable         = _idx_obj_partitionable,
+    .idx_obj_partition_hash_update = _idx_obj_partition_hash_update,
+    .idx_obj_partition_equal       = _idx_obj_partition_equal,
+};
+
+static void
+_dedup_multi_idx_type_init(DedupMultiIdxType *idx_type, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type)
+{
+    nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_init((NMDedupMultiIdxType *) idx_type, &_dedup_multi_idx_type_class);
+    idx_type->cache_id_type = cache_id_type;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_hash_update(guint n_map, const NMVlanQosMapping *map, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    /* ensure no padding. */
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping) == 2 * sizeof(guint32));
+
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, n_map);
+    if (n_map)
+        nm_hash_update(h, map, n_map * sizeof(*map));
+}
+
+static int
+_vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cmp(guint                   n_map,
+                              const NMVlanQosMapping *map1,
+                              const NMVlanQosMapping *map2)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++) {
+        if (map1[i].from != map2[i].from)
+            return map1[i].from < map2[i].from ? -1 : 1;
+        if (map1[i].to != map2[i].to)
+            return map1[i].to < map2[i].to ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+_vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cpy(guint *                 dst_n_map,
+                              NMVlanQosMapping **     dst_map,
+                              guint                   src_n_map,
+                              const NMVlanQosMapping *src_map)
+{
+    if (src_n_map == 0) {
+        nm_clear_g_free(dst_map);
+        *dst_n_map = 0;
+    } else if (src_n_map != *dst_n_map
+               || _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cmp(src_n_map, *dst_map, src_map) != 0) {
+        nm_clear_g_free(dst_map);
+        *dst_n_map = src_n_map;
+        if (src_n_map > 0)
+            *dst_map = nm_memdup(src_map, sizeof(*src_map) * src_n_map);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_wireguard_allowed_ip_hash_update(const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *ip, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, ip->family, ip->mask);
+
+    if (ip->family == AF_INET)
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, ip->addr.addr4);
+    else if (ip->family == AF_INET6)
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, ip->addr.addr6);
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_allowed_ip_cmp(const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *a, const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, family);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mask);
+
+    if (a->family == AF_INET)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr.addr4);
+    else if (a->family == AF_INET6)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, addr.addr6);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+_wireguard_peer_hash_update(const NMPWireGuardPeer *peer, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_hash_update(h, peer->public_key, sizeof(peer->public_key));
+    nm_hash_update(h, peer->preshared_key, sizeof(peer->preshared_key));
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        peer->persistent_keepalive_interval,
+                        peer->allowed_ips_len,
+                        peer->rx_bytes,
+                        peer->tx_bytes,
+                        peer->last_handshake_time.tv_sec,
+                        peer->last_handshake_time.tv_nsec);
+
+    nm_sock_addr_union_hash_update(&peer->endpoint, h);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < peer->allowed_ips_len; i++)
+        _wireguard_allowed_ip_hash_update(&peer->allowed_ips[i], h);
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_peer_cmp(const NMPWireGuardPeer *a, const NMPWireGuardPeer *b)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, last_handshake_time.tv_sec);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, last_handshake_time.tv_nsec);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rx_bytes);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tx_bytes);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, allowed_ips_len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, persistent_keepalive_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, endpoint.sa.sa_family);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, public_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, preshared_key);
+
+    NM_CMP_RETURN(nm_sock_addr_union_cmp(&a->endpoint, &b->endpoint));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < a->allowed_ips_len; i++) {
+        NM_CMP_RETURN(_wireguard_allowed_ip_cmp(&a->allowed_ips[i], &b->allowed_ips[i]));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const char *
+_link_get_driver(struct udev_device *udevice, const char *kind, int ifindex)
+{
+    const char *driver = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(kind == g_intern_string(kind));
+
+    if (udevice) {
+        driver = nmp_utils_udev_get_driver(udevice);
+        if (driver)
+            return driver;
+    }
+
+    if (kind)
+        return kind;
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo driver_info;
+
+        if (nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(ifindex, &driver_info)) {
+            if (driver_info.driver[0])
+                return g_intern_string(driver_info.driver);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return "unknown";
+}
+
+void
+_nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(NMPObject **obj_new, NMPObject *obj_orig, gboolean use_udev)
+{
+    const char *driver      = NULL;
+    gboolean    initialized = FALSE;
+    NMPObject * obj;
+
+    nm_assert(obj_orig || *obj_new);
+    nm_assert(obj_new);
+    nm_assert(!obj_orig || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_orig) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    nm_assert(!*obj_new || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(*obj_new) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    obj = *obj_new ?: obj_orig;
+
+    /* The link contains internal fields that are combined by
+     * properties from netlink and udev. Update those properties */
+
+    /* When a link is not in netlink, its udev fields don't matter. */
+    if (obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+        driver = _link_get_driver(obj->_link.udev.device, obj->link.kind, obj->link.ifindex);
+        if (obj->_link.udev.device)
+            initialized = TRUE;
+        else if (!use_udev) {
+            /* If we don't use udev, we immediately mark the link as initialized.
+             *
+             * For that, we consult @use_udev argument, that is cached via
+             * nmp_cache_use_udev_get(). It is on purpose not to test
+             * for a writable /sys on every call. A minor reason for that is
+             * performance, but the real reason is reproducibility.
+             * */
+            initialized = TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nm_streq0(obj->link.driver, driver) && obj->link.initialized == initialized)
+        return;
+
+    if (!*obj_new)
+        obj = *obj_new = nmp_object_clone(obj, FALSE);
+
+    obj->link.driver      = driver;
+    obj->link.initialized = initialized;
+}
+
+static void
+_nmp_object_fixup_link_master_connected(NMPObject **    obj_new,
+                                        NMPObject *     obj_orig,
+                                        const NMPCache *cache)
+{
+    NMPObject *obj;
+
+    nm_assert(obj_orig || *obj_new);
+    nm_assert(obj_new);
+    nm_assert(!obj_orig || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_orig) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    nm_assert(!*obj_new || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(*obj_new) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    obj = *obj_new ?: obj_orig;
+
+    if (nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(cache, obj, NULL, NULL)) {
+        if (!*obj_new)
+            obj = *obj_new = nmp_object_clone(obj, FALSE);
+        obj->link.connected = !obj->link.connected;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_dispose_link(NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    if (obj->_link.udev.device) {
+        udev_device_unref(obj->_link.udev.device);
+        obj->_link.udev.device = NULL;
+    }
+    g_clear_object(&obj->_link.ext_data);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj->_link.netlink.lnk);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_dispose_lnk_vlan(NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    g_free((gpointer) obj->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map);
+    g_free((gpointer) obj->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map);
+}
+
+static void
+_wireguard_clear(NMPObjectLnkWireGuard *lnk)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_explicit_bzero(lnk->_public.private_key, sizeof(lnk->_public.private_key));
+    for (i = 0; i < lnk->peers_len; i++) {
+        NMPWireGuardPeer *peer = (NMPWireGuardPeer *) &lnk->peers[i];
+
+        nm_explicit_bzero(peer->preshared_key, sizeof(peer->preshared_key));
+    }
+    g_free((gpointer) lnk->peers);
+    g_free((gpointer) lnk->_allowed_ips_buf);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_dispose_lnk_wireguard(NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    _wireguard_clear(&obj->_lnk_wireguard);
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_nmp_object_new_from_class(const NMPClass *klass)
+{
+    NMPObject *obj;
+
+    nm_assert(klass);
+    nm_assert(klass->sizeof_data > 0);
+    nm_assert(klass->sizeof_public > 0 && klass->sizeof_public <= klass->sizeof_data);
+
+    obj         = g_slice_alloc0(klass->sizeof_data + G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPObject, object));
+    obj->_class = klass;
+    obj->parent._ref_count = 1;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+NMPObject *
+nmp_object_new(NMPObjectType obj_type, gconstpointer plobj)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+    NMPObject *     obj;
+
+    obj = _nmp_object_new_from_class(klass);
+    if (plobj)
+        memcpy(&obj->object, plobj, klass->sizeof_public);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+NMPObject *
+nmp_object_new_link(int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj               = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, NULL);
+    obj->link.ifindex = ifindex;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_nmp_object_stackinit_from_class(NMPObject *obj, const NMPClass *klass)
+{
+    nm_assert(obj);
+    nm_assert(klass);
+
+    *obj = (NMPObject){
+        .parent =
+            {
+                .klass      = (const NMDedupMultiObjClass *) klass,
+                ._ref_count = NM_OBJ_REF_COUNT_STACKINIT,
+            },
+    };
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(NMPObject *obj, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    nm_assert(obj);
+    klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+    nm_assert(klass);
+
+    *obj = (NMPObject){
+        .parent =
+            {
+                .klass      = (const NMDedupMultiObjClass *) klass,
+                ._ref_count = NM_OBJ_REF_COUNT_STACKINIT,
+            },
+    };
+    return obj;
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit(NMPObject *obj, NMPObjectType obj_type, gconstpointer plobj)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+
+    _nmp_object_stackinit_from_class(obj, klass);
+    if (plobj)
+        memcpy(&obj->object, plobj, klass->sizeof_public);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_id(NMPObject *obj, const NMPObject *src)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(src));
+    nm_assert(obj);
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(src);
+    _nmp_object_stackinit_from_class(obj, klass);
+    if (klass->cmd_plobj_id_copy)
+        klass->cmd_plobj_id_copy(&obj->object, &src->object);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(NMPObject *obj, int ifindex)
+{
+    _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    obj->link.ifindex = ifindex;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(NMPObject *obj,
+                                    int        ifindex,
+                                    guint32    address,
+                                    guint8     plen,
+                                    guint32    peer_address)
+{
+    _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS);
+    obj->ip4_address.ifindex      = ifindex;
+    obj->ip4_address.address      = address;
+    obj->ip4_address.plen         = plen;
+    obj->ip4_address.peer_address = peer_address;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(NMPObject *obj, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *address)
+{
+    _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
+    obj->ip4_address.ifindex = ifindex;
+    if (address)
+        obj->ip6_address.address = *address;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *
+nmp_object_to_string(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                     NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                     char *                buf,
+                     gsize                 buf_size)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+    char            buf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(obj, &buf, &buf_size))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj), NULL);
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    if (klass->cmd_obj_to_string)
+        return klass->cmd_obj_to_string(obj, to_string_mode, buf, buf_size);
+
+    switch (to_string_mode) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID:
+        if (!klass->cmd_plobj_to_string_id) {
+            g_snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%p", obj);
+            return buf;
+        }
+        return klass->cmd_plobj_to_string_id(&obj->object, buf, buf_size);
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL:
+        g_snprintf(
+            buf,
+            buf_size,
+            "[%s,%p,%u,%calive,%cvisible; %s]",
+            klass->obj_type_name,
+            obj,
+            obj->parent._ref_count,
+            nmp_object_is_alive(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+            nmp_object_is_visible(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+            NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, buf2, sizeof(buf2)));
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC:
+        NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, buf, buf_size);
+        return buf;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("ERROR");
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+_vt_cmd_obj_to_string_link(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                           NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                           char *                buf,
+                           gsize                 buf_size)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+    char *          b     = buf;
+
+    switch (to_string_mode) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID:
+        return klass->cmd_plobj_to_string_id(&obj->object, buf, buf_size);
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b,
+                               &buf_size,
+                               "[%s,%p,%u,%calive,%cvisible,%cin-nl,%p; ",
+                               klass->obj_type_name,
+                               obj,
+                               obj->parent._ref_count,
+                               nmp_object_is_alive(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+                               nmp_object_is_visible(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+                               obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink ? '+' : '-',
+                               obj->_link.udev.device);
+        NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, b, buf_size);
+        nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &buf_size);
+        if (obj->_link.netlink.lnk) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &buf_size, "; ");
+            nmp_object_to_string(obj->_link.netlink.lnk, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, b, buf_size);
+            nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &buf_size);
+        }
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_c(&b, &buf_size, ']');
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC:
+        NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, b, buf_size);
+        if (obj->_link.netlink.lnk) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &buf_size);
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &buf_size, "; ");
+            nmp_object_to_string(obj->_link.netlink.lnk, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, b, buf_size);
+        }
+        return buf;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("ERROR");
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+_vt_cmd_obj_to_string_lnk_vlan(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                               NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                               char *                buf,
+                               gsize                 buf_size)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+    char            buf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char *          b;
+    gsize           l;
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    switch (to_string_mode) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID:
+        g_snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%p", obj);
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL:
+
+        g_snprintf(buf,
+                   buf_size,
+                   "[%s,%p,%u,%calive,%cvisible; %s]",
+                   klass->obj_type_name,
+                   obj,
+                   obj->parent._ref_count,
+                   nmp_object_is_alive(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+                   nmp_object_is_visible(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+                   nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, buf2, sizeof(buf2)));
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC:
+        NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, buf, buf_size);
+
+        b = buf;
+        l = strlen(b);
+        b += l;
+        buf_size -= l;
+
+        if (obj->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map) {
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string(" ingress-qos-map",
+                                                   obj->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map,
+                                                   obj->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map,
+                                                   b,
+                                                   buf_size);
+            l = strlen(b);
+            b += l;
+            buf_size -= l;
+        }
+        if (obj->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map) {
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string(" egress-qos-map",
+                                                   obj->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map,
+                                                   obj->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map,
+                                                   b,
+                                                   buf_size);
+            l = strlen(b);
+            b += l;
+            buf_size -= l;
+        }
+
+        return buf;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("ERROR");
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+_vt_cmd_obj_to_string_lnk_wireguard(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                                    NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                                    char *                buf,
+                                    gsize                 buf_size)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+    char            buf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char *          b;
+    guint           i;
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    switch (to_string_mode) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID:
+        g_snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%p", obj);
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL:
+        b = buf;
+
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+            &b,
+            &buf_size,
+            "[%s,%p,%u,%calive,%cvisible; %s"
+            "%s",
+            klass->obj_type_name,
+            obj,
+            obj->parent._ref_count,
+            nmp_object_is_alive(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+            nmp_object_is_visible(obj) ? '+' : '-',
+            nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, buf2, sizeof(buf2)),
+            obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len > 0 ? " peers {" : "");
+
+        for (i = 0; i < obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len; i++) {
+            const NMPWireGuardPeer *peer = &obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i];
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &buf_size, " { ");
+            nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(peer, b, buf_size);
+            nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &buf_size);
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &buf_size, " }");
+        }
+        if (obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &buf_size, " }");
+
+        return buf;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC:
+        NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->cmd_plobj_to_string(&obj->object, buf, buf_size);
+
+        return buf;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("ERROR");
+    }
+}
+
+#define _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(type, plat_type, ...)                                  \
+    static const char *_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_##type(const NMPlatformObject *_obj,    \
+                                                         char *                  buf,     \
+                                                         gsize                   buf_len) \
+    {                                                                                     \
+        plat_type *const obj = (plat_type *) _obj;                                        \
+        _nm_unused char  buf1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];                                  \
+        _nm_unused char  buf2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];                                  \
+                                                                                          \
+        g_snprintf(buf, buf_len, __VA_ARGS__);                                            \
+        return buf;                                                                       \
+    }                                                                                     \
+    _NM_DUMMY_STRUCT_FOR_TRAILING_SEMICOLON
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(link, NMPlatformLink, "%d", obj->ifindex);
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(ip4_address,
+                           NMPlatformIP4Address,
+                           "%d: %s/%d%s%s",
+                           obj->ifindex,
+                           _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(obj->address, buf1),
+                           obj->plen,
+                           obj->peer_address != obj->address ? "," : "",
+                           obj->peer_address != obj->address ? _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(
+                               nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->peer_address,
+                                                                       obj->plen),
+                               buf2)
+                                                             : "");
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(ip6_address,
+                           NMPlatformIP6Address,
+                           "%d: %s",
+                           obj->ifindex,
+                           _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&obj->address, buf1));
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(qdisc, NMPlatformQdisc, "%d: %d", obj->ifindex, obj->parent);
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id(tfilter, NMPlatformTfilter, "%d: %d", obj->ifindex, obj->parent);
+
+void
+nmp_object_hash_update(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, klass->obj_type);
+    if (klass->cmd_obj_hash_update)
+        klass->cmd_obj_hash_update(obj, h);
+    else if (klass->cmd_plobj_hash_update)
+        klass->cmd_plobj_hash_update(&obj->object, h);
+    else
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, obj);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_link(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    nm_platform_link_hash_update(&obj->link, h);
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink,
+                        obj->_link.wireguard_family_id,
+                        obj->_link.udev.device);
+    if (obj->_link.netlink.lnk)
+        nmp_object_hash_update(obj->_link.netlink.lnk, h);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_lnk_vlan(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN);
+
+    nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash_update(&obj->lnk_vlan, h);
+    _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_hash_update(obj->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map,
+                                          obj->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map,
+                                          h);
+    _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_hash_update(obj->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map,
+                                          obj->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map,
+                                          h);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_lnk_wireguard(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD);
+
+    nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_hash_update(&obj->lnk_wireguard, h);
+
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len);
+    for (i = 0; i < obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len; i++)
+        _wireguard_peer_hash_update(&obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i], h);
+}
+
+int
+nmp_object_cmp(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass1, *klass2;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(obj1, obj2);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj1), -1);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj2), 1);
+
+    klass1 = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj1);
+    klass2 = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj2);
+
+    if (klass1 != klass2) {
+        nm_assert(klass1->obj_type != klass2->obj_type);
+        return klass1->obj_type < klass2->obj_type ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+
+    if (klass1->cmd_obj_cmp)
+        return klass1->cmd_obj_cmp(obj1, obj2);
+    return klass1->cmd_plobj_cmp(&obj1->object, &obj2->object);
+}
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_obj_cmp_link(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    NM_CMP_RETURN(nm_platform_link_cmp(&obj1->link, &obj2->link));
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(obj1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink, obj2->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink);
+    NM_CMP_RETURN(nmp_object_cmp(obj1->_link.netlink.lnk, obj2->_link.netlink.lnk));
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(obj1->_link.wireguard_family_id, obj2->_link.wireguard_family_id);
+
+    if (obj1->_link.udev.device != obj2->_link.udev.device) {
+        if (!obj1->_link.udev.device)
+            return -1;
+        if (!obj2->_link.udev.device)
+            return 1;
+
+        /* Only compare based on pointer values. That is ugly because it's not a
+         * stable sort order.
+         *
+         * Have this check as very last. */
+        return (obj1->_link.udev.device < obj2->_link.udev.device) ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_obj_cmp_lnk_vlan(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    int c;
+
+    c = nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp(&obj1->lnk_vlan, &obj2->lnk_vlan);
+    if (c)
+        return c;
+
+    if (obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map != obj2->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map)
+        return obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map < obj2->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map ? -1 : 1;
+    if (obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map != obj2->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map)
+        return obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map < obj2->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map ? -1 : 1;
+
+    c = _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cmp(obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map,
+                                      obj1->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map,
+                                      obj2->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map);
+    if (c)
+        return c;
+    c = _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cmp(obj1->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map,
+                                      obj1->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map,
+                                      obj2->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map);
+
+    return c;
+}
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_obj_cmp_lnk_wireguard(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    NM_CMP_RETURN(nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_cmp(&obj1->lnk_wireguard, &obj2->lnk_wireguard));
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, _lnk_wireguard.peers_len);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < obj1->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len; i++)
+        NM_CMP_RETURN(
+            _wireguard_peer_cmp(&obj1->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i], &obj2->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i]));
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* @src is a const object, which is not entirely correct for link types, where
+ * we increase the ref count for src->_link.udev.device.
+ * Hence, nmp_object_copy() can violate the const promise of @src.
+ * */
+void
+nmp_object_copy(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(dst));
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(src));
+    g_return_if_fail(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(dst));
+
+    if (src != dst) {
+        const NMPClass *klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(dst);
+
+        g_return_if_fail(klass == NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(src));
+
+        if (id_only) {
+            if (klass->cmd_plobj_id_copy)
+                klass->cmd_plobj_id_copy(&dst->object, &src->object);
+        } else if (klass->cmd_obj_copy)
+            klass->cmd_obj_copy(dst, src);
+        else
+            memcpy(&dst->object, &src->object, klass->sizeof_data);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_copy_link(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src)
+{
+    if (dst->_link.udev.device != src->_link.udev.device) {
+        if (src->_link.udev.device)
+            udev_device_ref(src->_link.udev.device);
+        if (dst->_link.udev.device)
+            udev_device_unref(dst->_link.udev.device);
+        dst->_link.udev.device = src->_link.udev.device;
+    }
+    if (dst->_link.netlink.lnk != src->_link.netlink.lnk) {
+        if (src->_link.netlink.lnk)
+            nmp_object_ref(src->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        if (dst->_link.netlink.lnk)
+            nmp_object_unref(dst->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        dst->_link.netlink.lnk = src->_link.netlink.lnk;
+    }
+    if (dst->_link.ext_data != src->_link.ext_data) {
+        if (dst->_link.ext_data)
+            g_clear_object(&dst->_link.ext_data);
+        if (src->_link.ext_data)
+            dst->_link.ext_data = g_object_ref(src->_link.ext_data);
+    }
+    dst->_link = src->_link;
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_copy_lnk_vlan(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src)
+{
+    dst->lnk_vlan = src->lnk_vlan;
+    _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cpy(
+        &dst->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map,
+        NM_UNCONST_PPTR(NMVlanQosMapping, &dst->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map),
+        src->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map,
+        src->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map);
+    _vlan_xgress_qos_mappings_cpy(&dst->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map,
+                                  NM_UNCONST_PPTR(NMVlanQosMapping, &dst->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map),
+                                  src->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map,
+                                  src->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_obj_copy_lnk_wireguard(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_assert(dst != src);
+
+    _wireguard_clear(&dst->_lnk_wireguard);
+
+    dst->_lnk_wireguard = src->_lnk_wireguard;
+
+    dst->_lnk_wireguard.peers = nm_memdup(dst->_lnk_wireguard.peers,
+                                          sizeof(NMPWireGuardPeer) * dst->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len);
+    dst->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf =
+        nm_memdup(dst->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf,
+                  sizeof(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP) * dst->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len);
+
+    /* all the peers' pointers point into the buffer. They need to be readjusted. */
+    for (i = 0; i < dst->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len; i++) {
+        NMPWireGuardPeer *peer = (NMPWireGuardPeer *) &dst->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i];
+
+        if (peer->allowed_ips_len == 0) {
+            nm_assert(!peer->allowed_ips);
+            continue;
+        }
+        nm_assert(dst->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len > 0);
+        nm_assert(src->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf);
+        nm_assert(peer->allowed_ips >= src->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf);
+        nm_assert(
+            &peer->allowed_ips[peer->allowed_ips_len]
+            <= &src->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf[src->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len]);
+
+        peer->allowed_ips =
+            &dst->_lnk_wireguard
+                 ._allowed_ips_buf[peer->allowed_ips - src->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf];
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(nmp_object_equal(src, dst));
+}
+
+#define _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(type, plat_type, cmd)                                                \
+    static void _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_##type(NMPlatformObject *_dst, const NMPlatformObject *_src) \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        plat_type *const       dst = (plat_type *) _dst;                                           \
+        const plat_type *const src = (const plat_type *) _src;                                     \
+        {                                                                                          \
+            cmd                                                                                    \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    _NM_DUMMY_STRUCT_FOR_TRAILING_SEMICOLON
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(link, NMPlatformLink, { dst->ifindex = src->ifindex; });
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(ip4_address, NMPlatformIP4Address, {
+    dst->ifindex      = src->ifindex;
+    dst->plen         = src->plen;
+    dst->address      = src->address;
+    dst->peer_address = src->peer_address;
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(ip6_address, NMPlatformIP6Address, {
+    dst->ifindex = src->ifindex;
+    dst->address = src->address;
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(ip4_route, NMPlatformIP4Route, {
+    *dst = *src;
+    nm_assert(nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(dst, src, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) == 0);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(ip6_route, NMPlatformIP6Route, {
+    *dst = *src;
+    nm_assert(nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(dst, src, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) == 0);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy(routing_rule, NMPlatformRoutingRule, {
+    *dst = *src;
+    nm_assert(nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(dst, src, NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID) == 0);
+});
+
+/* Uses internally nmp_object_copy(), hence it also violates the const
+ * promise for @obj.
+ * */
+NMPObject *
+nmp_object_clone(const NMPObject *obj, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    NMPObject *dst;
+
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj), NULL);
+
+    dst = _nmp_object_new_from_class(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj));
+    nmp_object_copy(dst, obj, id_only);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+int
+nmp_object_id_cmp(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass, *klass2;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(obj1, obj2);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj1), FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj2), FALSE);
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj1);
+    nm_assert(!klass->cmd_plobj_id_hash_update == !klass->cmd_plobj_id_cmp);
+
+    klass2 = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj2);
+    nm_assert(klass);
+    if (klass != klass2) {
+        nm_assert(klass2);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(klass->obj_type, klass2->obj_type);
+        /* resort to pointer comparison */
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_PTR(klass, klass2);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (!klass->cmd_plobj_id_cmp) {
+        /* the klass doesn't implement ID cmp(). That means, different objects
+         * never compare equal, but the cmp() according to their pointer value. */
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_PTR(obj1, obj2);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return klass->cmd_plobj_id_cmp(&obj1->object, &obj2->object);
+}
+
+#define _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(type, plat_type, cmd)                        \
+    static int _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_##type(const NMPlatformObject *_obj1, \
+                                           const NMPlatformObject *_obj2) \
+    {                                                                     \
+        const plat_type *const obj1 = (const plat_type *) _obj1;          \
+        const plat_type *const obj2 = (const plat_type *) _obj2;          \
+                                                                          \
+        NM_CMP_SELF(obj1, obj2);                                          \
+        {                                                                 \
+            cmd;                                                          \
+        }                                                                 \
+        return 0;                                                         \
+    }                                                                     \
+    _NM_DUMMY_STRUCT_FOR_TRAILING_SEMICOLON
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(link, NMPlatformLink, { NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, ifindex); });
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(ip4_address, NMPlatformIP4Address, {
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, plen);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, address);
+    /* for IPv4 addresses, you can add the same local address with differing peer-address
+     * (IFA_ADDRESS), provided that their net-part differs. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN4ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(obj1->peer_address, obj2->peer_address, obj1->plen);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(ip6_address, NMPlatformIP6Address, {
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, ifindex);
+    /* for IPv6 addresses, the prefix length is not part of the primary identifier. */
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(obj1, obj2, address);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(qdisc, NMPlatformQdisc, {
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, parent);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp(tfilter, NMPlatformTfilter, {
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(obj1, obj2, handle);
+});
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip4_route(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp((NMPlatformIP4Route *) obj1,
+                                     (NMPlatformIP4Route *) obj2,
+                                     NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID);
+}
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip6_route(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp((NMPlatformIP6Route *) obj1,
+                                     (NMPlatformIP6Route *) obj2,
+                                     NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID);
+}
+
+static int
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_routing_rule(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2)
+{
+    return nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp((NMPlatformRoutingRule *) obj1,
+                                        (NMPlatformRoutingRule *) obj2,
+                                        NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID);
+}
+
+void
+nmp_object_id_hash_update(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    nm_assert(!klass->cmd_plobj_id_hash_update == !klass->cmd_plobj_id_cmp);
+
+    if (!klass->cmd_plobj_id_hash_update) {
+        /* The klass doesn't implement ID compare. It means, to use pointer
+         * equality. */
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, obj);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, klass->obj_type);
+    klass->cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(&obj->object, h);
+}
+
+guint
+nmp_object_id_hash(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    NMHashState h;
+
+    if (!obj)
+        return nm_hash_static(914932607u);
+
+    nm_hash_init(&h, 914932607u);
+    nmp_object_id_hash_update(obj, &h);
+    return nm_hash_complete(&h);
+}
+
+#define _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(type, plat_type, cmd)                                        \
+    static void _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_##type(const NMPlatformObject *_obj, NMHashState *h) \
+    {                                                                                             \
+        const plat_type *const obj = (const plat_type *) _obj;                                    \
+        {                                                                                         \
+            cmd;                                                                                  \
+        }                                                                                         \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    _NM_DUMMY_STRUCT_FOR_TRAILING_SEMICOLON
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(link, NMPlatformLink, { nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->ifindex); });
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(ip4_address, NMPlatformIP4Address, {
+    nm_hash_update_vals(
+        h,
+        obj->ifindex,
+        obj->plen,
+        obj->address,
+        /* for IPv4 we must also consider the net-part of the peer-address (IFA_ADDRESS) */
+        nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->peer_address, obj->plen));
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(ip6_address, NMPlatformIP6Address, {
+    nm_hash_update_vals(
+        h,
+        obj->ifindex,
+        /* for IPv6 addresses, the prefix length is not part of the primary identifier. */
+        obj->address);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(ip4_route, NMPlatformIP4Route, {
+    nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update(obj, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID, h);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(ip6_route, NMPlatformIP6Route, {
+    nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update(obj, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID, h);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(routing_rule, NMPlatformRoutingRule, {
+    nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(obj, NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID, h);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(qdisc, NMPlatformQdisc, {
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->parent);
+});
+
+_vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update(tfilter, NMPlatformTfilter, {
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->handle);
+});
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_ip4_route(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update((const NMPlatformIP4Route *) obj,
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL,
+                                             h);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_ip6_route(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    return nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update((const NMPlatformIP6Route *) obj,
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL,
+                                             h);
+}
+
+static void
+_vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_routing_rule(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    return nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update((const NMPlatformRoutingRule *) obj,
+                                                NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL,
+                                                h);
+}
+
+guint
+nmp_object_indirect_id_hash(gconstpointer a)
+{
+    const NMPObject *const *p_obj = a;
+
+    return nmp_object_id_hash(*p_obj);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmp_object_indirect_id_equal(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
+{
+    const NMPObject *const *p_obj_a = a;
+    const NMPObject *const *p_obj_b = b;
+
+    return nmp_object_id_equal(*p_obj_a, *p_obj_b);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmp_object_is_alive(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    /* for convenience, allow NULL. */
+    if (!obj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+    return !klass->cmd_obj_is_alive || klass->cmd_obj_is_alive(obj);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_link(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj)->ifindex > 0
+           && (obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink || obj->_link.udev.device);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_address(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj)->ifindex > 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_route(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    /* We want to ignore routes that are RTM_F_CLONED but we still
+     * let nmp_object_from_nl() create such route objects, instead of
+     * returning NULL right away.
+     *
+     * The idea is, that if we have the same route (according to its id)
+     * in the cache with !RTM_F_CLONED, an update that changes the route
+     * to be RTM_F_CLONED must remove the instance.
+     *
+     * If nmp_object_from_nl() would just return NULL, we couldn't look
+     * into the cache to see if it contains a route that now disappears
+     * (because it changed to be cloned).
+     *
+     * Instead we create a dead object, and nmp_cache_update_netlink()
+     * will remove the old version of the update.
+     **/
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->ifindex > 0
+           && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags, RTM_F_CLONED);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_routing_rule(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NM_IN_SET(obj->routing_rule.addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_qdisc(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj)->ifindex > 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_tfilter(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(obj)->ifindex > 0;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmp_object_is_visible(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    /* for convenience, allow NULL. */
+    if (!obj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+
+    /* a dead object is never visible. */
+    if (klass->cmd_obj_is_alive && !klass->cmd_obj_is_alive(obj))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return !klass->cmd_obj_is_visible || klass->cmd_obj_is_visible(obj);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_vt_cmd_obj_is_visible_link(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj->link.name[0];
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const guint8 _supported_cache_ids_object[] = {
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX,
+    0,
+};
+
+static const guint8 _supported_cache_ids_link[] = {
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_LINK_BY_IFNAME,
+    0,
+};
+
+static const guint8 _supported_cache_ids_ipx_address[] = {
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX,
+    0,
+};
+
+static const guint8 _supported_cache_ids_ipx_route[] = {
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_DEFAULT_ROUTES,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID,
+    0,
+};
+
+static const guint8 _supported_cache_ids_routing_rules[] = {
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_ADDR_FAMILY,
+    0,
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_vt_dedup_obj_destroy(NMDedupMultiObj *obj)
+{
+    NMPObject *     o = (NMPObject *) obj;
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+
+    nm_assert(o->parent._ref_count == 0);
+    nm_assert(!o->parent._multi_idx);
+
+    klass = o->_class;
+    if (klass->cmd_obj_dispose)
+        klass->cmd_obj_dispose(o);
+    g_slice_free1(klass->sizeof_data + G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPObject, object), o);
+}
+
+static const NMDedupMultiObj *
+_vt_dedup_obj_clone(const NMDedupMultiObj *obj)
+{
+    return (const NMDedupMultiObj *) nmp_object_clone((const NMPObject *) obj, FALSE);
+}
+
+#define DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT()                                                       \
+    {                                                                                      \
+        .obj_clone = _vt_dedup_obj_clone, .obj_destroy = _vt_dedup_obj_destroy,            \
+        .obj_full_hash_update =                                                            \
+            (void (*)(const NMDedupMultiObj *obj, NMHashState *h)) nmp_object_hash_update, \
+        .obj_full_equal = (gboolean(*)(const NMDedupMultiObj *obj_a,                       \
+                                       const NMDedupMultiObj *obj_b)) nmp_object_equal,    \
+    }
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMDedupMultiIdxType *
+_idx_type_get(const NMPCache *cache, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(cache_id_type > NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE);
+    nm_assert(cache_id_type <= NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX);
+    nm_assert((int) cache_id_type - 1 >= 0);
+    nm_assert((int) cache_id_type - 1 < G_N_ELEMENTS(cache->idx_types));
+
+    return (NMDedupMultiIdxType *) &cache->idx_types[cache_id_type - 1];
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmp_cache_use_udev_get(const NMPCache *cache)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(cache, TRUE);
+
+    return cache->use_udev;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmp_cache_link_connected_for_slave(int ifindex_master, const NMPObject *slave)
+{
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(slave) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    return ifindex_master > 0 && slave->link.master == ifindex_master && slave->link.connected
+           && nmp_object_is_visible(slave);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle:
+ * @cache: the platform cache
+ * @master: the link object, that is checked whether its connected property
+ *   needs to be toggled.
+ * @potential_slave: (allow-none): an additional link object that is treated
+ *   as if it was inside @cache. If given, it shaddows a link in the cache
+ *   with the same ifindex.
+ * @ignore_slave: (allow-none): if set, the check will pretend that @ignore_slave
+ *   is not in the cache.
+ *
+ * NMPlatformLink has two connected flags: (master->link.flags&IFF_LOWER_UP) (as reported
+ * from netlink) and master->link.connected. For bond and bridge master, kernel reports
+ * those links as IFF_LOWER_UP if they have no slaves attached. We want to present instead
+ * a combined @connected flag that shows masters without slaves as down.
+ *
+ * Check if the connected flag of @master should be toggled according to the content
+ * of @cache (including @potential_slave).
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE, if @master->link.connected should be flipped/toggled.
+ **/
+gboolean
+nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                      const NMPObject *master,
+                                      const NMPObject *potential_slave,
+                                      const NMPObject *ignore_slave)
+{
+    gboolean is_lower_up = FALSE;
+
+    if (!master || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(master) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK || master->link.ifindex <= 0
+        || !nmp_object_is_visible(master)
+        || !NM_IN_SET(master->link.type, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* if native IFF_LOWER_UP is down, link.connected must also be down
+     * regardless of the slaves. */
+    if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(master->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP))
+        return !!master->link.connected;
+
+    if (potential_slave && NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(potential_slave) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK)
+        potential_slave = NULL;
+
+    if (potential_slave
+        && nmp_cache_link_connected_for_slave(master->link.ifindex, potential_slave))
+        is_lower_up = TRUE;
+    else {
+        NMPLookup             lookup;
+        NMDedupMultiIter      iter;
+        const NMPlatformLink *link = NULL;
+
+        nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (
+            &iter,
+            nmp_cache_lookup(cache, nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK)),
+            &link) {
+            const NMPObject *obj = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST((NMPlatformObject *) link);
+
+            if ((!potential_slave || potential_slave->link.ifindex != link->ifindex)
+                && ignore_slave != obj
+                && nmp_cache_link_connected_for_slave(master->link.ifindex, obj)) {
+                is_lower_up = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return !!master->link.connected != is_lower_up;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex:
+ * @cache:
+ * @master_ifindex: the ifindex of a potential master that should be checked
+ *   whether it needs toggling.
+ * @potential_slave: (allow-none): passed to nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle().
+ *   It considers @potential_slave as being inside the cache, replacing an existing
+ *   link with the same ifindex.
+ * @ignore_slave: (allow-onne): passed to nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle().
+ *
+ * The flag obj->link.connected depends on the state of other links in the
+ * @cache. See also nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(). Given an ifindex
+ * of a master, check if the cache contains such a master link that needs
+ * toggling of the connected flag.
+ *
+ * Returns: NULL if there is no master link with ifindex @master_ifindex that should be toggled.
+ *   Otherwise, return the link object from inside the cache with the given ifindex.
+ *   The connected flag of that master should be toggled.
+ */
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                                 int              master_ifindex,
+                                                 const NMPObject *potential_slave,
+                                                 const NMPObject *ignore_slave)
+{
+    const NMPObject *master;
+
+    if (master_ifindex > 0) {
+        master = nmp_cache_lookup_link(cache, master_ifindex);
+        if (nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(cache, master, potential_slave, ignore_slave))
+            return master;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+_lookup_entry_with_idx_type(const NMPCache * cache,
+                            NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                            const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry;
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    entry =
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx, _idx_type_get(cache, cache_id_type), obj);
+    nm_assert(!entry
+              || (NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(entry->obj)
+                  && NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(entry->obj) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)));
+    return entry;
+}
+
+static const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+_lookup_entry(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return _lookup_entry_with_idx_type(cache, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nmp_cache_lookup_entry_with_idx_type(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                     NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                                     const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(cache, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(obj, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(cache_id_type > NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE
+                             && cache_id_type <= NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX,
+                         NULL);
+
+    return _lookup_entry_with_idx_type(cache, cache_id_type, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nmp_cache_lookup_entry(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(cache, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(obj, NULL);
+
+    return _lookup_entry(cache, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(const NMPCache *cache, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPObject obj_needle;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(cache, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&obj_needle, ifindex);
+    return _lookup_entry(cache, &obj_needle);
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_cache_lookup_obj(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, obj));
+}
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_cache_lookup_link(const NMPCache *cache, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(cache, ifindex));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nmp_cache_lookup_all(const NMPCache * cache,
+                     NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                     const NMPObject *select_obj)
+{
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(select_obj));
+
+    return nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_head(cache->multi_idx,
+                                            _idx_type_get(cache, cache_id_type),
+                                            select_obj);
+}
+
+static const NMPLookup *
+_L(const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+    DedupMultiIdxType idx_type;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+    _dedup_multi_idx_type_init(&idx_type, lookup->cache_id_type);
+    nm_assert(
+        idx_type.parent.klass->idx_obj_partitionable((NMDedupMultiIdxType *) &idx_type,
+                                                     (NMDedupMultiObj *) &lookup->selector_obj));
+#endif
+    return lookup;
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    switch (obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, obj_type);
+        lookup->cache_id_type = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE;
+        return _L(lookup);
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_link_by_ifname(NMPLookup *lookup, const char *ifname)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+    nm_assert(ifname);
+    nm_assert(strlen(ifname) < IFNAMSIZ);
+
+    o = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    if (g_strlcpy(o->link.name, ifname, sizeof(o->link.name)) >= sizeof(o->link.name))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    lookup->cache_id_type = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_LINK_BY_IFNAME;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_object(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(obj_type,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER));
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0) {
+        return nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(lookup, obj_type);
+    }
+
+    o                           = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, obj_type);
+    o->obj_with_ifindex.ifindex = ifindex;
+    lookup->cache_id_type       = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_route_default(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+    o                     = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, obj_type);
+    o->ip_route.ifindex   = 1;
+    lookup->cache_id_type = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_DEFAULT_ROUTES;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *lookup, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r4;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r6;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+        r4 = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj);
+        return nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(lookup,
+                                                    r4->network,
+                                                    r4->plen,
+                                                    r4->metric,
+                                                    r4->tos);
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        r6 = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj);
+        return nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(lookup,
+                                                    &r6->network,
+                                                    r6->plen,
+                                                    r6->metric,
+                                                    &r6->src,
+                                                    r6->src_plen);
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *lookup,
+                                     in_addr_t  network,
+                                     guint      plen,
+                                     guint32    metric,
+                                     guint8     tos)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    o = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE);
+    o->ip4_route.ifindex = 1;
+    o->ip4_route.plen    = plen;
+    o->ip4_route.metric  = metric;
+    if (network)
+        o->ip4_route.network = network;
+    o->ip4_route.tos      = tos;
+    lookup->cache_id_type = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *            lookup,
+                                     const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                     guint                  plen,
+                                     guint32                metric,
+                                     const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                     guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    o = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE);
+    o->ip6_route.ifindex = 1;
+    o->ip6_route.plen    = plen;
+    o->ip6_route.metric  = metric;
+    if (network)
+        o->ip6_route.network = *network;
+    if (src)
+        o->ip6_route.src = *src;
+    o->ip6_route.src_plen = src_plen;
+    lookup->cache_id_type = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_object_by_addr_family(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type, int addr_family)
+{
+    NMPObject *o;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE));
+
+    if (addr_family == AF_UNSPEC)
+        return nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(lookup, obj_type);
+
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    o = _nmp_object_stackinit_from_type(&lookup->selector_obj, obj_type);
+    NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o)->addr_family = addr_family;
+    lookup->cache_id_type                        = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_ADDR_FAMILY;
+    return _L(lookup);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+GArray *
+nmp_cache_lookup_to_array(const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry,
+                          NMPObjectType                obj_type,
+                          gboolean                     visible_only)
+{
+    const NMPClass * klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    const NMPObject *o;
+    GArray *         array;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(klass, NULL);
+
+    array = g_array_sized_new(FALSE, FALSE, klass->sizeof_public, head_entry ? head_entry->len : 0);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(o) == klass);
+        if (visible_only && !nmp_object_is_visible(o))
+            continue;
+        g_array_append_vals(array, &o->object, 1);
+    }
+    return array;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(const NMPCache * cache,
+                           int              ifindex,
+                           const char *     ifname,
+                           gboolean         visible_only,
+                           NMLinkType       link_type,
+                           NMPObjectMatchFn match_fn,
+                           gpointer         user_data)
+{
+    NMPObject                    obj_needle;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    const NMPlatformLink *       link = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&obj_needle, ifindex));
+
+        if (!obj || (visible_only && !nmp_object_is_visible(obj))
+            || (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE && obj->link.type != link_type)
+            || (ifname && strcmp(obj->link.name, ifname))
+            || (match_fn && !match_fn(obj, user_data)))
+            return NULL;
+        return obj;
+    } else if (!ifname && !match_fn)
+        return NULL;
+    else {
+        const NMPObject *obj_best = NULL;
+
+        if (ifname) {
+            if (strlen(ifname) >= IFNAMSIZ)
+                return NULL;
+            nmp_lookup_init_link_by_ifname(&lookup, ifname);
+        } else
+            nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+        head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup);
+        nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (&iter, head_entry, &link) {
+            obj = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(link);
+
+            if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE && obj->link.type != link_type)
+                continue;
+            if (visible_only && !nmp_object_is_visible(obj))
+                continue;
+            if (match_fn && !match_fn(obj, user_data))
+                continue;
+
+            /* if there are multiple candidates, prefer the visible ones. */
+            if (visible_only || nmp_object_is_visible(obj))
+                return obj;
+            if (!obj_best)
+                obj_best = obj;
+        }
+        return obj_best;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMDedupMultiIdxMode
+_obj_get_add_mode(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    /* new objects are usually appended to the list. Except for
+     * addresses, which are prepended during `ip address add`.
+     *
+     * Actually, for routes it is more complicated, because depending on
+     * `ip route append`, `ip route replace`, `ip route prepend`, the object
+     * will be added at the tail, at the front, or even replace an element
+     * in the list. However, that is handled separately by nmp_cache_update_netlink_route()
+     * and of no concern here. */
+    if (NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj),
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS))
+        return NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_PREPEND;
+    return NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_APPEND;
+}
+
+static void
+_idxcache_update_order_for_dump(NMPCache *cache, const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry)
+{
+    const NMPClass *         klass;
+    const guint8 *           i_idx_type;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry2;
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_entry_reorder(entry, NULL, TRUE);
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(entry->obj);
+    for (i_idx_type = klass->supported_cache_ids; *i_idx_type; i_idx_type++) {
+        NMPCacheIdType id_type = *i_idx_type;
+
+        if (id_type == NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE)
+            continue;
+
+        entry2 = nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx,
+                                                 _idx_type_get(cache, id_type),
+                                                 entry->obj);
+        if (!entry2)
+            continue;
+
+        nm_assert(entry2 != entry);
+        nm_assert(entry2->obj == entry->obj);
+
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_reorder(entry2, NULL, TRUE);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_idxcache_update_other_cache_ids(NMPCache *       cache,
+                                 NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                                 const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                                 const NMPObject *obj_new,
+                                 gboolean         is_dump)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_new;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_order;
+    NMDedupMultiIdxType *    idx_type;
+
+    nm_assert(obj_new || obj_old);
+    nm_assert(!obj_new || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_new) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    nm_assert(!obj_old || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_old) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    nm_assert(!obj_old || !obj_new
+              || NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_new) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_old));
+    nm_assert(!obj_old || !obj_new || !nmp_object_equal(obj_new, obj_old));
+    nm_assert(!obj_new || obj_new == nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_find(cache->multi_idx, obj_new));
+    nm_assert(!obj_old || obj_old == nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_find(cache->multi_idx, obj_old));
+
+    idx_type = _idx_type_get(cache, cache_id_type);
+
+    if (obj_old) {
+        entry_old = nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx, idx_type, obj_old);
+        if (!obj_new) {
+            if (entry_old)
+                nm_dedup_multi_index_remove_entry(cache->multi_idx, entry_old);
+            return;
+        }
+    } else
+        entry_old = NULL;
+
+    if (obj_new) {
+        if (obj_old && nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_id_equal(idx_type, obj_old, obj_new)
+            && nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_partition_equal(idx_type, obj_old, obj_new)) {
+            /* optimize. We just looked up the @obj_old entry and @obj_new compares equal
+             * according to idx_obj_id_equal(). entry_new is the same as entry_old. */
+            entry_new = entry_old;
+        } else {
+            entry_new = nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx, idx_type, obj_new);
+        }
+
+        if (entry_new)
+            entry_order = entry_new;
+        else if (entry_old
+                 && nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_partition_equal(idx_type, entry_old->obj, obj_new))
+            entry_order = entry_old;
+        else
+            entry_order = NULL;
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_add_full(
+            cache->multi_idx,
+            idx_type,
+            obj_new,
+            is_dump ? NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_APPEND_FORCE : _obj_get_add_mode(obj_new),
+            is_dump ? NULL : entry_order,
+            entry_new ?: NM_DEDUP_MULTI_ENTRY_MISSING,
+            entry_new ? entry_new->head : (entry_order ? entry_order->head : NULL),
+            &entry_new,
+            NULL);
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+        if (entry_new) {
+            nm_assert(idx_type->klass->idx_obj_partitionable);
+            nm_assert(idx_type->klass->idx_obj_partition_equal);
+            nm_assert(idx_type->klass->idx_obj_partitionable(idx_type, entry_new->obj));
+            nm_assert(idx_type->klass->idx_obj_partition_equal(idx_type,
+                                                               (gpointer) obj_new,
+                                                               entry_new->obj));
+        }
+#endif
+    } else
+        entry_new = NULL;
+
+    if (entry_old && entry_old != entry_new)
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_remove_entry(cache->multi_idx, entry_old);
+}
+
+static void
+_idxcache_update(NMPCache *                cache,
+                 const NMDedupMultiEntry * entry_old,
+                 NMPObject *               obj_new,
+                 gboolean                  is_dump,
+                 const NMDedupMultiEntry **out_entry_new)
+{
+    const NMPClass *         klass;
+    const guint8 *           i_idx_type;
+    NMDedupMultiIdxType *    idx_type_o     = _idx_type_get(cache, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_new      = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+
+    /* we update an object in the cache.
+     *
+     * Note that @entry_old MUST be what is currently tracked in multi_idx, and it must
+     * have the same ID as @obj_new. */
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(entry_old || obj_new);
+    nm_assert(!obj_new || nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new));
+    nm_assert(
+        !entry_old
+        || entry_old
+               == nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx, idx_type_o, entry_old->obj));
+    nm_assert(!obj_new
+              || entry_old
+                     == nm_dedup_multi_index_lookup_obj(cache->multi_idx, idx_type_o, obj_new));
+    nm_assert(!entry_old || entry_old->head->idx_type == idx_type_o);
+    nm_assert(!entry_old || !obj_new
+              || nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_partition_equal(idx_type_o, entry_old->obj, obj_new));
+    nm_assert(!entry_old || !obj_new
+              || nm_dedup_multi_idx_type_id_equal(idx_type_o, entry_old->obj, obj_new));
+    nm_assert(!entry_old || !obj_new
+              || (obj_new->parent.klass == ((const NMPObject *) entry_old->obj)->parent.klass
+                  && !obj_new->parent.klass->obj_full_equal((NMDedupMultiObj *) obj_new,
+                                                            entry_old->obj)));
+
+    /* keep a reference to the pre-existing entry */
+    if (entry_old)
+        obj_old = nmp_object_ref(entry_old->obj);
+
+    /* first update the main index NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE.
+     * We already know the pre-existing @entry old, so all that
+     * nm_dedup_multi_index_add_full() effectively does, is update the
+     * obj reference.
+     *
+     * We also get the new boxed object, which we need below. */
+    if (obj_new) {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_old2 = NULL;
+
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_add_full(cache->multi_idx,
+                                      idx_type_o,
+                                      obj_new,
+                                      is_dump ? NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_APPEND_FORCE
+                                              : _obj_get_add_mode(obj_new),
+                                      NULL,
+                                      entry_old ?: NM_DEDUP_MULTI_ENTRY_MISSING,
+                                      NULL,
+                                      &entry_new,
+                                      (const NMDedupMultiObj **) &obj_old2);
+        nm_assert(entry_new);
+        nm_assert(obj_old == obj_old2);
+        nm_assert(!entry_old || entry_old == entry_new);
+    } else
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_remove_entry(cache->multi_idx, entry_old);
+
+    /* now update all other indexes. We know the previously boxed entry, and the
+     * newly boxed one. */
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(entry_new ? entry_new->obj : obj_old);
+    for (i_idx_type = klass->supported_cache_ids; *i_idx_type; i_idx_type++) {
+        NMPCacheIdType id_type = *i_idx_type;
+
+        if (id_type == NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE)
+            continue;
+        _idxcache_update_other_cache_ids(cache,
+                                         id_type,
+                                         obj_old,
+                                         entry_new ? entry_new->obj : NULL,
+                                         is_dump);
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_entry_new, entry_new);
+}
+
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_remove(NMPCache *        cache,
+                 const NMPObject * obj_needle,
+                 gboolean          equals_by_ptr,
+                 gboolean          only_dirty,
+                 const NMPObject **out_obj_old)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_old;
+    const NMPObject *        obj_old;
+
+    entry_old = _lookup_entry(cache, obj_needle);
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+
+    obj_old = entry_old->obj;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+
+    if (equals_by_ptr && obj_old != obj_needle) {
+        /* We found an identical object, but we only delete it if it's the same pointer as
+         * @obj_needle. */
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+    if (only_dirty && !entry_old->dirty) {
+        /* the entry is not dirty. Skip. */
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+    _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+    return NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+}
+
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_remove_netlink(NMPCache *        cache,
+                         const NMPObject * obj_needle,
+                         const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                         const NMPObject **out_obj_new)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_new = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *        obj_old;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+
+    entry_old = _lookup_entry(cache, obj_needle);
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+
+    obj_old = entry_old->obj;
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_needle) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK) {
+        /* For nmp_cache_remove_netlink() we have an incomplete @obj_needle instance to be
+         * removed from netlink. Link objects are alive without being in netlink when they
+         * have a udev-device. All we want to do in this case is clear the netlink.is_in_netlink
+         * flag. */
+
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+
+        if (!obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+            nm_assert(obj_old->_link.udev.device);
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        if (!obj_old->_link.udev.device) {
+            /* the update would make @obj_old invalid. Remove it. */
+            _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+        }
+
+        obj_new                              = nmp_object_clone(obj_old, FALSE);
+        obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = FALSE;
+
+        _nmp_object_fixup_link_master_connected(&obj_new, NULL, cache);
+        _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_new, NULL, cache->use_udev);
+
+        _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_new, FALSE, &entry_new);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+    _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+    return NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_cache_update_netlink:
+ * @cache: the platform cache
+ * @obj_hand_over: a #NMPObject instance as received from netlink and created via
+ *    nmp_object_from_nl(). Especially for link, it must not have the udev
+ *    replated fields set.
+ *    This instance will be modified and might be put into the cache. When
+ *    calling nmp_cache_update_netlink() you hand @obj over to the cache.
+ *    Except, that the cache will increment the ref count as appropriate. You
+ *    must still unref the obj to release your part of the ownership.
+ * @is_dump: whether this update comes during a dump of object of the same kind.
+ *    kernel dumps objects in a certain order, which matters especially for routes.
+ *    Before a dump we mark all objects as dirty, and remove all untouched objects
+ *    afterwards. Hence, during a dump, every update should move the object to the
+ *    end of the list, to obtain the correct order. That means, to use NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_APPEND_FORCE,
+ *    instead of NM_DEDUP_MULTI_IDX_MODE_APPEND.
+ * @out_obj_old: (allow-none) (out): return the object with same ID as @obj_hand_over,
+ *    that was in the cache before update. If an object is returned, the caller must
+ *    unref it afterwards.
+ * @out_obj_new: (allow-none) (out): return the object from the cache after update.
+ *    The caller must unref this object.
+ *
+ * Returns: how the cache changed.
+ *
+ * Even if there was no change in the cache (NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED), @out_obj_old
+ * and @out_obj_new will be set accordingly.
+ **/
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_update_netlink(NMPCache *        cache,
+                         NMPObject *       obj_hand_over,
+                         gboolean          is_dump,
+                         const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                         const NMPObject **out_obj_new)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_new;
+    const NMPObject *        obj_old;
+    gboolean                 is_alive;
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_hand_over));
+    nm_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj_hand_over));
+    /* A link object from netlink must have the udev related fields unset.
+     * We could implement to handle that, but there is no need to support such
+     * a use-case */
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_hand_over) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK
+              || (!obj_hand_over->_link.udev.device && !obj_hand_over->link.driver));
+    nm_assert(nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_find(cache->multi_idx, obj_hand_over) != obj_hand_over);
+
+    entry_old = _lookup_entry(cache, obj_hand_over);
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+
+        if (!nmp_object_is_alive(obj_hand_over)) {
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_hand_over) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK) {
+            _nmp_object_fixup_link_master_connected(&obj_hand_over, NULL, cache);
+            _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_hand_over, NULL, cache->use_udev);
+        }
+
+        _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_hand_over, is_dump, &entry_new);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
+    }
+
+    obj_old = entry_old->obj;
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_hand_over) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK) {
+        if (!obj_hand_over->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+            if (!obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+                nm_assert(obj_old->_link.udev.device);
+                NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+                NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+                return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+            }
+            if (obj_old->_link.udev.device) {
+                /* @obj_hand_over is not in netlink.
+                 *
+                 * This is similar to nmp_cache_remove_netlink(), but there we preserve the
+                 * preexisting netlink properties. The use case of that is when kernel_get_object()
+                 * cannot load an object (based on the id of a needle).
+                 *
+                 * Here we keep the data provided from @obj_hand_over. The usecase is when receiving
+                 * a valid @obj_hand_over instance from netlink with RTM_DELROUTE.
+                 */
+                is_alive = TRUE;
+            } else
+                is_alive = FALSE;
+        } else
+            is_alive = TRUE;
+
+        if (is_alive) {
+            _nmp_object_fixup_link_master_connected(&obj_hand_over, NULL, cache);
+
+            /* Merge the netlink parts with what we have from udev. */
+            udev_device_unref(obj_hand_over->_link.udev.device);
+            obj_hand_over->_link.udev.device =
+                obj_old->_link.udev.device ? udev_device_ref(obj_old->_link.udev.device) : NULL;
+            _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_hand_over, NULL, cache->use_udev);
+
+            if (obj_hand_over->_link.netlink.lnk) {
+                nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *lnk_old = obj_hand_over->_link.netlink.lnk;
+
+                /* let's dedup/intern the lnk object. */
+                obj_hand_over->_link.netlink.lnk =
+                    nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_intern(cache->multi_idx, lnk_old);
+            }
+        }
+    } else
+        is_alive = nmp_object_is_alive(obj_hand_over);
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+
+    if (!is_alive) {
+        /* the update would make @obj_old invalid. Remove it. */
+        _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+    }
+
+    if (nmp_object_equal(obj_old, obj_hand_over)) {
+        if (is_dump)
+            _idxcache_update_order_for_dump(cache, entry_old);
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry_old, FALSE);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+
+    _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_hand_over, is_dump, &entry_new);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+    return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED;
+}
+
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_update_netlink_route(NMPCache *        cache,
+                               NMPObject *       obj_hand_over,
+                               gboolean          is_dump,
+                               guint16           nlmsgflags,
+                               const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                               const NMPObject **out_obj_new,
+                               const NMPObject **out_obj_replace,
+                               gboolean *        out_resync_required)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *    entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *    entry_new;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *    entry_cur;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *    entry_replace;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    gboolean                     is_alive;
+    NMPCacheOpsType              ops_type = NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    gboolean                     resync_required;
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_hand_over));
+    nm_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj_hand_over));
+    /* A link object from netlink must have the udev related fields unset.
+     * We could implement to handle that, but there is no need to support such
+     * a use-case */
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_hand_over),
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    nm_assert(nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_find(cache->multi_idx, obj_hand_over) != obj_hand_over);
+
+    entry_old = _lookup_entry(cache, obj_hand_over);
+    entry_new = NULL;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(entry_old)));
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        if (!nmp_object_is_alive(obj_hand_over))
+            goto update_done;
+
+        _idxcache_update(cache, NULL, obj_hand_over, is_dump, &entry_new);
+        ops_type = NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
+        goto update_done;
+    }
+
+    is_alive = nmp_object_is_alive(obj_hand_over);
+
+    if (!is_alive) {
+        /* the update would make @entry_old invalid. Remove it. */
+        _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+        ops_type = NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+        goto update_done;
+    }
+
+    if (nmp_object_equal(entry_old->obj, obj_hand_over)) {
+        if (is_dump)
+            _idxcache_update_order_for_dump(cache, entry_old);
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry_old, FALSE);
+        goto update_done;
+    }
+
+    _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_hand_over, is_dump, &entry_new);
+    ops_type = NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED;
+
+update_done:
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(entry_new)));
+
+    /* a RTM_GETROUTE event may signal that another object was replaced.
+     * Find out whether that is the case and return it as @obj_replaced.
+     *
+     * Also, fixup the order of @entry_new within NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID
+     * index. For most parts, we don't care about the order of objects (including routes).
+     * But NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID we must keep in the correct order, to
+     * properly find @obj_replaced. */
+    resync_required = FALSE;
+    entry_replace   = NULL;
+    if (is_dump)
+        goto out;
+
+    if (!entry_new) {
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(nlmsgflags, NLM_F_REPLACE)
+            && nmp_cache_lookup_all(cache, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID, obj_hand_over)) {
+            /* hm. @obj_hand_over was not added, meaning it was not alive.
+             * However, we track some other objects with the same weak-id.
+             * It's unclear what that means. To be sure, resync. */
+            resync_required = TRUE;
+        }
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* FIXME: for routes, we only maintain the order correctly for the BY_WEAK_ID
+     * index. For all other indexes their order becomes messed up. */
+    entry_cur =
+        _lookup_entry_with_idx_type(cache, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID, entry_new->obj);
+    if (!entry_cur) {
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        goto out;
+    }
+    nm_assert(entry_cur->obj == entry_new->obj);
+
+    head_entry = entry_cur->head;
+    nm_assert(head_entry
+              == nmp_cache_lookup_all(cache, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID, entry_cur->obj));
+
+    if (head_entry->len == 1) {
+        /* there is only one object, and we expect it to be @obj_new. */
+        nm_assert(nm_dedup_multi_head_entry_get_idx(head_entry, 0) == entry_cur);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    switch (nlmsgflags & (NLM_F_REPLACE | NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_APPEND)) {
+    case NLM_F_REPLACE:
+        /* ip route change */
+
+        /* get the first element (but skip @obj_new). */
+        nm_dedup_multi_iter_init(&iter, head_entry);
+        if (!nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(&iter))
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+        if (iter.current == entry_cur) {
+            if (!nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(&iter))
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+        entry_replace = iter.current;
+
+        nm_assert(entry_replace && entry_cur != entry_replace);
+
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_reorder(entry_cur, entry_replace, FALSE);
+        break;
+    case NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_APPEND:
+        /* ip route append */
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_reorder(entry_cur, NULL, TRUE);
+        break;
+    case NLM_F_CREATE:
+        /* ip route prepend */
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_reorder(entry_cur, NULL, FALSE);
+        break;
+    default:
+        /* this is an unexpected case, probably a bug that we need to handle better. */
+        resync_required = TRUE;
+        break;
+    }
+
+out:
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_replace, nmp_object_ref(nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(entry_replace)));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_resync_required, resync_required);
+    return ops_type;
+}
+
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_update_link_udev(NMPCache *          cache,
+                           int                 ifindex,
+                           struct udev_device *udevice,
+                           const NMPObject **  out_obj_old,
+                           const NMPObject **  out_obj_new)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj_old;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry * entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry * entry_new;
+
+    entry_old = nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(cache, ifindex);
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        if (!udevice) {
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        obj_new                    = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, NULL);
+        obj_new->link.ifindex      = ifindex;
+        obj_new->_link.udev.device = udev_device_ref(udevice);
+
+        _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_new, NULL, cache->use_udev);
+
+        _idxcache_update(cache, NULL, obj_new, FALSE, &entry_new);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
+    } else {
+        obj_old = entry_old->obj;
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+
+        if (obj_old->_link.udev.device == udevice) {
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        if (!udevice && !obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+            /* the update would make @obj_old invalid. Remove it. */
+            _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, NULL, FALSE, NULL);
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+            return NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+        }
+
+        obj_new = nmp_object_clone(obj_old, FALSE);
+
+        udev_device_unref(obj_new->_link.udev.device);
+        obj_new->_link.udev.device = udevice ? udev_device_ref(udevice) : NULL;
+
+        _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_new, NULL, cache->use_udev);
+
+        _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_new, FALSE, &entry_new);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED;
+    }
+}
+
+NMPCacheOpsType
+nmp_cache_update_link_master_connected(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                       int               ifindex,
+                                       const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                                       const NMPObject **out_obj_new)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_old;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_new = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *        obj_old;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+
+    entry_old = nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(cache, ifindex);
+
+    if (!entry_old) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, NULL);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, NULL);
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+
+    obj_old = entry_old->obj;
+
+    if (!nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(cache, obj_old, NULL, NULL)) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+        return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED;
+    }
+
+    obj_new                 = nmp_object_clone(obj_old, FALSE);
+    obj_new->link.connected = !obj_old->link.connected;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_old, nmp_object_ref(obj_old));
+    _idxcache_update(cache, entry_old, obj_new, FALSE, &entry_new);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj_new, nmp_object_ref(entry_new->obj));
+    return NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(NMPCache *cache, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(cache, lookup);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_init(&iter, head_entry);
+    while (nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(&iter)) {
+        const NMDedupMultiEntry *main_entry;
+
+        main_entry = nmp_cache_reresolve_main_entry(cache, iter.current, lookup);
+
+        nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(main_entry, TRUE);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMPCache *
+nmp_cache_new(NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx, gboolean use_udev)
+{
+    NMPCache *cache = g_slice_new0(NMPCache);
+    guint     i;
+
+    for (i = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE + 1; i <= NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX; i++)
+        _dedup_multi_idx_type_init((DedupMultiIdxType *) _idx_type_get(cache, i), i);
+
+    cache->multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_ref(multi_idx);
+
+    cache->use_udev = !!use_udev;
+    return cache;
+}
+
+void
+nmp_cache_free(NMPCache *cache)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    for (i = NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE + 1; i <= NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX; i++)
+        nm_dedup_multi_index_remove_idx(cache->multi_idx, _idx_type_get(cache, i));
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_index_unref(cache->multi_idx);
+
+    g_slice_free(NMPCache, cache);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(const NMPCache *cache)
+{}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* below, ensure that addr_family get's automatically initialize to AF_UNSPEC. */
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(AF_UNSPEC == 0);
+
+typedef const char *(*CmdPlobjToStringFunc)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, char *buf, gsize len);
+typedef const char *(*CmdPlobjToStringIdFunc)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, char *buf, gsize len);
+typedef void (*CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+typedef int (*CmdPlobjCmpFunc)(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2);
+
+const NMPClass _nmp_classes[NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_MAX] = {
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectLink),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformLink),
+            .obj_type_name            = "link",
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETLINK,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LINK,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_link,
+            .cmd_obj_hash_update      = _vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_link,
+            .cmd_obj_cmp              = _vt_cmd_obj_cmp_link,
+            .cmd_obj_copy             = _vt_cmd_obj_copy_link,
+            .cmd_obj_dispose          = _vt_cmd_obj_dispose_link,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_link,
+            .cmd_obj_is_visible       = _vt_cmd_obj_is_visible_link,
+            .cmd_obj_to_string        = _vt_cmd_obj_to_string_link,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_link,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_link,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_link,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_link,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_link_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_link_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_link_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectIP4Address),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformIP4Address),
+            .obj_type_name            = "ip4-address",
+            .addr_family              = AF_INET,
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETADDR,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ADDRESS,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_ipx_address,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_address,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_ip4_address,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip4_address,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_ip4_address,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_ip4_address,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_ip4_address_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_ip4_address_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS
+        - 1] = {.parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+                .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectIP6Address),
+                .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformIP6Address),
+                .obj_type_name            = "ip6-address",
+                .addr_family              = AF_INET6,
+                .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETADDR,
+                .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_ipx_address,
+                .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_address,
+                .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_ip6_address,
+                .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip6_address,
+                .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_ip6_address,
+                .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_ip6_address,
+                .cmd_plobj_to_string = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string,
+                .cmd_plobj_hash_update =
+                    (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_ip6_address_hash_update,
+                .cmd_plobj_cmp = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_ip6_address_cmp},
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectIP4Route),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformIP4Route),
+            .obj_type_name            = "ip4-route",
+            .addr_family              = AF_INET,
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETROUTE,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ROUTE,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_ipx_route,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_ip4_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip4_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_ip4_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = (CmdPlobjToStringIdFunc) nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = _vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_ip4_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp_full,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectIP6Route),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformIP6Route),
+            .obj_type_name            = "ip6-route",
+            .addr_family              = AF_INET6,
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETROUTE,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ROUTE,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_ipx_route,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_ipx_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_ip6_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_ip6_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_ip6_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = (CmdPlobjToStringIdFunc) nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = _vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_ip6_route,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp_full,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectRoutingRule),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformRoutingRule),
+            .obj_type_name            = "routing-rule",
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETRULE,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_ROUTING_RULE,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ROUTING_RULE_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_routing_rules,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_routing_rule,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_copy        = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_copy_routing_rule,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_routing_rule,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_routing_rule,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = (CmdPlobjToStringIdFunc) nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = _vt_cmd_plobj_hash_update_routing_rule,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp_full,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectQdisc),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformQdisc),
+            .obj_type_name            = "qdisc",
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETQDISC,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_QDISC,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_object,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_qdisc,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_qdisc,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_qdisc,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_qdisc,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_qdisc_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_qdisc_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_qdisc_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                   = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type                 = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER,
+            .sizeof_data              = sizeof(NMPObjectTfilter),
+            .sizeof_public            = sizeof(NMPlatformTfilter),
+            .obj_type_name            = "tfilter",
+            .rtm_gettype              = RTM_GETTFILTER,
+            .signal_type_id           = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_TFILTER,
+            .signal_type              = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED,
+            .supported_cache_ids      = _supported_cache_ids_object,
+            .cmd_obj_is_alive         = _vt_cmd_obj_is_alive_tfilter,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_cmp         = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_cmp_tfilter,
+            .cmd_plobj_id_hash_update = _vt_cmd_plobj_id_hash_update_tfilter,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string_id   = _vt_cmd_plobj_to_string_id_tfilter,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string      = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_tfilter_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update    = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_tfilter_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp            = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_tfilter_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkBridge),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkBridge),
+            .obj_type_name         = "bridge",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_bridge_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRE,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkGre),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkGre),
+            .obj_type_name         = "gre",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRETAP - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRETAP,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkGre),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkGre),
+            .obj_type_name         = "gretap",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent              = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type            = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND,
+            .sizeof_data         = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkInfiniband),
+            .sizeof_public       = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkInfiniband),
+            .obj_type_name       = "infiniband",
+            .lnk_link_type       = NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update =
+                (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6TNL - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6TNL,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .obj_type_name         = "ip6tnl",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRE - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRE,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .obj_type_name         = "ip6gre",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRETAP - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRETAP,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl),
+            .obj_type_name         = "ip6gretap",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IPIP - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IPIP,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkIpIp),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkIpIp),
+            .obj_type_name         = "ipip",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ipip_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_ipip_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACSEC - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACSEC,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkMacsec),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkMacsec),
+            .obj_type_name         = "macsec",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macsec_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macsec_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVLAN - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVLAN,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkMacvlan),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkMacvlan),
+            .obj_type_name         = "macvlan",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVTAP - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVTAP,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkMacvtap),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkMacvlan),
+            .obj_type_name         = "macvtap",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_SIT - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_SIT,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkSit),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkSit),
+            .obj_type_name         = "sit",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_sit_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_sit_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkTun),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkTun),
+            .obj_type_name         = "tun",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_tun_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_tun_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkVlan),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkVlan),
+            .obj_type_name         = "vlan",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,
+            .cmd_obj_hash_update   = _vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_lnk_vlan,
+            .cmd_obj_cmp           = _vt_cmd_obj_cmp_lnk_vlan,
+            .cmd_obj_copy          = _vt_cmd_obj_copy_lnk_vlan,
+            .cmd_obj_dispose       = _vt_cmd_obj_dispose_lnk_vlan,
+            .cmd_obj_to_string     = _vt_cmd_obj_to_string_lnk_vlan,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VRF - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VRF,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkVrf),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkVrf),
+            .obj_type_name         = "vrf",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vrf_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vrf_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkVxlan),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkVxlan),
+            .obj_type_name         = "vxlan",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_cmp,
+        },
+    [NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD - 1] =
+        {
+            .parent                = DEDUP_MULTI_OBJ_CLASS_INIT(),
+            .obj_type              = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD,
+            .sizeof_data           = sizeof(NMPObjectLnkWireGuard),
+            .sizeof_public         = sizeof(NMPlatformLnkWireGuard),
+            .obj_type_name         = "wireguard",
+            .lnk_link_type         = NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD,
+            .cmd_obj_hash_update   = _vt_cmd_obj_hash_update_lnk_wireguard,
+            .cmd_obj_cmp           = _vt_cmd_obj_cmp_lnk_wireguard,
+            .cmd_obj_copy          = _vt_cmd_obj_copy_lnk_wireguard,
+            .cmd_obj_dispose       = _vt_cmd_obj_dispose_lnk_wireguard,
+            .cmd_obj_to_string     = _vt_cmd_obj_to_string_lnk_wireguard,
+            .cmd_plobj_to_string   = (CmdPlobjToStringFunc) nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string,
+            .cmd_plobj_hash_update = (CmdPlobjHashUpdateFunc) nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_hash_update,
+            .cmd_plobj_cmp         = (CmdPlobjCmpFunc) nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_cmp,
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nmp-object.h b/src/core/platform/nmp-object.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc2cc86b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nmp-object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __NMP_OBJECT_H__
+#define __NMP_OBJECT_H__
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-obj.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-dedup-multi.h"
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+struct udev_device;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* "struct __kernel_timespec" uses "long long", but we use gint64. In practice,
+ * these are the same types. */
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) == sizeof(gint64));
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* like "struct __kernel_timespec". */
+    gint64 tv_sec;
+    gint64 tv_nsec;
+} NMPTimespec64;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef union {
+    struct sockaddr     sa;
+    struct sockaddr_in  in;
+    struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+} NMSockAddrUnion;
+
+#define NM_SOCK_ADDR_UNION_INIT_UNSPEC \
+    {                                  \
+        .sa = {                        \
+            .sa_family = AF_UNSPEC,    \
+        },                             \
+    }
+
+int nm_sock_addr_union_cmp(const NMSockAddrUnion *a, const NMSockAddrUnion *b);
+
+void nm_sock_addr_union_hash_update(const NMSockAddrUnion *a, NMHashState *h);
+
+void nm_sock_addr_union_cpy(NMSockAddrUnion *dst,
+                            gconstpointer    src /* unaligned (const NMSockAddrUnion *) */);
+
+void nm_sock_addr_union_cpy_untrusted(NMSockAddrUnion *dst,
+                                      gconstpointer src /* unaligned (const NMSockAddrUnion *) */,
+                                      gsize         src_len);
+
+const char *nm_sock_addr_union_to_string(const NMSockAddrUnion *sa, char *buf, gsize len);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMIPAddr addr;
+    guint8   family;
+    guint8   mask;
+} NMPWireGuardAllowedIP;
+
+typedef struct _NMPWireGuardPeer {
+    NMSockAddrUnion endpoint;
+
+    NMPTimespec64 last_handshake_time;
+
+    guint64 rx_bytes;
+    guint64 tx_bytes;
+
+    union {
+        const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ips;
+        guint                        _construct_idx_start;
+    };
+    union {
+        guint allowed_ips_len;
+        guint _construct_idx_end;
+    };
+
+    guint16 persistent_keepalive_interval;
+
+    guint8 public_key[NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN];
+    guint8 preshared_key[NMP_WIREGUARD_SYMMETRIC_KEY_LEN];
+} NMPWireGuardPeer;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum { /*< skip >*/
+               NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID,
+               NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+               NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL,
+} NMPObjectToStringMode;
+
+typedef enum { /*< skip >*/
+               NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_NONE,
+               NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED     = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+               NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED   = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+               NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED   = NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+} NMPCacheOpsType;
+
+/* The NMPCacheIdType are the different index types.
+ *
+ * An object of a certain object-type, can be candidate to being
+ * indexed by a certain NMPCacheIdType or not. For example, all
+ * objects are indexed via an index of type NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+ * but only route objects can be indexed by NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_VISIBLE_NO_DEFAULT.
+ *
+ * Of one index type, there can be multiple indexes or not.
+ * For example, of the index type NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX there
+ * are multiple instances (for different route/addresses, v4/v6, per-ifindex).
+ *
+ * But one object, can only be indexed by one particular index of a
+ * type. For example, a certain address instance is only indexed by
+ * the index NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX with
+ * matching v4/v6 and ifindex -- or maybe not at all if it isn't visible.
+ * */
+typedef enum { /*< skip >*/
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_NONE,
+
+               /* all the objects of a certain type.
+     *
+     * This index is special. It is the only one that contains *all* object.
+     * Other indexes may consider some object as non "partitionable", hence
+     * they don't track all objects.
+     *
+     * Hence, this index type is used when looking at all objects (still
+     * partitioned by type).
+     *
+     * Also, note that links may be considered invisible. This index type
+     * expose all links, even invisible ones. For addresses/routes, this
+     * distinction doesn't exist, as all addresses/routes that are alive
+     * are visible as well. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE,
+
+               /* index for the link objects by ifname. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_LINK_BY_IFNAME,
+
+               /* indices for the visible default-routes, ignoring ifindex.
+     * This index only contains two partitions: all visible default-routes,
+     * separate for IPv4 and IPv6. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_DEFAULT_ROUTES,
+
+               /* all the objects that have an ifindex (by object-type) for an ifindex. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_IFINDEX,
+
+               /* Consider all the destination fields of a route, that is, the ID without the ifindex
+     * and gateway (meaning: network/plen,metric).
+     * The reason for this is that `ip route change` can replace an existing route
+     * and modify its ifindex/gateway. Effectively, that means it deletes an existing
+     * route and adds a different one (as the ID of the route changes). However, it only
+     * sends one RTM_NEWADDR notification without notifying about the deletion. We detect
+     * that by having this index to contain overlapping routes which require special
+     * cache-resync. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_ROUTES_BY_WEAK_ID,
+
+               /* a filter for objects that track an explicit address family.
+     *
+     * Note that currently on NMPObjectRoutingRule is indexed by this filter. */
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_BY_ADDR_FAMILY,
+
+               __NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX,
+               NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX = __NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_MAX - 1,
+} NMPCacheIdType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMDedupMultiObjClass   parent;
+    const char *           obj_type_name;
+    const char *           signal_type;
+    const guint8 *         supported_cache_ids;
+    int                    sizeof_data;
+    int                    sizeof_public;
+    int                    addr_family;
+    int                    rtm_gettype;
+    NMPObjectType          obj_type;
+    NMPlatformSignalIdType signal_type_id;
+
+    /* Only for NMPObjectLnk* types. */
+    NMLinkType lnk_link_type;
+
+    void (*cmd_obj_hash_update)(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+    int (*cmd_obj_cmp)(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2);
+    void (*cmd_obj_copy)(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src);
+    void (*cmd_obj_dispose)(NMPObject *obj);
+    gboolean (*cmd_obj_is_alive)(const NMPObject *obj);
+    gboolean (*cmd_obj_is_visible)(const NMPObject *obj);
+    const char *(*cmd_obj_to_string)(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                                     NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                                     char *                buf,
+                                     gsize                 buf_size);
+
+    /* functions that operate on NMPlatformObject */
+    void (*cmd_plobj_id_copy)(NMPlatformObject *dst, const NMPlatformObject *src);
+    int (*cmd_plobj_id_cmp)(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2);
+    void (*cmd_plobj_id_hash_update)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+    const char *(*cmd_plobj_to_string_id)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, char *buf, gsize buf_size);
+    const char *(*cmd_plobj_to_string)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, char *buf, gsize len);
+    void (*cmd_plobj_hash_update)(const NMPlatformObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+    int (*cmd_plobj_cmp)(const NMPlatformObject *obj1, const NMPlatformObject *obj2);
+} NMPClass;
+
+extern const NMPClass _nmp_classes[NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_MAX];
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLink _public;
+
+    struct {
+        bool is_in_netlink;
+
+        /* Additional data that depends on the link-type (IFLA_INFO_DATA) */
+        const NMPObject *lnk;
+    } netlink;
+
+    struct {
+        /* note that "struct udev_device" references the library context
+         * "struct udev", but doesn't own it.
+         *
+         * Hence, the udev.device shall not be used after the library
+         * context is destroyed.
+         *
+         * In case of NMPObjectLink instances that you obtained from the
+         * platform cache, that means that you shall no keep references
+         * to those instances that outlife the NMPlatform instance.
+         *
+         * In practice, the requirement is less strict and you'll be even
+         * fine if the platform instance (and the "struct udev" instance)
+         * are already destroyed while you still hold onto a reference to
+         * the NMPObjectLink instance. Just don't make use of udev functions
+         * that cause access to the udev library context.
+         */
+        struct udev_device *device;
+    } udev;
+
+    /* Auxiliary data object for Wi-Fi and WPAN */
+    GObject *ext_data;
+
+    /* FIXME: not every NMPObjectLink should pay the price for tracking
+     * the wireguard family id. This should be tracked via ext_data, which
+     * would be exactly the right place. */
+    int wireguard_family_id;
+} NMPObjectLink;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkBridge _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkBridge;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkGre _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkGre;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkInfiniband _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkInfiniband;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkIp6Tnl;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkIpIp _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkIpIp;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkMacsec _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkMacsec;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkMacvlan _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkMacvlan;
+
+typedef NMPObjectLnkMacvlan NMPObjectLnkMacvtap;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkSit _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkSit;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkTun _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkTun;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkVlan _public;
+
+    guint                   n_ingress_qos_map;
+    guint                   n_egress_qos_map;
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_qos_map;
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_qos_map;
+} NMPObjectLnkVlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkVrf _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkVrf;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkVxlan _public;
+} NMPObjectLnkVxlan;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformLnkWireGuard       _public;
+    const NMPWireGuardPeer *     peers;
+    const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *_allowed_ips_buf;
+    guint                        peers_len;
+    guint                        _allowed_ips_buf_len;
+} NMPObjectLnkWireGuard;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformIP4Address _public;
+} NMPObjectIP4Address;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformIP4Route _public;
+} NMPObjectIP4Route;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformIP6Address _public;
+} NMPObjectIP6Address;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformIP6Route _public;
+} NMPObjectIP6Route;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformRoutingRule _public;
+} NMPObjectRoutingRule;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformQdisc _public;
+} NMPObjectQdisc;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatformTfilter _public;
+} NMPObjectTfilter;
+
+struct _NMPObject {
+    union {
+        NMDedupMultiObj parent;
+        const NMPClass *_class;
+    };
+    union {
+        NMPlatformObject object;
+
+        NMPlatformObjWithIfindex obj_with_ifindex;
+
+        NMPlatformLink link;
+        NMPObjectLink  _link;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkBridge lnk_bridge;
+        NMPObjectLnkBridge  _lnk_bridge;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkGre lnk_gre;
+        NMPObjectLnkGre  _lnk_gre;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkInfiniband lnk_infiniband;
+        NMPObjectLnkInfiniband  _lnk_infiniband;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkIpIp lnk_ipip;
+        NMPObjectLnkIpIp  _lnk_ipip;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl lnk_ip6tnl;
+        NMPObjectLnkIp6Tnl  _lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkMacsec lnk_macsec;
+        NMPObjectLnkMacsec  _lnk_macsec;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkMacvlan lnk_macvlan;
+        NMPObjectLnkMacvlan  _lnk_macvlan;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkSit lnk_sit;
+        NMPObjectLnkSit  _lnk_sit;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkTun lnk_tun;
+        NMPObjectLnkTun  _lnk_tun;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkVlan lnk_vlan;
+        NMPObjectLnkVlan  _lnk_vlan;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkVrf lnk_vrf;
+        NMPObjectLnkVrf  _lnk_vrf;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkVxlan lnk_vxlan;
+        NMPObjectLnkVxlan  _lnk_vxlan;
+
+        NMPlatformLnkWireGuard lnk_wireguard;
+        NMPObjectLnkWireGuard  _lnk_wireguard;
+
+        NMPlatformIPAddress  ip_address;
+        NMPlatformIPXAddress ipx_address;
+        NMPlatformIP4Address ip4_address;
+        NMPlatformIP6Address ip6_address;
+        NMPObjectIP4Address  _ip4_address;
+        NMPObjectIP6Address  _ip6_address;
+
+        NMPlatformIPRoute  ip_route;
+        NMPlatformIPXRoute ipx_route;
+        NMPlatformIP4Route ip4_route;
+        NMPlatformIP6Route ip6_route;
+        NMPObjectIP4Route  _ip4_route;
+        NMPObjectIP6Route  _ip6_route;
+
+        NMPlatformRoutingRule routing_rule;
+        NMPObjectRoutingRule  _routing_rule;
+
+        NMPlatformQdisc   qdisc;
+        NMPObjectQdisc    _qdisc;
+        NMPlatformTfilter tfilter;
+        NMPObjectTfilter  _tfilter;
+    };
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static inline gboolean
+NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID(const NMPClass *klass)
+{
+    return klass >= &_nmp_classes[0] && klass <= &_nmp_classes[G_N_ELEMENTS(_nmp_classes)]
+           && ((((char *) klass) - ((char *) _nmp_classes)) % (sizeof(_nmp_classes[0]))) == 0;
+}
+
+static inline const NMPClass *
+nmp_class_from_type(NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(obj_type > 0);
+    nm_assert(obj_type <= G_N_ELEMENTS(_nmp_classes));
+    nm_assert(_nmp_classes[obj_type - 1].obj_type == obj_type);
+    nm_assert(NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID(&_nmp_classes[obj_type - 1]));
+
+    return &_nmp_classes[obj_type - 1];
+}
+
+static inline NMPObject *
+NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(const NMPlatformObject *plobj)
+{
+    NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = plobj ? (NMPObject *) (&(((char *) plobj)[-((int) G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPObject, object))]))
+                : NULL;
+    nm_assert(!obj || (obj->parent._ref_count > 0 && NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID(obj->_class)));
+    return obj;
+}
+#define NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(plobj) (NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST((const NMPlatformObject *) (plobj)))
+
+static inline gboolean
+NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_assert(!obj || (obj && obj->parent._ref_count > 0 && NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID(obj->_class)));
+
+    /* There isn't really much to check. Either @obj is NULL, or we must
+     * assume that it points to valid memory. */
+    return obj != NULL;
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_assert(!obj || NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    return obj && obj->parent._ref_count == NM_OBJ_REF_COUNT_STACKINIT;
+}
+
+static inline const NMPClass *
+NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    return obj->_class;
+}
+
+static inline NMPObjectType
+NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_assert(!obj || NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    return obj ? obj->_class->obj_type : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+_NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IS_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    switch (obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRETAP:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6TNL:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRETAP:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IPIP:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACSEC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVLAN:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVTAP:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_SIT:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VRF:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD:
+        return TRUE;
+
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        return FALSE;
+
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN:
+    case __NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LAST:
+        break;
+    }
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJECT(obj)                                       \
+    ({                                                                    \
+        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                                         \
+                                                                          \
+        nm_assert (   !_obj \
+                   || nmp_class_from_type (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE (_obj)))); \
+        _obj ? &NM_CONSTCAST(NMPObject, _obj)->object : NULL;             \
+    })
+
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj)                                                \
+    ({                                                                                       \
+        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                                                            \
+                                                                                             \
+        nm_assert(!_obj || _NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IS_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(_obj))); \
+        _obj ? &NM_CONSTCAST(NMPObject, _obj)->obj_with_ifindex : NULL;                      \
+    })
+
+#define _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, field, ...)                                      \
+    ({                                                                         \
+        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                                              \
+                                                                               \
+        nm_assert(!_obj || NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(_obj), __VA_ARGS__)); \
+        _obj ? &NM_CONSTCAST(NMPObject, _obj)->field : NULL;                   \
+    })
+
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj) _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, link, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip_address, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ADDRESS(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ipx_address, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip4_address, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip6_address, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip_route, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ipx_route, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj) _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip4_route, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj) _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, ip6_route, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, routing_rule, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj)   _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, qdisc, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(obj) _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, tfilter, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LNK_WIREGUARD(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, lnk_wireguard, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)
+#define NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LNK_BRIDGE(obj) \
+    _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(obj, lnk_bridge, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE)
+
+static inline int
+NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TO_ADDR_FAMILY(NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    return nmp_class_from_type(obj_type)->addr_family;
+}
+
+static inline int
+NMP_OBJECT_GET_ADDR_FAMILY(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->addr_family;
+}
+
+static inline const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_ref(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    if (!obj) {
+        /* for convenience, allow NULL. */
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* ref and unref accept const pointers. NMPObject is supposed to be shared
+     * and kept immutable. Disallowing to take/return a reference to a const
+     * NMPObject is cumbersome, because callers are precisely expected to
+     * keep a ref on the otherwise immutable object. */
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj), NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(obj->parent._ref_count != NM_OBJ_REF_COUNT_STACKINIT, NULL);
+
+    return (const NMPObject *) nm_dedup_multi_obj_ref((const NMDedupMultiObj *) obj);
+}
+
+static inline void
+nmp_object_unref(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    if (obj) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+        nm_dedup_multi_obj_unref((const NMDedupMultiObj *) obj);
+    }
+}
+
+#define nm_clear_nmp_object(ptr)       \
+    ({                                 \
+        typeof(ptr) _ptr = (ptr);      \
+        typeof(*_ptr) _pptr;           \
+        gboolean _changed = FALSE;     \
+                                       \
+        if (_ptr && (_pptr = *_ptr)) { \
+            *_ptr = NULL;              \
+            nmp_object_unref(_pptr);   \
+            _changed = TRUE;           \
+        }                              \
+        _changed;                      \
+    })
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_object_ref_set(const NMPObject **pp, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    gboolean         _changed = FALSE;
+    const NMPObject *p;
+
+    nm_assert(!pp || !*pp || NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(*pp));
+    nm_assert(!obj || NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    if (pp && ((p = *pp) != obj)) {
+        nmp_object_ref(obj);
+        *pp = obj;
+        nmp_object_unref(p);
+        _changed = TRUE;
+    }
+    return _changed;
+}
+
+NMPObject *nmp_object_new(NMPObjectType obj_type, gconstpointer plobj);
+NMPObject *nmp_object_new_link(int ifindex);
+
+const NMPObject *nmp_object_stackinit(NMPObject *obj, NMPObjectType obj_type, gconstpointer plobj);
+
+static inline NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_obj(NMPObject *obj, const NMPObject *src)
+{
+    return obj == src
+               ? obj
+               : (NMPObject *) nmp_object_stackinit(obj, NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(src), &src->object);
+}
+
+const NMPObject *nmp_object_stackinit_id(NMPObject *obj, const NMPObject *src);
+const NMPObject *nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(NMPObject *obj, int ifindex);
+const NMPObject *nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(NMPObject *obj,
+                                                     int        ifindex,
+                                                     guint32    address,
+                                                     guint8     plen,
+                                                     guint32    peer_address);
+const NMPObject *
+nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(NMPObject *obj, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *address);
+
+const char *nmp_object_to_string(const NMPObject *     obj,
+                                 NMPObjectToStringMode to_string_mode,
+                                 char *                buf,
+                                 gsize                 buf_size);
+void        nmp_object_hash_update(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+int         nmp_object_cmp(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2);
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_object_equal(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    return nmp_object_cmp(obj1, obj2) == 0;
+}
+
+void       nmp_object_copy(NMPObject *dst, const NMPObject *src, gboolean id_only);
+NMPObject *nmp_object_clone(const NMPObject *obj, gboolean id_only);
+
+int   nmp_object_id_cmp(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2);
+void  nmp_object_id_hash_update(const NMPObject *obj, NMHashState *h);
+guint nmp_object_id_hash(const NMPObject *obj);
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_object_id_equal(const NMPObject *obj1, const NMPObject *obj2)
+{
+    return nmp_object_id_cmp(obj1, obj2) == 0;
+}
+
+guint    nmp_object_indirect_id_hash(gconstpointer a);
+gboolean nmp_object_indirect_id_equal(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b);
+
+gboolean nmp_object_is_alive(const NMPObject *obj);
+gboolean nmp_object_is_visible(const NMPObject *obj);
+
+void
+_nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(NMPObject **obj_new, NMPObject *obj_orig, gboolean use_udev);
+
+static inline void
+_nm_auto_nmpobj_cleanup(gpointer p)
+{
+    nmp_object_unref(*((const NMPObject **) p));
+}
+#define nm_auto_nmpobj nm_auto(_nm_auto_nmpobj_cleanup)
+
+typedef struct _NMPCache NMPCache;
+
+typedef void (*NMPCachePreHook)(NMPCache *       cache,
+                                const NMPObject *old,
+                                const NMPObject *new,
+                                NMPCacheOpsType ops_type,
+                                gpointer        user_data);
+typedef gboolean (*NMPObjectMatchFn)(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data);
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *nmp_cache_lookup_entry(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPObject *obj);
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *nmp_cache_lookup_entry_with_idx_type(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                                              NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                                                              const NMPObject *obj);
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(const NMPCache *cache, int ifindex);
+const NMPObject *        nmp_cache_lookup_obj(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPObject *obj);
+const NMPObject *        nmp_cache_lookup_link(const NMPCache *cache, int ifindex);
+
+typedef struct _NMPLookup NMPLookup;
+
+struct _NMPLookup {
+    NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type;
+    NMPObject      selector_obj;
+};
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *nmp_cache_lookup_all(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                                  NMPCacheIdType   cache_id_type,
+                                                  const NMPObject *select_obj);
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nmp_cache_lookup(const NMPCache *cache, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_all(cache, lookup->cache_id_type, &lookup->selector_obj);
+}
+
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_link_by_ifname(NMPLookup *lookup, const char *ifname);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_object(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_route_default(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *lookup, const NMPObject *obj);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *lookup,
+                                                      in_addr_t  network,
+                                                      guint      plen,
+                                                      guint32    metric,
+                                                      guint8     tos);
+const NMPLookup *nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(NMPLookup *            lookup,
+                                                      const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                                      guint                  plen,
+                                                      guint32                metric,
+                                                      const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                                      guint8                 src_plen);
+const NMPLookup *
+nmp_lookup_init_object_by_addr_family(NMPLookup *lookup, NMPObjectType obj_type, int addr_family);
+
+GArray *nmp_cache_lookup_to_array(const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry,
+                                  NMPObjectType                obj_type,
+                                  gboolean                     visible_only);
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_cache_iter_next(NMDedupMultiIter *iter, const NMPObject **out_obj)
+{
+    gboolean has_next;
+
+    has_next = nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(iter);
+    nm_assert(!has_next || NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(iter->current->obj));
+    if (out_obj)
+        *out_obj = has_next ? iter->current->obj : NULL;
+    return has_next;
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_cache_iter_next_link(NMDedupMultiIter *iter, const NMPlatformLink **out_obj)
+{
+    gboolean has_next;
+
+    has_next = nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(iter);
+    nm_assert(!has_next || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(iter->current->obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    if (out_obj)
+        *out_obj = has_next ? &(((const NMPObject *) iter->current->obj)->link) : NULL;
+    return has_next;
+}
+
+#define nmp_cache_iter_for_each(iter, head, obj) \
+    for (nm_dedup_multi_iter_init((iter), (head)); nmp_cache_iter_next((iter), (obj));)
+
+#define nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link(iter, head, obj) \
+    for (nm_dedup_multi_iter_init((iter), (head)); nmp_cache_iter_next_link((iter), (obj));)
+
+const NMPObject *nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                            int              ifindex,
+                                            const char *     ifname,
+                                            gboolean         visible_only,
+                                            NMLinkType       link_type,
+                                            NMPObjectMatchFn match_fn,
+                                            gpointer         user_data);
+
+gboolean         nmp_cache_link_connected_for_slave(int ifindex_master, const NMPObject *slave);
+gboolean         nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                                       const NMPObject *master,
+                                                       const NMPObject *potential_slave,
+                                                       const NMPObject *ignore_slave);
+const NMPObject *nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                                                  int              master_ifindex,
+                                                                  const NMPObject *potential_slave,
+                                                                  const NMPObject *ignore_slave);
+
+gboolean nmp_cache_use_udev_get(const NMPCache *cache);
+
+void nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(const NMPCache *cache);
+
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_remove(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                 const NMPObject * obj_needle,
+                                 gboolean          equals_by_ptr,
+                                 gboolean          only_dirty,
+                                 const NMPObject **out_obj_old);
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_remove_netlink(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                         const NMPObject * obj_needle,
+                                         const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                                         const NMPObject **out_obj_new);
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_update_netlink(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                         NMPObject *       obj_hand_over,
+                                         gboolean          is_dump,
+                                         const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                                         const NMPObject **out_obj_new);
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_update_netlink_route(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                               NMPObject *       obj_hand_over,
+                                               gboolean          is_dump,
+                                               guint16           nlmsgflags,
+                                               const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                                               const NMPObject **out_obj_new,
+                                               const NMPObject **out_obj_replace,
+                                               gboolean *        out_resync_required);
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_update_link_udev(NMPCache *          cache,
+                                           int                 ifindex,
+                                           struct udev_device *udevice,
+                                           const NMPObject **  out_obj_old,
+                                           const NMPObject **  out_obj_new);
+NMPCacheOpsType nmp_cache_update_link_master_connected(NMPCache *        cache,
+                                                       int               ifindex,
+                                                       const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                                                       const NMPObject **out_obj_new);
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nmp_cache_reresolve_main_entry(NMPCache *               cache,
+                               const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry,
+                               const NMPLookup *        lookup)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *main_entry;
+
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(entry);
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    if (lookup->cache_id_type == NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE) {
+        nm_assert(entry == nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, entry->obj));
+        return entry;
+    }
+
+    /* we only track the dirty flag for the OBJECT-TYPE index. That means,
+     * for other lookup types we need to check the dirty flag of the main-entry. */
+    main_entry = nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, entry->obj);
+
+    nm_assert(main_entry);
+    nm_assert(main_entry->obj == entry->obj);
+
+    return main_entry;
+}
+
+void nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(NMPCache *cache, const NMPLookup *lookup);
+
+NMPCache *nmp_cache_new(NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx, gboolean use_udev);
+void      nmp_cache_free(NMPCache *cache);
+
+static inline void
+ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops(const NMPCache * cache,
+                     NMPCacheOpsType  ops_type,
+                     const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                     const NMPObject *obj_new)
+{
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+    nm_assert(cache);
+    nm_assert(obj_old || obj_new);
+    nm_assert(!obj_old
+              || (NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_old) && !NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj_old)
+                  && nmp_object_is_alive(obj_old)));
+    nm_assert(!obj_new
+              || (NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_new) && !NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj_new)
+                  && nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new)));
+
+    switch (ops_type) {
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED:
+        nm_assert(obj_old == obj_new);
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED:
+        nm_assert(!obj_old && obj_new);
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED:
+        nm_assert(obj_old && obj_new && obj_old != obj_new);
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED:
+        nm_assert(obj_old && !obj_new);
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(obj_new == NULL || obj_old == NULL || nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new, obj_old));
+    nm_assert(!obj_old || !obj_new
+              || NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_old) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_new));
+
+    nm_assert(obj_new == nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj_new ?: obj_old));
+#endif
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_all(NMPlatform *platform, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj);
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_entry(NMPlatform *platform, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj);
+
+static inline const NMPObject *
+nm_platform_lookup_obj(NMPlatform *platform, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nm_dedup_multi_entry_get_obj(nm_platform_lookup_entry(platform, cache_id_type, obj));
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_obj_type(NMPlatform *platform, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, obj_type);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_link_by_ifname(NMPlatform *platform, const char *ifname)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_link_by_ifname(&lookup, ifname);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_object(NMPlatform *platform, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, obj_type, ifindex);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_lookup_object_clone(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                NMPObjectType          obj_type,
+                                int                    ifindex,
+                                NMPObjectPredicateFunc predicate,
+                                gpointer               user_data)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, obj_type, ifindex);
+    return nm_platform_lookup_clone(platform, &lookup, predicate, user_data);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_route_default(NMPlatform *platform, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_route_default(&lookup, obj_type);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_lookup_route_default_clone(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                       NMPObjectType          obj_type,
+                                       NMPObjectPredicateFunc predicate,
+                                       gpointer               user_data)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_route_default(&lookup, obj_type);
+    return nm_platform_lookup_clone(platform, &lookup, predicate, user_data);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_ip4_route_by_weak_id(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                        in_addr_t   network,
+                                        guint       plen,
+                                        guint32     metric,
+                                        guint8      tos)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, tos);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_ip6_route_by_weak_id(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                        const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                        guint                  plen,
+                                        guint32                metric,
+                                        const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                        guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+static inline const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_object_by_addr_family(NMPlatform *  platform,
+                                         NMPObjectType obj_type,
+                                         int           addr_family)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object_by_addr_family(&lookup, obj_type, addr_family);
+    return nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static inline const char *
+nmp_object_link_get_ifname(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj)->name;
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_object_ip_route_is_best_defaut_route(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIPRoute *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj);
+
+    /* return whether @obj is considered a default-route.
+     *
+     * NMIP4Config/NMIP6Config tracks the (best) default-route explicitly, because
+     * at various places we act differently depending on whether there is a default-route
+     * configured.
+     *
+     * Note that this only considers the main routing table. */
+    return r && NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_IS_DEFAULT(r)
+           && nm_platform_route_table_is_main(r->table_coerced)
+           && r->type_coerced == nm_platform_route_type_coerce(1 /* RTN_UNICAST */);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean
+nmp_object_ip6_address_is_not_link_local(const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return !IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(obj)->address);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static inline gboolean
+nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_obj(NMDedupMultiIter *ipconf_iter,
+                                      const NMPObject **out_obj,
+                                      NMPObjectType     assert_obj_type)
+{
+    gboolean has_next;
+
+    has_next = nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(ipconf_iter);
+    nm_assert(assert_obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN || !has_next
+              || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(ipconf_iter->current->obj) == assert_obj_type);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_obj, has_next ? ipconf_iter->current->obj : NULL);
+    return has_next;
+}
+
+#define _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next(ipconf_iter, out_obj, field, ...)                  \
+    ({                                                                                        \
+        NMDedupMultiIter *const                           _ipconf_iter = (ipconf_iter);       \
+        const typeof(((NMPObject *) NULL)->field) **const _out_obj     = (out_obj);           \
+        gboolean                                          _has_next;                          \
+                                                                                              \
+        if (G_LIKELY(nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(_ipconf_iter))) {                               \
+            if (_out_obj) {                                                                   \
+                *_out_obj = _NMP_OBJECT_CAST(_ipconf_iter->current->obj, field, __VA_ARGS__); \
+            } else {                                                                          \
+                nm_assert(                                                                    \
+                    NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(_ipconf_iter->current->obj), __VA_ARGS__)); \
+            }                                                                                 \
+            _has_next = TRUE;                                                                 \
+        } else {                                                                              \
+            if (_out_obj)                                                                     \
+                *_out_obj = NULL;                                                             \
+            _has_next = FALSE;                                                                \
+        }                                                                                     \
+        _has_next;                                                                            \
+    })
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip_address(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                      \
+                                       (out_obj),                          \
+                                       ip_address,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,        \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip4_address(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                       \
+                                       (out_obj),                           \
+                                       ip4_address,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS)
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip6_address(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                       \
+                                       (out_obj),                           \
+                                       ip6_address,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip_route(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                    \
+                                       (out_obj),                        \
+                                       ip_route,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,        \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip4_route(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                     \
+                                       (out_obj),                         \
+                                       ip4_route,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE)
+
+#define nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next_ip6_route(ipconf_iter, out_obj) \
+    _nm_platform_dedup_multi_iter_next((ipconf_iter),                     \
+                                       (out_obj),                         \
+                                       ip6_route,                         \
+                                       NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+
+#endif /* __NMP_OBJECT_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.c b/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c617b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nmp-rules-manager.h"
+
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+#include "nm-std-aux/c-list-util.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMPRulesManager {
+    NMPlatform *platform;
+    GHashTable *by_obj;
+    GHashTable *by_user_tag;
+    GHashTable *by_data;
+    guint       ref_count;
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void _rules_init(NMPRulesManager *self);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "rules-manager"
+
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)                                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                           \
+    {                                                                      \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);                                \
+                                                                           \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) {                  \
+            _nm_log(__level,                                               \
+                    _NMLOG_DOMAIN,                                         \
+                    0,                                                     \
+                    NULL,                                                  \
+                    NULL,                                                  \
+                    "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),             \
+                    _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__)); \
+        }                                                                  \
+    }                                                                      \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(gpointer self)
+{
+    return self && ((NMPRulesManager *) self)->ref_count > 0
+           && NM_IS_PLATFORM(((NMPRulesManager *) self)->platform);
+}
+
+#define _USER_TAG_LOG(user_tag) nm_hash_obfuscate_ptr(1240261787u, (user_tag))
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    gconstpointer    user_tag;
+    CList            obj_lst;
+    CList            user_tag_lst;
+
+    /* track_priority_val zero is special: those are weakly tracked rules.
+     * That means: NetworkManager will restore them only if it removed them earlier.
+     * But it will not remove or add them otherwise.
+     *
+     * Otherwise, the track_priority_val goes together with track_priority_present.
+     * In case of one rule being tracked multiple times (with different priorities),
+     * the one with higher priority wins. See _rules_obj_get_best_data().
+     * Then, the winning present state either enforces that the rule is present
+     * or absent.
+     *
+     * If a rules is not tracked at all, it is ignored by NetworkManager. Assuming
+     * that it was added externally by the user. But unlike weakly tracked rules,
+     * NM will *not* restore such rules if NetworkManager themself removed them. */
+    guint32 track_priority_val;
+    bool    track_priority_present : 1;
+
+    bool dirty : 1;
+} RulesData;
+
+typedef enum {
+    CONFIG_STATE_NONE          = 0,
+    CONFIG_STATE_ADDED_BY_US   = 1,
+    CONFIG_STATE_REMOVED_BY_US = 2,
+
+    /* ConfigState encodes whether the rule was touched by us at all (CONFIG_STATE_NONE).
+     *
+     * Maybe we would only need to track whether we touched the rule at all. But we
+     * track it more in detail what we did: did we add it (CONFIG_STATE_ADDED_BY_US)
+     * or did we remove it (CONFIG_STATE_REMOVED_BY_US)?
+     * Finally, we need CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US, which means that we didn't actively
+     * add/remove it, but whenever we are about to undo the add/remove, we need to do it.
+     * In that sense, CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US is really just a flag that we unconditionally
+     * force the state next time when necessary. */
+    CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US = 3,
+} ConfigState;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    CList            obj_lst_head;
+
+    /* indicates whether we configured/removed the rule (during sync()). We need that, so
+     * if the rule gets untracked, that we know to remove/restore it.
+     *
+     * This makes NMPRulesManager stateful (beyond the configuration that indicates
+     * which rules are tracked).
+     * After a restart, NetworkManager would no longer remember which rules were added
+     * by us.
+     *
+     * That is partially fixed by NetworkManager taking over the rules that it
+     * actively configures (see %NMP_RULES_MANAGER_EXTERN_WEAKLY_TRACKED_USER_TAG). */
+    ConfigState config_state;
+} RulesObjData;
+
+typedef struct {
+    gconstpointer user_tag;
+    CList         user_tag_lst_head;
+} RulesUserTagData;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void _rules_data_untrack(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                RulesData *      rules_data,
+                                gboolean         remove_user_tag_data,
+                                gboolean         make_owned_by_us);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_rules_data_assert(const RulesData *rules_data, gboolean linked)
+{
+    nm_assert(rules_data);
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(rules_data->obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    nm_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(rules_data->obj));
+    nm_assert(rules_data->user_tag);
+    nm_assert(!linked || !c_list_is_empty(&rules_data->obj_lst));
+    nm_assert(!linked || !c_list_is_empty(&rules_data->user_tag_lst));
+}
+
+static guint
+_rules_data_hash(gconstpointer data)
+{
+    const RulesData *rules_data = data;
+    NMHashState      h;
+
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data, FALSE);
+
+    nm_hash_init(&h, 269297543u);
+    nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(rules_data->obj),
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID,
+                                         &h);
+    nm_hash_update_val(&h, rules_data->user_tag);
+    return nm_hash_complete(&h);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_rules_data_equal(gconstpointer data_a, gconstpointer data_b)
+{
+    const RulesData *rules_data_a = data_a;
+    const RulesData *rules_data_b = data_b;
+
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data_a, FALSE);
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data_b, FALSE);
+
+    return rules_data_a->user_tag == rules_data_b->user_tag
+           && (nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(rules_data_a->obj),
+                                            NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(rules_data_b->obj),
+                                            NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+               == 0);
+}
+
+static void
+_rules_data_destroy(gpointer data)
+{
+    RulesData *rules_data = data;
+
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data, FALSE);
+
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&rules_data->obj_lst);
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&rules_data->user_tag_lst);
+    nmp_object_unref(rules_data->obj);
+    g_slice_free(RulesData, rules_data);
+}
+
+static const RulesData *
+_rules_obj_get_best_data(RulesObjData *obj_data)
+{
+    RulesData *      rules_data;
+    const RulesData *rd_best = NULL;
+
+    c_list_for_each_entry (rules_data, &obj_data->obj_lst_head, obj_lst) {
+        _rules_data_assert(rules_data, TRUE);
+
+        if (rd_best) {
+            if (rd_best->track_priority_val > rules_data->track_priority_val)
+                continue;
+            if (rd_best->track_priority_val == rules_data->track_priority_val) {
+                if (rd_best->track_priority_present || !rules_data->track_priority_present) {
+                    /* if the priorities are identical, then "present" wins over
+                     * "!present" (absent). */
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        rd_best = rules_data;
+    }
+
+    return rd_best;
+}
+
+static guint
+_rules_obj_hash(gconstpointer data)
+{
+    const RulesObjData *obj_data = data;
+    NMHashState         h;
+
+    nm_hash_init(&h, 432817559u);
+    nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_data->obj),
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID,
+                                         &h);
+    return nm_hash_complete(&h);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_rules_obj_equal(gconstpointer data_a, gconstpointer data_b)
+{
+    const RulesObjData *obj_data_a = data_a;
+    const RulesObjData *obj_data_b = data_b;
+
+    return (nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_data_a->obj),
+                                         NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_data_b->obj),
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+            == 0);
+}
+
+static void
+_rules_obj_destroy(gpointer data)
+{
+    RulesObjData *obj_data = data;
+
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&obj_data->obj_lst_head);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_data->obj);
+    g_slice_free(RulesObjData, obj_data);
+}
+
+static guint
+_rules_user_tag_hash(gconstpointer data)
+{
+    const RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data = data;
+
+    return nm_hash_val(644693447u, user_tag_data->user_tag);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_rules_user_tag_equal(gconstpointer data_a, gconstpointer data_b)
+{
+    const RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data_a = data_a;
+    const RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data_b = data_b;
+
+    return user_tag_data_a->user_tag == user_tag_data_b->user_tag;
+}
+
+static void
+_rules_user_tag_destroy(gpointer data)
+{
+    RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data = data;
+
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head);
+    g_slice_free(RulesUserTagData, user_tag_data);
+}
+
+static RulesData *
+_rules_data_lookup(GHashTable *by_data, const NMPObject *obj, gconstpointer user_tag)
+{
+    RulesData rules_data_needle = {
+        .obj      = obj,
+        .user_tag = user_tag,
+    };
+
+    return g_hash_table_lookup(by_data, &rules_data_needle);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_rules_manager_track:
+ * @self: the #NMPRulesManager instance
+ * @routing_rule: the #NMPlatformRoutingRule to track or untrack
+ * @track_priority: the priority for tracking the rule. Note that
+ *   negative values indicate a forced absence of the rule. Priorities
+ *   are compared with their absolute values (with higher absolute
+ *   value being more important). For example, if you track the same
+ *   rule twice, once with priority -5 and +10, then the rule is
+ *   present (because the positive number is more important).
+ *   The special value 0 indicates weakly-tracked rules.
+ * @user_tag: the tag associated with tracking this rule. The same tag
+ *   must be used to untrack the rule later.
+ * @user_tag_untrack: if not %NULL, at the same time untrack this user-tag
+ *   for the same rule. Note that this is different from a plain nmp_rules_manager_untrack(),
+ *   because it enforces ownership of the now tracked rule. On the other hand,
+ *   a plain nmp_rules_manager_untrack() merely forgets about the tracking.
+ *   The purpose here is to set this to %NMP_RULES_MANAGER_EXTERN_WEAKLY_TRACKED_USER_TAG.
+ */
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_track(NMPRulesManager *            self,
+                        const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule,
+                        gint32                       track_priority,
+                        gconstpointer                user_tag,
+                        gconstpointer                user_tag_untrack)
+{
+    NMPObject         obj_stack;
+    const NMPObject * p_obj_stack;
+    RulesData *       rules_data;
+    RulesObjData *    obj_data;
+    RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data;
+    gboolean          changed = FALSE;
+    guint32           track_priority_val;
+    gboolean          track_priority_present;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+    g_return_if_fail(routing_rule);
+    g_return_if_fail(user_tag);
+    nm_assert(track_priority != G_MININT32);
+
+    _rules_init(self);
+
+    p_obj_stack = nmp_object_stackinit(&obj_stack, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, routing_rule);
+
+    nm_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(p_obj_stack));
+
+    if (track_priority >= 0) {
+        track_priority_val     = track_priority;
+        track_priority_present = TRUE;
+    } else {
+        track_priority_val     = -track_priority;
+        track_priority_present = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    rules_data = _rules_data_lookup(self->by_data, p_obj_stack, user_tag);
+
+    if (!rules_data) {
+        rules_data  = g_slice_new(RulesData);
+        *rules_data = (RulesData){
+            .obj      = nm_dedup_multi_index_obj_intern(nm_platform_get_multi_idx(self->platform),
+                                                   p_obj_stack),
+            .user_tag = user_tag,
+            .track_priority_val     = track_priority_val,
+            .track_priority_present = track_priority_present,
+            .dirty                  = FALSE,
+        };
+        g_hash_table_add(self->by_data, rules_data);
+
+        obj_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_obj, &rules_data->obj);
+        if (!obj_data) {
+            obj_data  = g_slice_new(RulesObjData);
+            *obj_data = (RulesObjData){
+                .obj          = nmp_object_ref(rules_data->obj),
+                .obj_lst_head = C_LIST_INIT(obj_data->obj_lst_head),
+                .config_state = CONFIG_STATE_NONE,
+            };
+            g_hash_table_add(self->by_obj, obj_data);
+        }
+        c_list_link_tail(&obj_data->obj_lst_head, &rules_data->obj_lst);
+
+        user_tag_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_user_tag, &rules_data->user_tag);
+        if (!user_tag_data) {
+            user_tag_data  = g_slice_new(RulesUserTagData);
+            *user_tag_data = (RulesUserTagData){
+                .user_tag          = user_tag,
+                .user_tag_lst_head = C_LIST_INIT(user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head),
+            };
+            g_hash_table_add(self->by_user_tag, user_tag_data);
+        }
+        c_list_link_tail(&user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head, &rules_data->user_tag_lst);
+        changed = TRUE;
+    } else {
+        rules_data->dirty = FALSE;
+        if (rules_data->track_priority_val != track_priority_val
+            || rules_data->track_priority_present != track_priority_present) {
+            rules_data->track_priority_val     = track_priority_val;
+            rules_data->track_priority_present = track_priority_present;
+            changed                            = TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (user_tag_untrack) {
+        if (user_tag != user_tag_untrack) {
+            RulesData *rules_data_untrack;
+
+            rules_data_untrack = _rules_data_lookup(self->by_data, p_obj_stack, user_tag_untrack);
+            if (rules_data_untrack)
+                _rules_data_untrack(self, rules_data_untrack, FALSE, TRUE);
+        } else
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data, TRUE);
+
+    if (changed) {
+        _LOGD("routing-rule: track [" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT ",%s%u] \"%s\")",
+              _USER_TAG_LOG(rules_data->user_tag),
+              (rules_data->track_priority_val == 0
+                   ? ""
+                   : (rules_data->track_priority_present ? "+" : "-")),
+              (guint) rules_data->track_priority_val,
+              nmp_object_to_string(rules_data->obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_rules_data_untrack(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                    RulesData *      rules_data,
+                    gboolean         remove_user_tag_data,
+                    gboolean         make_owned_by_us)
+{
+    RulesObjData *obj_data;
+
+    nm_assert(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+    _rules_data_assert(rules_data, TRUE);
+    nm_assert(self->by_data);
+    nm_assert(g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_data, rules_data) == rules_data);
+
+    _LOGD("routing-rule: untrack [" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "] \"%s\"",
+          _USER_TAG_LOG(rules_data->user_tag),
+          nmp_object_to_string(rules_data->obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+    {
+        RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data;
+
+        user_tag_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_user_tag, &rules_data->user_tag);
+        nm_assert(user_tag_data);
+        nm_assert(c_list_contains(&user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head, &rules_data->user_tag_lst));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    nm_assert(!c_list_is_empty(&rules_data->user_tag_lst));
+
+    obj_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_obj, &rules_data->obj);
+    nm_assert(obj_data);
+    nm_assert(c_list_contains(&obj_data->obj_lst_head, &rules_data->obj_lst));
+    nm_assert(obj_data == g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_obj, &rules_data->obj));
+
+    if (make_owned_by_us) {
+        if (obj_data->config_state == CONFIG_STATE_NONE) {
+            /* we need to mark this entry that it requires a touch on the next
+             * sync. */
+            obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US;
+        }
+    } else if (remove_user_tag_data && c_list_length_is(&rules_data->user_tag_lst, 1))
+        g_hash_table_remove(self->by_user_tag, &rules_data->user_tag);
+
+    /* if obj_data is marked to be "added_by_us" or "removed_by_us", we need to keep this entry
+     * around for the next sync -- so that we can undo what we did earlier. */
+    if (obj_data->config_state == CONFIG_STATE_NONE && c_list_length_is(&rules_data->obj_lst, 1))
+        g_hash_table_remove(self->by_obj, &rules_data->obj);
+
+    g_hash_table_remove(self->by_data, rules_data);
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_untrack(NMPRulesManager *            self,
+                          const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule,
+                          gconstpointer                user_tag)
+{
+    NMPObject        obj_stack;
+    const NMPObject *p_obj_stack;
+    RulesData *      rules_data;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+    g_return_if_fail(routing_rule);
+    g_return_if_fail(user_tag);
+
+    _rules_init(self);
+
+    p_obj_stack = nmp_object_stackinit(&obj_stack, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, routing_rule);
+
+    nm_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(p_obj_stack));
+
+    rules_data = _rules_data_lookup(self->by_data, p_obj_stack, user_tag);
+    if (rules_data)
+        _rules_data_untrack(self, rules_data, TRUE, FALSE);
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_set_dirty(NMPRulesManager *self, gconstpointer user_tag)
+{
+    RulesData *       rules_data;
+    RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+    g_return_if_fail(user_tag);
+
+    if (!self->by_data)
+        return;
+
+    user_tag_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_user_tag, &user_tag);
+    if (!user_tag_data)
+        return;
+
+    c_list_for_each_entry (rules_data, &user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head, user_tag_lst)
+        rules_data->dirty = TRUE;
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_untrack_all(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                              gconstpointer    user_tag,
+                              gboolean         all /* or only dirty */)
+{
+    RulesData *       rules_data;
+    RulesData *       rules_data_safe;
+    RulesUserTagData *user_tag_data;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+    g_return_if_fail(user_tag);
+
+    if (!self->by_data)
+        return;
+
+    user_tag_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_user_tag, &user_tag);
+    if (!user_tag_data)
+        return;
+
+    c_list_for_each_entry_safe (rules_data,
+                                rules_data_safe,
+                                &user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head,
+                                user_tag_lst) {
+        if (all || rules_data->dirty)
+            _rules_data_untrack(self, rules_data, FALSE, FALSE);
+    }
+    if (c_list_is_empty(&user_tag_data->user_tag_lst_head))
+        g_hash_table_remove(self->by_user_tag, user_tag_data);
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_sync(NMPRulesManager *self, gboolean keep_deleted_rules)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *pl_head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             pl_iter;
+    const NMPObject *            plobj;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *rules_to_delete = NULL;
+    RulesObjData *               obj_data;
+    GHashTableIter               h_iter;
+    guint                        i;
+    const RulesData *            rd_best;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+
+    if (!self->by_data)
+        return;
+
+    _LOGD("sync%s", keep_deleted_rules ? " (don't remove any rules)" : "");
+
+    pl_head_entry = nm_platform_lookup_obj_type(self->platform, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    if (pl_head_entry) {
+        nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&pl_iter, pl_head_entry, &plobj) {
+            obj_data = g_hash_table_lookup(self->by_obj, &plobj);
+
+            if (!obj_data) {
+                /* this rule is not tracked. It was externally added, hence we
+                 * ignore it. */
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            rd_best = _rules_obj_get_best_data(obj_data);
+            if (rd_best) {
+                if (rd_best->track_priority_present) {
+                    if (obj_data->config_state == CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US)
+                        obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_ADDED_BY_US;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (rd_best->track_priority_val == 0) {
+                    if (!NM_IN_SET(obj_data->config_state,
+                                   CONFIG_STATE_ADDED_BY_US,
+                                   CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US)) {
+                        obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_NONE;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_NONE;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (keep_deleted_rules) {
+                _LOGD("forget/leak rule added by us: %s",
+                      nmp_object_to_string(plobj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!rules_to_delete)
+                rules_to_delete = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+            g_ptr_array_add(rules_to_delete, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(plobj));
+
+            obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_REMOVED_BY_US;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (rules_to_delete) {
+        for (i = 0; i < rules_to_delete->len; i++)
+            nm_platform_object_delete(self->platform, rules_to_delete->pdata[i]);
+    }
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&h_iter, self->by_obj);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&h_iter, (gpointer *) &obj_data, NULL)) {
+        rd_best = _rules_obj_get_best_data(obj_data);
+
+        if (!rd_best) {
+            g_hash_table_iter_remove(&h_iter);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!rd_best->track_priority_present) {
+            if (obj_data->config_state == CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US)
+                obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_REMOVED_BY_US;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (rd_best->track_priority_val == 0) {
+            if (!NM_IN_SET(obj_data->config_state,
+                           CONFIG_STATE_REMOVED_BY_US,
+                           CONFIG_STATE_OWNED_BY_US)) {
+                obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_NONE;
+                continue;
+            }
+            obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_NONE;
+        }
+
+        plobj =
+            nm_platform_lookup_obj(self->platform, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, obj_data->obj);
+        if (plobj)
+            continue;
+
+        obj_data->config_state = CONFIG_STATE_ADDED_BY_US;
+        nm_platform_routing_rule_add(self->platform,
+                                     NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD,
+                                     NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_data->obj));
+    }
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_track_from_platform(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                      NMPlatform *     platform,
+                                      int              addr_family,
+                                      gint32           tracking_priority,
+                                      gconstpointer    user_tag)
+{
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMPObject *            o;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+
+    if (!platform)
+        platform = self->platform;
+    else
+        g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o) {
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule *rr = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o);
+
+        if (addr_family != AF_UNSPEC && rr->addr_family != addr_family)
+            continue;
+
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self, rr, tracking_priority, user_tag, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_track_default(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                int              addr_family,
+                                gint32           track_priority,
+                                gconstpointer    user_tag)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    /* track the default rules. See also `man ip-rule`. */
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET)) {
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self,
+                                &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){
+                                    .addr_family = AF_INET,
+                                    .priority    = 0,
+                                    .table       = RT_TABLE_LOCAL,
+                                    .action      = FR_ACT_TO_TBL,
+                                    .protocol    = RTPROT_KERNEL,
+                                }),
+                                track_priority,
+                                user_tag,
+                                NULL);
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self,
+                                &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){
+                                    .addr_family = AF_INET,
+                                    .priority    = 32766,
+                                    .table       = RT_TABLE_MAIN,
+                                    .action      = FR_ACT_TO_TBL,
+                                    .protocol    = RTPROT_KERNEL,
+                                }),
+                                track_priority,
+                                user_tag,
+                                NULL);
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self,
+                                &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){
+                                    .addr_family = AF_INET,
+                                    .priority    = 32767,
+                                    .table       = RT_TABLE_DEFAULT,
+                                    .action      = FR_ACT_TO_TBL,
+                                    .protocol    = RTPROT_KERNEL,
+                                }),
+                                track_priority,
+                                user_tag,
+                                NULL);
+    }
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET6)) {
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self,
+                                &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){
+                                    .addr_family = AF_INET6,
+                                    .priority    = 0,
+                                    .table       = RT_TABLE_LOCAL,
+                                    .action      = FR_ACT_TO_TBL,
+                                    .protocol    = RTPROT_KERNEL,
+                                }),
+                                track_priority,
+                                user_tag,
+                                NULL);
+        nmp_rules_manager_track(self,
+                                &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){
+                                    .addr_family = AF_INET6,
+                                    .priority    = 32766,
+                                    .table       = RT_TABLE_MAIN,
+                                    .action      = FR_ACT_TO_TBL,
+                                    .protocol    = RTPROT_KERNEL,
+                                }),
+                                track_priority,
+                                user_tag,
+                                NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_rules_init(NMPRulesManager *self)
+{
+    if (self->by_data)
+        return;
+
+    self->by_data =
+        g_hash_table_new_full(_rules_data_hash, _rules_data_equal, NULL, _rules_data_destroy);
+    self->by_obj =
+        g_hash_table_new_full(_rules_obj_hash, _rules_obj_equal, NULL, _rules_obj_destroy);
+    self->by_user_tag = g_hash_table_new_full(_rules_user_tag_hash,
+                                              _rules_user_tag_equal,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              _rules_user_tag_destroy);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMPRulesManager *
+nmp_rules_manager_new(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMPRulesManager *self;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform), NULL);
+
+    self  = g_slice_new(NMPRulesManager);
+    *self = (NMPRulesManager){
+        .ref_count = 1,
+        .platform  = g_object_ref(platform),
+    };
+    return self;
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_ref(NMPRulesManager *self)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+
+    self->ref_count++;
+}
+
+void
+nmp_rules_manager_unref(NMPRulesManager *self)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NMP_IS_RULES_MANAGER(self));
+
+    if (--self->ref_count > 0)
+        return;
+
+    if (self->by_data) {
+        g_hash_table_destroy(self->by_user_tag);
+        g_hash_table_destroy(self->by_obj);
+        g_hash_table_destroy(self->by_data);
+    }
+    g_object_unref(self->platform);
+    g_slice_free(NMPRulesManager, self);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.h b/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69cf9075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nmp-rules-manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#ifndef __NMP_RULES_MANAGER_H__
+#define __NMP_RULES_MANAGER_H__
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define NMP_RULES_MANAGER_EXTERN_WEAKLY_TRACKED_USER_TAG ((const void *) nmp_rules_manager_new)
+
+typedef struct _NMPRulesManager NMPRulesManager;
+
+NMPRulesManager *nmp_rules_manager_new(NMPlatform *platform);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_ref(NMPRulesManager *self);
+void nmp_rules_manager_unref(NMPRulesManager *self);
+
+#define nm_auto_unref_rules_manager nm_auto(_nmp_rules_manager_unref)
+NM_AUTO_DEFINE_FCN0(NMPRulesManager *, _nmp_rules_manager_unref, nmp_rules_manager_unref);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_track(NMPRulesManager *            self,
+                             const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule,
+                             gint32                       track_priority,
+                             gconstpointer                user_tag,
+                             gconstpointer                user_tag_untrack);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_track_default(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                     int              addr_family,
+                                     gint32           track_priority,
+                                     gconstpointer    user_tag);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_track_from_platform(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                           NMPlatform *     platform,
+                                           int              addr_family,
+                                           gint32           tracking_priority,
+                                           gconstpointer    user_tag);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_untrack(NMPRulesManager *            self,
+                               const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule,
+                               gconstpointer                user_tag);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_set_dirty(NMPRulesManager *self, gconstpointer user_tag);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_untrack_all(NMPRulesManager *self,
+                                   gconstpointer    user_tag,
+                                   gboolean         all /* or only dirty */);
+
+void nmp_rules_manager_sync(NMPRulesManager *self, gboolean keep_deleted_rules);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#endif /* __NMP_RULES_MANAGER_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/meson.build b/src/core/platform/tests/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d55707a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+test_fake_c_flags = test_c_flags + ['-DSETUP=nm_fake_platform_setup']
+test_linux_c_flags = test_c_flags + ['-DSETUP=nm_linux_platform_setup']
+
+test_units = [
+  ['test-address-fake', 'test-address.c', test_fake_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-address-linux', 'test-address.c', test_linux_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-cleanup-fake', 'test-cleanup.c', test_fake_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-cleanup-linux', 'test-cleanup.c', test_linux_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-link-fake', 'test-link.c', test_fake_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-link-linux', 'test-link.c', test_linux_c_flags, 900],
+  ['test-nmp-object', 'test-nmp-object.c', test_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-platform-general', 'test-platform-general.c', test_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-route-fake', 'test-route.c', test_fake_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-route-linux', 'test-route.c', test_linux_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-tc-fake', 'test-tc.c', test_fake_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+  ['test-tc-linux', 'test-tc.c', test_linux_c_flags, default_test_timeout],
+]
+
+foreach test_unit: test_units
+  exe = executable(
+    test_unit[0],
+    test_unit[1],
+    dependencies: libNetworkManagerTest_dep,
+    c_args: test_unit[2],
+  )
+  test(
+    'platform/' + test_unit[0],
+    test_script,
+    timeout: test_unit[3],
+    args: test_args + [exe.full_path()],
+  )
+endforeach
+
+name = 'monitor'
+
+executable(
+  name,
+  name + '.c',
+  dependencies: libNetworkManagerTest_dep,
+  c_args: test_c_flags,
+)
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/monitor.c b/src/core/platform/tests/monitor.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abdf2cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/monitor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+
+#include "platform/nm-linux-platform.h"
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+static struct {
+    gboolean persist;
+} global_opt = {
+    .persist = TRUE,
+};
+
+static gboolean
+read_argv(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    GOptionContext *context;
+    GOptionEntry    options[] = {
+        {"no-persist",
+         'P',
+         G_OPTION_FLAG_REVERSE,
+         G_OPTION_ARG_NONE,
+         &global_opt.persist,
+         "Exit after processing netlink messages",
+         NULL},
+        {0},
+    };
+    gs_free_error GError *error = NULL;
+
+    context = g_option_context_new(NULL);
+    g_option_context_set_summary(context, "Monitor netlink events in NMPlatform.");
+    g_option_context_add_main_entries(context, options, NULL);
+
+    if (!g_option_context_parse(context, argc, argv, &error)) {
+        g_warning("Error parsing command line arguments: %s", error->message);
+        g_option_context_free(context);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    g_option_context_free(context);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    GMainLoop *loop;
+
+    if (!g_getenv("G_MESSAGES_DEBUG"))
+        g_setenv("G_MESSAGES_DEBUG", "all", TRUE);
+
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(&argc, &argv, "DEBUG", "ALL");
+
+    if (!read_argv(&argc, &argv))
+        return 2;
+
+    nm_log_info(LOGD_PLATFORM, "platform monitor start");
+
+    loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+
+    nm_linux_platform_setup();
+
+    if (global_opt.persist)
+        g_main_loop_run(loop);
+
+    g_main_loop_unref(loop);
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-address.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-address.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4d67105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-address.c
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+#define IP4_ADDRESS       "192.0.2.1"
+#define IP4_ADDRESS_PEER  "192.0.2.2"
+#define IP4_ADDRESS_PEER2 "192.0.3.1"
+#define IP4_PLEN          24
+#define IP6_ADDRESS       "2001:db8:a:b:1:2:3:4"
+#define IP6_PLEN          64
+
+#define DEVICE_IFINDEX NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX
+#define EX             NMTSTP_ENV1_EX
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+ip4_address_callback(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                     NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                     int                        ifindex,
+                     NMPlatformIP4Address *     received,
+                     NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                     SignalData *               data)
+{
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->change_type != change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop)
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s' %dth time.", data->name, data->received_count);
+}
+
+static void
+ip6_address_callback(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                     NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                     int                        ifindex,
+                     NMPlatformIP6Address *     received,
+                     NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                     SignalData *               data)
+{
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->change_type != change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop)
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s' %dth time.", data->name, data->received_count);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_ip4_address_general(void)
+{
+    const int   ifindex         = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    SignalData *address_added   = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                                   ip4_address_callback,
+                                                   ifindex);
+    SignalData *address_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                                     ip4_address_callback,
+                                                     ifindex);
+    SignalData *address_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                                     ip4_address_callback,
+                                                     ifindex);
+    GArray *    addresses;
+    NMPlatformIP4Address *address;
+    in_addr_t             addr;
+    guint32               lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32               preferred = 1000;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, IP4_ADDRESS, &addr);
+
+    /* Add address */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr, lifetime, preferred, 0, NULL);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+
+    /* Add address again (aka update) */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP4_PLEN,
+                           addr,
+                           lifetime + 100,
+                           preferred + 50,
+                           0,
+                           NULL);
+    accept_signals(address_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    /* Test address listing */
+    addresses = nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    g_assert(addresses);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses->len, ==, 1);
+    address = &g_array_index(addresses, NMPlatformIP4Address, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(address->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert_cmphex(address->address, ==, addr);
+    g_assert_cmphex(address->peer_address, ==, addr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(address->plen, ==, IP4_PLEN);
+    g_array_unref(addresses);
+
+    /* Remove address */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+    accept_signal(address_removed);
+
+    /* Remove address again */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr);
+
+    free_signal(address_added);
+    free_signal(address_changed);
+    free_signal(address_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip6_address_general(void)
+{
+    const int   ifindex         = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    SignalData *address_added   = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                                   ip6_address_callback,
+                                                   ifindex);
+    SignalData *address_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                                     ip6_address_callback,
+                                                     ifindex);
+    SignalData *address_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                                     ip6_address_callback,
+                                                     ifindex);
+    GArray *    addresses;
+    NMPlatformIP6Address *address;
+    struct in6_addr       addr;
+    guint32               lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32               preferred = 1000;
+    guint                 flags     = 0;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, IP6_ADDRESS, &addr);
+
+    /* Add address */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP6_PLEN,
+                           in6addr_any,
+                           lifetime,
+                           preferred,
+                           flags);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+
+    /* Add address again (aka update) */
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP6_PLEN,
+                           in6addr_any,
+                           lifetime,
+                           preferred,
+                           flags);
+    accept_signals(address_changed, 0, 2);
+
+    /* Test address listing */
+    addresses = nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    g_assert(addresses);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses->len, ==, 1);
+    address = &g_array_index(addresses, NMPlatformIP6Address, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(address->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(!memcmp(&address->address, &addr, sizeof(addr)));
+    g_assert_cmpint(address->plen, ==, IP6_PLEN);
+    g_array_unref(addresses);
+
+    /* Remove address */
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP6_PLEN);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+    accept_signal(address_removed);
+
+    /* Remove address again */
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP6_PLEN);
+
+    /* ensure not pending signal. */
+    accept_signals(address_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    free_signal(address_added);
+    free_signal(address_changed);
+    free_signal(address_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip4_address_general_2(void)
+{
+    const int   ifindex         = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    SignalData *address_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                           ip4_address_callback);
+    SignalData *address_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                             ip4_address_callback);
+    in_addr_t   addr;
+    guint32     lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32     preferred = 1000;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, IP4_ADDRESS, &addr);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    /* Looks like addresses are not announced by kernel when the interface
+     * is down. Link-local IPv6 address is automatically added.
+     */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_IFINDEX, NULL));
+
+    /* Add/delete notification */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr, lifetime, preferred, 0, NULL);
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr);
+    accept_signal(address_removed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+
+    /* Add/delete conflict */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr, lifetime, preferred, 0, NULL);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr));
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+
+    free_signal(address_added);
+    free_signal(address_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip6_address_general_2(void)
+{
+    const int       ifindex         = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    SignalData *    address_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                           ip6_address_callback);
+    SignalData *    address_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                             ip6_address_callback);
+    struct in6_addr addr;
+    guint32         lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32         preferred = 1000;
+    guint           flags     = 0;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, IP6_ADDRESS, &addr);
+
+    /* Add/delete notification */
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP6_PLEN, in6addr_any, lifetime, preferred, 0);
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP6_PLEN);
+    accept_signal(address_removed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+
+    /* Add/delete conflict */
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP6_PLEN, in6addr_any, lifetime, preferred, 0);
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+
+    nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP6_PLEN,
+                           in6addr_any,
+                           lifetime,
+                           preferred,
+                           flags);
+    ensure_no_signal(address_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addr));
+
+    free_signal(address_added);
+    free_signal(address_removed);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_ip4_address_peer(void)
+{
+    const int                   ifindex         = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    SignalData *                address_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                           ip4_address_callback);
+    SignalData *                address_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                             ip4_address_callback);
+    in_addr_t                   addr, addr_peer, addr_peer2;
+    guint32                     lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32                     preferred = 1000;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, IP4_ADDRESS, &addr);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, IP4_ADDRESS_PEER, &addr_peer);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, IP4_ADDRESS_PEER2, &addr_peer2);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    g_assert(addr != addr_peer);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+    accept_signals(address_removed, 0, G_MAXINT);
+    accept_signals(address_added, 0, G_MAXINT);
+
+    /* Add/delete notification */
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP4_PLEN,
+                           addr_peer,
+                           lifetime,
+                           preferred,
+                           0,
+                           NULL);
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+    a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer);
+    g_assert(a);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer2));
+
+    nmtstp_ip_address_assert_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a, -1, lifetime, preferred);
+
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL,
+                           EX,
+                           ifindex,
+                           addr,
+                           IP4_PLEN,
+                           addr_peer2,
+                           lifetime,
+                           preferred,
+                           0,
+                           NULL);
+    accept_signal(address_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer));
+    a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer2);
+    g_assert(a);
+
+    nmtstp_ip_address_assert_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a, -1, lifetime, preferred);
+
+    g_assert(addr != addr_peer);
+    nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer);
+    accept_signal(address_removed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, IP4_PLEN, addr_peer2));
+
+    free_signal(address_added);
+    free_signal(address_removed);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_ip4_address_peer_zero(void)
+{
+    const int   ifindex = DEVICE_IFINDEX;
+    in_addr_t   addr, addr_peer;
+    guint32     lifetime  = 2000;
+    guint32     preferred = 1000;
+    const gint8 plen      = 24;
+    const char *label     = NULL;
+    in_addr_t   peers[3], r_peers[3];
+    int         i;
+    GArray *    addrs;
+
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.5.2", &addr);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.6.2", &addr_peer);
+    peers[0] = addr;
+    peers[1] = addr_peer;
+    peers[2] = 0;
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+
+    nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, r_peers, peers, sizeof(peers[0]), G_N_ELEMENTS(peers));
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(peers); i++) {
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, plen, r_peers[i]));
+
+        nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NULL,
+                               EX,
+                               ifindex,
+                               addr,
+                               plen,
+                               r_peers[i],
+                               lifetime,
+                               preferred,
+                               0,
+                               label);
+
+        addrs = nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+        g_assert(addrs);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addrs->len, ==, i + 1);
+        g_array_unref(addrs);
+    }
+
+    if (nmtst_is_debug() && nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip address show dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, r_peers, peers, sizeof(peers[0]), G_N_ELEMENTS(peers));
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(peers); i++) {
+        g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, addr, plen, r_peers[i]));
+
+        nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NULL, EX, ifindex, addr, plen, r_peers[i]);
+
+        addrs = nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+        g_assert(addrs);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addrs->len, ==, G_N_ELEMENTS(peers) - i - 1);
+        g_array_unref(addrs);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func = SETUP;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(argc, argv, NULL, "ALL");
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * SETUP TESTS
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+_nmtstp_setup_tests(void)
+{
+#define add_test_func(testpath, test_func) nmtstp_env1_add_test_func(testpath, test_func, FALSE)
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv4/general", test_ip4_address_general);
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv6/general", test_ip6_address_general);
+
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv4/general-2", test_ip4_address_general_2);
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv6/general-2", test_ip6_address_general_2);
+
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv4/peer", test_ip4_address_peer);
+    add_test_func("/address/ipv4/peer/zero", test_ip4_address_peer_zero);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-cleanup.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-cleanup.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b54eca34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-cleanup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+static void
+test_cleanup_internal(void)
+{
+    SignalData *    link_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                               link_callback,
+                                               DEVICE_NAME);
+    int             ifindex;
+    GArray *        addresses4;
+    GArray *        addresses6;
+    GPtrArray *     routes4;
+    GPtrArray *     routes6;
+    in_addr_t       addr4;
+    in_addr_t       network4;
+    int             plen4 = 24;
+    in_addr_t       gateway4;
+    struct in6_addr addr6;
+    struct in6_addr network6;
+    int             plen6 = 64;
+    struct in6_addr gateway6;
+    int             lifetime  = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    int             preferred = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    int             metric    = 20;
+    int             mss       = 1000;
+    guint32         flags     = 0;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.0.2.1", &addr4);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.0.3.0", &network4);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "198.51.100.1", &gateway4);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8:a:b:1:2:3:4", &addr6);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8:c:d:0:0:0:0", &network6);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8:e:f:1:2:3:4", &gateway6);
+
+    /* Create and set up device */
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, NULL)));
+    accept_signal(link_added);
+    free_signal(link_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                     nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME),
+                                     NULL));
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    /* wait for kernel to add the IPv6 link local address... it takes a bit. */
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(300, {
+        gs_unref_array GArray *     addrs = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+        if (nmtst_wait_iteration > 0) {
+            nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, nmtst_wait_remaining_us / 1000);
+            nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+        }
+        addrs = nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+        if (addrs->len == 1 && (a = &g_array_index(addrs, NMPlatformIP6Address, 0))
+            && IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&a->address))
+            break;
+    });
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                         ifindex,
+                                         addr4,
+                                         plen4,
+                                         addr4,
+                                         nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_create(addr4, plen4),
+                                         lifetime,
+                                         preferred,
+                                         0,
+                                         NULL));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                         ifindex,
+                                         addr6,
+                                         plen6,
+                                         in6addr_any,
+                                         lifetime,
+                                         preferred,
+                                         flags));
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         gateway4,
+                         32,
+                         INADDR_ANY,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network4,
+                         plen4,
+                         gateway4,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         0,
+                         0,
+                         gateway4,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         gateway6,
+                         128,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network6,
+                         plen6,
+                         gateway6,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         0,
+                         gateway6,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+
+    addresses4 = nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    addresses6 = nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    routes4    = nmtstp_ip4_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    routes6    = nmtstp_ip6_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses4->len, ==, 1);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses6->len, ==, 2); /* also has a IPv6 LL address. */
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes4->len, ==, 3);
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes6->len, ==, 3);
+
+    g_array_unref(addresses4);
+    g_array_unref(addresses6);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(routes4);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(routes6);
+
+    /* Delete interface with all addresses and routes */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    addresses4 = nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    addresses6 = nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    routes4    = nmtstp_ip4_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    routes6    = nmtstp_ip6_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses4->len, ==, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addresses6->len, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(!routes4);
+    g_assert(!routes6);
+
+    g_array_unref(addresses4);
+    g_array_unref(addresses6);
+}
+
+NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func = SETUP;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(argc, argv, NULL, "ALL");
+}
+
+void
+_nmtstp_setup_tests(void)
+{
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, DEVICE_NAME, FALSE);
+
+    g_test_add_func("/internal", test_cleanup_internal);
+    /* FIXME: add external cleanup check */
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87e5329a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2731 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+
+#include "n-acd/src/n-acd.h"
+
+#define SIGNAL_DATA_FMT "'%s-%s' ifindex %d%s%s%s (%d times received)"
+#define SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data)                                                                     \
+    (data)->name, nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string((data)->change_type), (data)->ifindex, \
+        (data)->ifname ? " ifname '" : "", (data)->ifname ?: "", (data)->ifname ? "'" : "",       \
+        (data)->received_count
+
+int NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX = -1;
+int NMTSTP_ENV1_EX      = -1;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_setup_platform(void)
+{
+    g_assert(_nmtstp_setup_platform_func);
+    _nmtstp_setup_platform_func();
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_is_root_test(void)
+{
+    g_assert(_nmtstp_setup_platform_func);
+    return _nmtstp_setup_platform_func == nm_linux_platform_setup;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable(void)
+{
+    return !nmtstp_is_root_test() || (access("/sys/devices", W_OK) == 0);
+}
+
+static void
+_init_platform(NMPlatform **platform, gboolean external_command)
+{
+    g_assert(platform);
+    if (!*platform)
+        *platform = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(*platform));
+
+    if (external_command)
+        g_assert(NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(*platform));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static GArray *
+_ipx_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS));
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, obj_type, ifindex);
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_to_array(nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup),
+                                     obj_type,
+                                     FALSE /*addresses are always visible. */);
+}
+
+GArray *
+nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return _ipx_address_get_all(self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+GArray *
+nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return _ipx_address_get_all(self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIPAddress *
+nmtstp_platform_ip_address_find(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int addr_family, gconstpointer addr)
+{
+    const int                  IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMPlatformIPAddress *found   = NULL;
+    NMDedupMultiIter           iter;
+    const NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPLookup                  lookup;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex >= 0);
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4), ifindex);
+    nm_platform_iter_obj_for_each (&iter, self, &lookup, &obj) {
+        const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj);
+
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_ADDR_FAMILY(obj) == addr_family);
+        g_assert(ifindex <= 0 || a->ifindex == ifindex);
+
+        if (memcmp(addr, a->address_ptr, nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family)) != 0)
+            continue;
+
+        g_assert(!found);
+        found = a;
+    }
+
+    if (!IS_IPv4 && ifindex > 0)
+        g_assert(found
+                 == (const NMPlatformIPAddress *) nm_platform_ip6_address_get(self, ifindex, addr));
+
+    return found;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMIPAddr addr;
+    int      addr_family;
+    bool     found : 1;
+} IPAddressesAssertData;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_platform_ip_addresses_assert(const char *       filename,
+                                     int                lineno,
+                                     NMPlatform *       self,
+                                     int                ifindex,
+                                     gboolean           force_exact_4,
+                                     gboolean           force_exact_6,
+                                     gboolean           ignore_ll6,
+                                     guint              addrs_len,
+                                     const char *const *addrs)
+{
+    gs_free IPAddressesAssertData *addrs_bin = NULL;
+    int                            IS_IPv4;
+    guint                          i;
+
+    g_assert(filename);
+    g_assert(lineno >= 0);
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    g_assert(ifindex >= 0);
+
+    addrs_bin = g_new(IPAddressesAssertData, addrs_len);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < addrs_len; i++) {
+        const char *addrstr = addrs[i];
+        int         addr_family;
+        NMIPAddr    a;
+
+        if (!addrstr) {
+            addr_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+            a           = nm_ip_addr_zero;
+        } else if (inet_pton(AF_INET, addrstr, &a) == 1)
+            addr_family = AF_INET;
+        else if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, addrstr, &a) == 1)
+            addr_family = AF_INET6;
+        else
+            g_error("%s:%d: invalid IP address in argument: %s", filename, lineno, addrstr);
+
+        addrs_bin[i] = (IPAddressesAssertData){
+            .addr_family = addr_family,
+            .addr        = a,
+            .found       = FALSE,
+        };
+    }
+
+    for (IS_IPv4 = 1; IS_IPv4 >= 0; IS_IPv4--) {
+        const int         addr_family           = IS_IPv4 ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_addrs = NULL;
+        NMPLookup                    lookup;
+        guint                        j;
+
+        plat_addrs = nm_platform_lookup_clone(
+            self,
+            nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4), ifindex),
+            NULL,
+            NULL);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < addrs_len; i++) {
+            IPAddressesAssertData *addr_bin = &addrs_bin[i];
+
+            if (addr_bin->addr_family != addr_family)
+                continue;
+
+            g_assert(!addr_bin->found);
+            for (j = 0; j < nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs);) {
+                const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(plat_addrs->pdata[j]);
+
+                if (memcmp(&addr_bin->addr,
+                           a->address_ptr,
+                           nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family))
+                    != 0) {
+                    j++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                g_assert(!addr_bin->found);
+                addr_bin->found = TRUE;
+                g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(plat_addrs, j);
+            }
+
+            if (!addr_bin->found) {
+                char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+                g_error("%s:%d: IPv%c address %s was not found on ifindex %d",
+                        filename,
+                        lineno,
+                        nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_bin->addr_family),
+                        nm_utils_inet_ntop(addr_bin->addr_family, &addr_bin->addr, sbuf),
+                        ifindex);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!IS_IPv4 && ignore_ll6 && nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs) > 0) {
+            /* we prune all remaining, non-matching IPv6 link local addresses. */
+            for (j = 0; j < nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs);) {
+                const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(plat_addrs->pdata[j]);
+
+                if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(a->address_ptr)) {
+                    j++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(plat_addrs, j);
+            }
+        }
+        if ((IS_IPv4 ? force_exact_4 : force_exact_6) && nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs) > 0) {
+            char sbuf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+
+            g_error("%s:%d: %u IPv%c addresses found on ifindex %d that should not be there (one "
+                    "is %s)",
+                    filename,
+                    lineno,
+                    plat_addrs->len,
+                    nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+                    ifindex,
+                    nmp_object_to_string(plat_addrs->pdata[0],
+                                         NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                         sbuf,
+                                         sizeof(sbuf)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                 int         ifindex,
+                                 in_addr_t   network,
+                                 guint8      plen,
+                                 guint32     metric)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_for_each (
+        &iter,
+        nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, ifindex)) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(iter.current->obj);
+
+        if (r->ifindex != ifindex || r->network != network || r->plen != plen
+            || r->metric != metric) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        return nm_platform_object_delete(platform, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(r));
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                                 int             ifindex,
+                                 struct in6_addr network,
+                                 guint8          plen,
+                                 guint32         metric)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_for_each (
+        &iter,
+        nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, ifindex)) {
+        const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(iter.current->obj);
+
+        if (r->ifindex != ifindex || !IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&r->network, &network) || r->plen != plen
+            || r->metric != metric) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        return nm_platform_object_delete(platform, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(r));
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+SignalData *
+add_signal_full(const char *               name,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                GCallback                  callback,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                const char *               ifname)
+{
+    SignalData *data = g_new0(SignalData, 1);
+
+    data->name           = name;
+    data->change_type    = change_type;
+    data->received_count = 0;
+    data->handler_id     = g_signal_connect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, callback, data);
+    data->ifindex        = ifindex;
+    data->ifname         = ifname;
+
+    g_assert(data->handler_id > 0);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+void
+_accept_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal one time: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count != 1)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal one "
+                "time: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    data->received_count = 0;
+}
+
+void
+_accept_signals(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data, int min, int max)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal [%d,%d] times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          min,
+          max,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count < min || data->received_count > max)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal [%d,%d] "
+                "times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                min,
+                max,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    data->received_count = 0;
+}
+
+void
+_ensure_no_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal 0 times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count > 0)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal 0 "
+                "times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+}
+
+void
+_accept_or_wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): accept-or-wait signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count == 0) {
+        data->loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+        g_main_loop_run(data->loop);
+        nm_clear_pointer(&data->loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+    }
+
+    _accept_signal(file, line, func, data);
+}
+
+void
+_wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): wait signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to wait for signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+
+    data->loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+    g_main_loop_run(data->loop);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&data->loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+
+    _accept_signal(file, line, func, data);
+}
+
+void
+_free_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): free signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count != 0)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to free non-accepted "
+                "signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+
+    g_signal_handler_disconnect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, data->handler_id);
+    g_free(data);
+}
+
+void
+link_callback(NMPlatform *    platform,
+              int             obj_type_i,
+              int             ifindex,
+              NMPlatformLink *received,
+              int             change_type_i,
+              SignalData *    data)
+{
+    const NMPObjectType              obj_type    = obj_type_i;
+    const NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type = change_type_i;
+    NMPLookup                        lookup;
+    NMDedupMultiIter                 iter;
+    const NMPlatformLink *           cached;
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(obj_type, ==, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->ifname
+        && g_strcmp0(data->ifname, nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex)) != 0)
+        return;
+    if (change_type != data->change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop) {
+        _LOGD("Quitting main loop.");
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+    }
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s-%s' ifindex %d ifname '%s' %dth time.",
+          data->name,
+          nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(data->change_type),
+          ifindex,
+          received->name,
+          data->received_count);
+
+    if (change_type == NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    else
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    /* Check the data */
+    g_assert(received->ifindex > 0);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &cached) {
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(cached)))
+            continue;
+        if (cached->ifindex == received->ifindex) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_cmp(cached, received), ==, 0);
+            g_assert(!memcmp(cached, received, sizeof(*cached)));
+            if (data->change_type == NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+                g_error("Deleted link still found in the local cache.");
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (data->change_type != NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+        g_error("Added/changed link not found in the local cache.");
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+_ip4_route_get(NMPlatform *platform,
+               int         ifindex,
+               guint32     network,
+               int         plen,
+               guint32     metric,
+               guint8      tos,
+               guint *     out_c_exists)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter          iter;
+    NMPLookup                 lookup;
+    const NMPObject *         o = NULL;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, tos);
+
+    c = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &o) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o)->ifindex != ifindex && ifindex > 0)
+            continue;
+        if (!r)
+            r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o);
+        c++;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_c_exists, c);
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+_nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(const char *file,
+                                guint       line,
+                                const char *func,
+                                NMPlatform *platform,
+                                int         c_exists,
+                                const char *ifname,
+                                guint32     network,
+                                int         plen,
+                                guint32     metric,
+                                guint8      tos)
+{
+    int                       ifindex;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    ifindex = -1;
+    if (ifname) {
+        ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(platform, ifname);
+        g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    }
+
+    r = _ip4_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, tos, &c);
+
+    if (c != c_exists && c_exists != -1) {
+        char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        g_error("[%s:%u] %s(): The ip4 route %s/%d metric %u tos %u shall exist %u times, but "
+                "platform has it %u times",
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(network, sbuf),
+                plen,
+                metric,
+                tos,
+                c_exists,
+                c);
+    }
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     int         ifindex,
+                     guint32     network,
+                     int         plen,
+                     guint32     metric,
+                     guint8      tos)
+{
+    return _ip4_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, tos, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+_ip6_route_get(NMPlatform *           platform,
+               int                    ifindex,
+               const struct in6_addr *network,
+               guint                  plen,
+               guint32                metric,
+               const struct in6_addr *src,
+               guint8                 src_plen,
+               guint *                out_c_exists)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter          iter;
+    NMPLookup                 lookup;
+    const NMPObject *         o = NULL;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen);
+
+    c = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &o) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o)->ifindex != ifindex && ifindex > 0)
+            continue;
+        if (!r)
+            r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o);
+        c++;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_c_exists, c);
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+_nmtstp_assert_ip6_route_exists(const char *           file,
+                                guint                  line,
+                                const char *           func,
+                                NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                int                    c_exists,
+                                const char *           ifname,
+                                const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                guint                  plen,
+                                guint32                metric,
+                                const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    int                       ifindex;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    ifindex = -1;
+    if (ifname) {
+        ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(platform, ifname);
+        g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    }
+
+    r = _ip6_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen, &c);
+
+    if (c != c_exists && c_exists != -1) {
+        char s_src[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char s_network[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        g_error("[%s:%u] %s(): The ip6 route %s/%d metric %u src %s/%d shall exist %u times, but "
+                "platform has it %u times",
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(network, s_network),
+                plen,
+                metric,
+                _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(src, s_src),
+                src_plen,
+                c_exists,
+                c);
+    }
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                     int                    ifindex,
+                     const struct in6_addr *network,
+                     guint                  plen,
+                     guint32                metric,
+                     const struct in6_addr *src,
+                     guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    return _ip6_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nmtstp_run_command(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    int           result;
+    gs_free char *command = NULL;
+    va_list       ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    command = g_strdup_vprintf(format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _LOGD("Running command: %s", command);
+    result = system(command);
+    _LOGD("Command finished: result=%d", result);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    GMainLoop *loop;
+    guint      signal_counts;
+    guint      id;
+} WaitForSignalData;
+
+static void
+_wait_for_signal_cb(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                    int             obj_type_i,
+                    int             ifindex,
+                    NMPlatformLink *plink,
+                    int             change_type_i,
+                    gpointer        user_data)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData *data = user_data;
+
+    data->signal_counts++;
+    nm_clear_g_source(&data->id);
+    g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_wait_for_signal_timeout(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData *data = user_data;
+
+    g_assert(data->id);
+    data->id = 0;
+    g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+    return G_SOURCE_REMOVE;
+}
+
+guint
+nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData data = {0};
+    gulong            id_link, id_ip4_address, id_ip6_address, id_ip4_route, id_ip6_route;
+    gulong            id_qdisc, id_tfilter;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    data.loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+
+    id_link        = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                               G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                               &data);
+    id_ip4_address = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                      G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                      &data);
+    id_ip6_address = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                      G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                      &data);
+    id_ip4_route   = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                    G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                    &data);
+    id_ip6_route   = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                    G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                    &data);
+    id_qdisc       = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED,
+                                G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                &data);
+    id_tfilter     = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                  NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED,
+                                  G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                  &data);
+
+    /* if timeout_msec is negative, it means the wait-time already expired.
+     * Maybe, we should do nothing and return right away, without even
+     * processing events from platform. However, that inconsistency (of not
+     * processing events from mainloop) is inconvenient.
+     *
+     * It's better that on the return of nmtstp_wait_for_signal(), we always
+     * have no events pending. So, a negative timeout is treated the same as
+     * a zero timeout: we check whether there are any events pending in platform,
+     * and quite the mainloop immediately afterwards. But we always check. */
+
+    data.id = g_timeout_add(CLAMP(timeout_msec, 0, G_MAXUINT32), _wait_for_signal_timeout, &data);
+
+    g_main_loop_run(data.loop);
+
+    g_assert(!data.id);
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_link));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip4_address));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip6_address));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip4_route));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip6_route));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_tfilter));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_qdisc));
+
+    nm_clear_pointer(&data.loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+
+    /* return the number of signals, or 0 if timeout was reached .*/
+    return data.signal_counts;
+}
+
+guint
+nmtstp_wait_for_signal_until(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 until_ms)
+{
+    gint64 now;
+    guint  signal_counts;
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+        if (until_ms < now)
+            return 0;
+
+        signal_counts = nmtstp_wait_for_signal(platform, until_ms - now);
+        if (signal_counts)
+            return signal_counts;
+    }
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_wait_for_link(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     const char *ifname,
+                     NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                     gint64      timeout_msec)
+{
+    return nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(
+        platform,
+        ifname,
+        expected_link_type,
+        timeout_msec ? nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + timeout_msec : 0);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(NMPlatform *platform,
+                           const char *ifname,
+                           NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                           gint64      until_ms)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    gint64                now;
+    gboolean              waited_once = FALSE;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, ifname);
+        if (plink && (expected_link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE || plink->type == expected_link_type))
+            return plink;
+
+        if (until_ms == 0) {
+            /* don't wait, don't even poll the socket. */
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (waited_once && until_ms < now) {
+            /* timeout reached (+ we already waited for a signal at least once). */
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        waited_once = TRUE;
+        /* regardless of whether timeout is already reached, we poll the netlink
+         * socket a bit. */
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(platform, until_ms - now);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nmtstp_run_command_check_external_global(void)
+{
+    if (!nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        return FALSE;
+    switch (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 3) {
+    case 0:
+        return -1;
+    case 1:
+        return FALSE;
+    default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_run_command_check_external(int external_command)
+{
+    if (external_command != -1) {
+        g_assert(NM_IN_SET(external_command, FALSE, TRUE));
+        g_assert(!external_command || nmtstp_is_root_test());
+        return !!external_command;
+    }
+    if (!nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        return FALSE;
+    return (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) == 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF 2
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                 gint64                     now,
+                                 guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                 guint32                    expected_preferred)
+{
+    gint64 offset;
+    int    i;
+
+    g_assert(addr);
+
+    if (now == -1)
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    g_assert(now > 0);
+
+    g_assert(expected_preferred <= expected_lifetime);
+
+    if (expected_lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+        && expected_preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        return addr->timestamp == 0 && addr->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+               && addr->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    }
+
+    if (addr->timestamp == 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    offset = (gint64) now - addr->timestamp;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        guint32 lft = i ? expected_lifetime : expected_preferred;
+        guint32 adr = i ? addr->lifetime : addr->preferred;
+
+        if (lft == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+            if (adr != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+                return FALSE;
+        } else {
+            if (((gint64) adr) - offset <= ((gint64) lft) - CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF
+                || ((gint64) adr) - offset >= ((gint64) lft) + CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF)
+                return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip_address_assert_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                  gint64                     now,
+                                  guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                  guint32                    expected_preferred)
+{
+    gint64 n = now;
+    gint64 offset;
+    int    i;
+
+    g_assert(addr);
+
+    if (now == -1)
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    g_assert(now > 0);
+
+    g_assert(expected_preferred <= expected_lifetime);
+
+    if (expected_lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+        && expected_preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, ==, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->lifetime, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->preferred, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, >, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, <=, now);
+
+    offset = (gint64) now - addr->timestamp;
+    g_assert_cmpint(offset, >=, 0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        guint32 lft = i ? expected_lifetime : expected_preferred;
+        guint32 adr = i ? addr->lifetime : addr->preferred;
+
+        if (lft == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        else {
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr - offset, <=, lft + CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF);
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr - offset, >=, lft - CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_assert(nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime(addr, n, expected_lifetime, expected_preferred));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_ip_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                gboolean        external_command,
+                gboolean        is_v4,
+                int             ifindex,
+                const NMIPAddr *address,
+                int             plen,
+                const NMIPAddr *peer_address,
+                guint32         lifetime,
+                guint32         preferred,
+                guint32         flags,
+                const char *    label)
+{
+    gint64 end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *  ifname;
+        gs_free char *s_valid     = NULL;
+        gs_free char *s_preferred = NULL;
+        gs_free char *s_label     = NULL;
+        char          b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char          b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            s_valid = g_strdup_printf(" valid_lft %d", lifetime);
+        if (preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            s_preferred = g_strdup_printf(" preferred_lft %d", preferred);
+        if (label)
+            s_label = g_strdup_printf("%s:%s", ifname, label);
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            char s_peer[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 50];
+
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+
+            if (peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4 || nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) {
+                /* If the peer is the same as the local address, we can omit it. The result should be identical */
+                nm_sprintf_buf(s_peer, " peer %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address->addr4, b2));
+            } else
+                s_peer[0] = '\0';
+
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip address change %s%s/%d dev %s%s%s%s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address->addr4, b1),
+                                     s_peer,
+                                     plen,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     s_valid ?: "",
+                                     s_preferred ?: "",
+                                     s_label ?: "");
+        } else {
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+
+            /* flags not implemented (yet) */
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip address change %s%s%s/%d dev %s%s%s%s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address->addr6, b1),
+                                     !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6) ? " peer " : "",
+                                     !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6)
+                                         ? _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&peer_address->addr6, b2)
+                                         : "",
+                                     plen,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     s_valid ?: "",
+                                     s_preferred ?: "",
+                                     s_label ?: "");
+        }
+    } else {
+        gboolean success;
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nm_platform_ip4_address_add(platform,
+                                                  ifindex,
+                                                  address->addr4,
+                                                  plen,
+                                                  peer_address->addr4,
+                                                  0u,
+                                                  lifetime,
+                                                  preferred,
+                                                  flags,
+                                                  label);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+            success = nm_platform_ip6_address_add(platform,
+                                                  ifindex,
+                                                  address->addr6,
+                                                  plen,
+                                                  peer_address->addr6,
+                                                  lifetime,
+                                                  preferred,
+                                                  flags);
+        }
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we see the address. */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 500;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+            a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                            ifindex,
+                                            address->addr4,
+                                            plen,
+                                            peer_address->addr4);
+            if (a && a->peer_address == peer_address->addr4
+                && nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a,
+                                                    -1,
+                                                    lifetime,
+                                                    preferred)
+                && strcmp(a->label, label ?: "") == 0)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+            if (a
+                && !memcmp(nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(a),
+                           (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6)
+                            || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&address->addr6, &peer_address->addr6))
+                               ? &address->addr6
+                               : &peer_address->addr6,
+                           sizeof(struct in6_addr))
+                && nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a,
+                                                    -1,
+                                                    lifetime,
+                                                    preferred))
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                       gboolean    external_command,
+                       int         ifindex,
+                       in_addr_t   address,
+                       int         plen,
+                       in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                       guint32     lifetime,
+                       guint32     preferred,
+                       guint32     flags,
+                       const char *label)
+{
+    _ip_address_add(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    TRUE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address,
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    flags,
+                    label);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       gboolean        external_command,
+                       int             ifindex,
+                       struct in6_addr address,
+                       int             plen,
+                       struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                       guint32         lifetime,
+                       guint32         preferred,
+                       guint32         flags)
+{
+    _ip_address_add(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    FALSE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address,
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    flags,
+                    NULL);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                     int              ifindex,
+                     NMIPConfigSource source,
+                     in_addr_t        network,
+                     guint8           plen,
+                     in_addr_t        gateway,
+                     in_addr_t        pref_src,
+                     guint32          metric,
+                     guint32          mss)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP4Route route = {};
+
+    route.ifindex   = ifindex;
+    route.rt_source = source;
+    route.network   = network;
+    route.plen      = plen;
+    route.gateway   = gateway;
+    route.pref_src  = pref_src;
+    route.metric    = metric;
+    route.mss       = mss;
+
+    g_assert(
+        NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_ip4_route_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &route)));
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                     int              ifindex,
+                     NMIPConfigSource source,
+                     struct in6_addr  network,
+                     guint8           plen,
+                     struct in6_addr  gateway,
+                     struct in6_addr  pref_src,
+                     guint32          metric,
+                     guint32          mss)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP6Route route = {};
+
+    route.ifindex   = ifindex;
+    route.rt_source = source;
+    route.network   = network;
+    route.plen      = plen;
+    route.gateway   = gateway;
+    route.pref_src  = pref_src;
+    route.metric    = metric;
+    route.mss       = mss;
+
+    g_assert(
+        NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_ip6_route_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &route)));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_ip_address_del(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                gboolean        external_command,
+                gboolean        is_v4,
+                int             ifindex,
+                const NMIPAddr *address,
+                int             plen,
+                const NMIPAddr *peer_address)
+{
+    gint64 end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *ifname;
+        char        b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char        b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        int         success;
+        gboolean    had_address;
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4)
+            had_address = !!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                                        ifindex,
+                                                        address->addr4,
+                                                        plen,
+                                                        peer_address->addr4);
+        else
+            had_address = !!nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nmtstp_run_command("ip address delete %s%s%s/%d dev %s",
+                                         _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address->addr4, b1),
+                                         peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4 ? " peer " : "",
+                                         peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4
+                                             ? _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address->addr4, b2)
+                                             : "",
+                                         plen,
+                                         ifname);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(!peer_address);
+            success = nmtstp_run_command("ip address delete %s/%d dev %s",
+                                         _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address->addr6, b1),
+                                         plen,
+                                         ifname);
+        }
+        g_assert(success == 0 || !had_address);
+    } else {
+        gboolean success;
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(platform,
+                                                     ifindex,
+                                                     address->addr4,
+                                                     plen,
+                                                     peer_address->addr4);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(!peer_address);
+            success = nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(platform, ifindex, address->addr6, plen);
+        }
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                            ifindex,
+                                            address->addr4,
+                                            plen,
+                                            peer_address->addr4);
+            if (!a)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+            if (!a)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NMPlatform *platform,
+                       gboolean    external_command,
+                       int         ifindex,
+                       in_addr_t   address,
+                       int         plen,
+                       in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    _ip_address_del(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    TRUE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       gboolean        external_command,
+                       int             ifindex,
+                       struct in6_addr address,
+                       int             plen)
+{
+    _ip_address_del(platform, external_command, FALSE, ifindex, (NMIPAddr *) &address, plen, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, type)                               \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                            \
+    {                                                                                       \
+        const NMPlatformLink *_pllink = (pllink);                                           \
+                                                                                            \
+        if ((success)) {                                                                    \
+            g_assert(_pllink);                                                              \
+            g_assert(_pllink                                                                \
+                     == nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform, _pllink->ifindex, (name), (type))); \
+        } else {                                                                            \
+            g_assert(!_pllink);                                                             \
+            g_assert(!nmtstp_link_get(platform, 0, (name)));                                \
+        }                                                                                   \
+    }                                                                                       \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *     pllink = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformLnkBridge *ll     = NULL;
+    int                        r      = 0;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        char sbuf_gfw[100];
+        char sbuf_mhm[100];
+        char sbuf_mlmc[100];
+        char sbuf_mlmi[100];
+        char sbuf_mmi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqii[100];
+        char sbuf_msqc[100];
+        char sbuf_msqi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqri[100];
+
+        r = nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip link add %s type bridge "
+            "forward_delay %u "
+            "hello_time %u "
+            "max_age %u "
+            "ageing_time %u "
+            "stp_state %d "
+            "priority %u "
+            "vlan_protocol %u "
+            "vlan_stats_enabled %d "
+            "%s" /* group_fwd_mask */
+            "group_address " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR " "
+            "mcast_snooping %d "
+            "mcast_router %u "
+            "mcast_query_use_ifaddr %d "
+            "mcast_querier %d "
+            "%s" /* mcast_hash_max */
+            "%s" /* mcast_last_member_count */
+            "%s" /* mcast_startup_query_count */
+            "%s" /* mcast_last_member_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_membership_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_querier_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_query_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_query_response_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_startup_query_interval */
+            "",
+            name,
+            lnk->forward_delay,
+            lnk->hello_time,
+            lnk->max_age,
+            lnk->ageing_time,
+            (int) lnk->stp_state,
+            lnk->priority,
+            lnk->vlan_protocol,
+            (int) lnk->vlan_stats_enabled,
+            lnk->group_fwd_mask != 0
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_gfw, "group_fwd_mask %#x ", lnk->group_fwd_mask)
+                : "",
+            NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(&lnk->group_addr),
+            (int) lnk->mcast_snooping,
+            lnk->mcast_router,
+            (int) lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+            (int) lnk->mcast_querier,
+            lnk->mcast_hash_max != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_HASH_MAX_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mhm, "mcast_hash_max %u ", lnk->mcast_hash_max)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_last_member_count != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_COUNT_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mlmc,
+                                 "mcast_last_member_count %u ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_last_member_count)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_startup_query_count != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_COUNT_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_msqc,
+                                 "mcast_startup_query_count %u ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_startup_query_count)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_last_member_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mlmi,
+                                 "mcast_last_member_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_last_member_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_membership_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mmi,
+                                 "mcast_membership_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_membership_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_querier_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqi,
+                                 "mcast_querier_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_querier_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_query_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqii,
+                                 "mcast_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_query_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_query_response_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqri,
+                                 "mcast_query_response_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_query_response_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_msqi,
+                                 "mcast_startup_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval)
+                : "");
+        if (r == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI(
+                "Adding bridge device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_bridge_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, 0, lnk, &pllink);
+    }
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, r == 0, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE);
+
+    ll = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LNK_BRIDGE(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(pllink)->_link.netlink.lnk);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->forward_delay, ==, ll->forward_delay);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->hello_time, ==, ll->hello_time);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->max_age, ==, ll->max_age);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->ageing_time, ==, ll->ageing_time);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->stp_state, ==, ll->stp_state);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->priority, ==, ll->priority);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->vlan_stats_enabled, ==, ll->vlan_stats_enabled);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->group_fwd_mask, ==, ll->group_fwd_mask);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_snooping, ==, ll->mcast_snooping);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_router, ==, ll->mcast_router);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr, ==, ll->mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_querier, ==, ll->mcast_querier);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_hash_max, ==, ll->mcast_hash_max);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_last_member_count, ==, ll->mcast_last_member_count);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_startup_query_count, ==, ll->mcast_startup_query_count);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_last_member_interval, ==, ll->mcast_last_member_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_membership_interval, ==, ll->mcast_membership_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_querier_interval, ==, ll->mcast_querier_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_interval, ==, ll->mcast_query_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_response_interval, ==, ll->mcast_query_response_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval, ==, ll->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_veth_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     gboolean    external_command,
+                     const char *name,
+                     const char *peer)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink  = NULL;
+    gboolean              success = FALSE;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add dev %s type veth peer name %s", name, peer);
+        if (success) {
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, 100);
+            nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, peer, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, 10);
+        } else {
+            /* iproute2 might fail in copr. See below.
+             * We accept that and try our platform implementation instead. */
+            _LOGI("iproute2 failed to add veth device. Retry with platform code.");
+            external_command = FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!external_command) {
+        int try_count = 0;
+        int r;
+
+again:
+        r = nm_platform_link_veth_add(platform, name, peer, &pllink);
+        if (r == -EPERM && try_count++ < 5) {
+            /* in copr (mock with Fedora 33 builders), this randomly fails with EPERM.
+             * Very odd. Try to work around by retrying. */
+            _LOGI("netlink failuer EPERM to add veth device. Retry.");
+            goto again;
+        }
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(success);
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_dummy_add(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, const char *name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type dummy", name);
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(platform, name, &pllink));
+
+    g_assert(success);
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_gre_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    NMLinkType            link_type;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+    link_type        = lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        char *        obj, *type;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        obj  = lnk->is_tap ? "link" : "tunnel";
+        type = lnk->is_tap ? "type gretap" : "mode gre";
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip %s add %s %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+                                      obj,
+                                      name,
+                                      type,
+                                      dev ?: "",
+                                      _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+                                      _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+                                      lnk->ttl,
+                                      lnk->tos,
+                                      lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, link_type, 100);
+    } else
+        success =
+            NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_gre_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ip6tnl_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  encap[20];
+    char                  tclass[20];
+    gboolean              encap_ignore;
+    gboolean              tclass_inherit;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(!lnk->is_gre);
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        const char *  mode;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        switch (lnk->proto) {
+        case IPPROTO_IPIP:
+            mode = "ipip6";
+            break;
+        case IPPROTO_IPV6:
+            mode = "ip6ip6";
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        encap_ignore   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_IGN_ENCAP_LIMIT);
+        tclass_inherit = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS);
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip -6 tunnel add %s mode %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tclass %s encaplimit %s "
+            "flowlabel %x",
+            name,
+            mode,
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            tclass_inherit ? "inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(tclass, "%02x", lnk->tclass),
+            encap_ignore ? "none" : nm_sprintf_buf(encap, "%u", lnk->encap_limit),
+            lnk->flow_label);
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_ip6tnl_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ip6gre_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  tclass[20];
+    gboolean              tclass_inherit;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(lnk->is_gre);
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        tclass_inherit = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS);
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip link add %s type %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tclass %s flowlabel %x",
+            name,
+            lnk->is_tap ? "ip6gretap" : "ip6gre",
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            tclass_inherit ? "inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(tclass, "%02x", lnk->tclass),
+            lnk->flow_label);
+        if (success) {
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform,
+                                                 name,
+                                                 lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP
+                                                             : NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+                                                 100);
+        }
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_ip6gre_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform,
+                   success,
+                   pllink,
+                   name,
+                   lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ipip_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+                     gboolean                 external_command,
+                     const char *             name,
+                     const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip tunnel add %s mode ipip %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+            name,
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            lnk->tos,
+            lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_ipip_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_macvlan_add(NMPlatform *                platform,
+                        gboolean                    external_command,
+                        const char *                name,
+                        int                         parent,
+                        const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    NMLinkType            link_type;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    link_type = lnk->tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN;
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *dev;
+        char *      modes[] = {
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_BRIDGE]   = "bridge",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_VEPA]     = "vepa",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_PRIVATE]  = "private",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_PASSTHRU] = "passthru",
+        };
+
+        dev = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, parent);
+        g_assert(dev);
+        g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mode, <, G_N_ELEMENTS(modes));
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add name %s link %s type %s mode %s %s",
+                                      name,
+                                      dev,
+                                      lnk->tap ? "macvtap" : "macvlan",
+                                      modes[lnk->mode],
+                                      lnk->no_promisc ? "nopromisc" : "");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, link_type, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_macvlan_add(platform, name, parent, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_sit_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *dev = "";
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex) {
+            const char *parent_name;
+
+            parent_name = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex);
+            g_assert(parent_name);
+            dev = nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " dev %s", parent_name);
+        }
+
+        success =
+            !nmtstp_run_command("ip tunnel add %s mode sit%s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+                                name,
+                                dev,
+                                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+                                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+                                lnk->ttl,
+                                lnk->tos,
+                                lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_sit_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk,
+                    int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   err;
+    int                   r;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(lnk);
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(lnk->type, IFF_TUN, IFF_TAP));
+    g_assert(!out_fd || *out_fd == -1);
+
+    if (!lnk->persist) {
+        /* ip tuntap does not support non-persistent devices.
+         *
+         * Add this device only via NMPlatform. */
+        if (external_command == -1)
+            external_command = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        g_assert(lnk->persist);
+
+        err = nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip tuntap add"
+            " mode %s"
+            "%s" /* user */
+            "%s" /* group */
+            "%s" /* pi */
+            "%s" /* vnet_hdr */
+            "%s" /* multi_queue */
+            " name %s",
+            lnk->type == IFF_TUN ? "tun" : "tap",
+            lnk->owner_valid ? nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " user %u", (guint) lnk->owner) : "",
+            lnk->group_valid ? nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " group %u", (guint) lnk->group) : "",
+            lnk->pi ? " pi" : "",
+            lnk->vnet_hdr ? " vnet_hdr" : "",
+            lnk->multi_queue ? " multi_queue" : "",
+            name);
+        /* Older versions of iproute2 don't support adding  devices.
+         * On failure, fallback to using platform code. */
+        if (err == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, 100);
+        else
+            g_error("failure to add tun/tap device via ip-route");
+    } else {
+        g_assert(lnk->persist || out_fd);
+        r = nm_platform_link_tun_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink, out_fd);
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(pllink);
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(pllink->name, ==, name);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_vrf_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk,
+                    gboolean *              out_not_supported)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   r      = 0;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_not_supported, FALSE);
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        r = nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type vrf table %u", name, lnk->table);
+
+        if (r == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI("Adding vrf device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_vrf_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink);
+        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_not_supported, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, r == 0, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_vxlan_add(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                      gboolean                  external_command,
+                      const char *              name,
+                      const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   err;
+    int                   r;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        char          local[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char          group[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        if (lnk->local)
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, local);
+        else if (memcmp(&lnk->local6, &in6addr_any, sizeof(in6addr_any)))
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local6, local);
+        else
+            local[0] = '\0';
+
+        if (lnk->group)
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->group, group);
+        else if (memcmp(&lnk->group6, &in6addr_any, sizeof(in6addr_any)))
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->group6, group);
+        else
+            group[0] = '\0';
+
+        err = nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type vxlan id %u %s local %s group %s ttl %u tos "
+                                 "%02x dstport %u srcport %u %u ageing %u",
+                                 name,
+                                 lnk->id,
+                                 dev ?: "",
+                                 local,
+                                 group,
+                                 lnk->ttl,
+                                 lnk->tos,
+                                 lnk->dst_port,
+                                 lnk->src_port_min,
+                                 lnk->src_port_max,
+                                 lnk->ageing);
+        /* Older versions of iproute2 don't support adding vxlan devices.
+         * On failure, fallback to using platform code. */
+        if (err == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI(
+                "Adding vxlan device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_vxlan_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink);
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r));
+        g_assert(pllink);
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(pllink->name, ==, name);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_get_typed(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name, NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+        if (pllink) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(pllink->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+            if (name)
+                g_assert_cmpstr(name, ==, pllink->name);
+        } else {
+            if (name)
+                g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name));
+        }
+    } else {
+        g_assert(name);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name);
+
+        if (pllink)
+            g_assert_cmpstr(name, ==, pllink->name);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(!name || nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    if (pllink && link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+        g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_get(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    return nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform, ifindex, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_link_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                   gboolean    external_command,
+                   int         ifindex,
+                   const char *name,
+                   gboolean    require_exist)
+{
+    gint64                end_time;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    gboolean              success;
+    gs_free char *        name_copy = NULL;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    pllink = nmtstp_link_get(platform, ifindex, name);
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        g_assert(!require_exist);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    name = name_copy = g_strdup(pllink->name);
+    ifindex          = pllink->ifindex;
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link delete %s", name);
+    } else {
+        success = nm_platform_link_delete(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex)) {
+            g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_link_set_updown(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, int ifindex, gboolean up)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    gint64                end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *ifname;
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s %s", ifname, up ? "up" : "down");
+    } else {
+        if (up)
+            g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(platform, ifindex, NULL));
+        else
+            g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_down(platform, ifindex));
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(plink);
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(plink->n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP) == !!up)
+            break;
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_kernel_support_get(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    NMOptionBool          v;
+
+    v = nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(type, FALSE);
+    if (v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT)
+        return v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED:
+        pllink = nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NULL, -1, "br-test-11", &nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default);
+        nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, pllink->ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+        v = nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(type, FALSE);
+        g_assert(v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT);
+        return v;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMTstpNamespaceHandle {
+    pid_t pid;
+    int   pipe_fd;
+};
+
+NMTstpNamespaceHandle *
+nmtstp_namespace_create(int unshare_flags, GError **error)
+{
+    NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle;
+    int                    e;
+    int                    errsv;
+    pid_t                  pid, pid2;
+    int                    pipefd_c2p[2];
+    int                    pipefd_p2c[2];
+    ssize_t                r;
+
+    e = pipe2(pipefd_c2p, O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (e != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "pipe() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = pipe2(pipefd_p2c, O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (e != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "pipe() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    pid = fork();
+    if (pid < 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "fork() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        char read_buf[1];
+
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]); /* close read-end */
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]); /* close write-end */
+
+        if (unshare(unshare_flags) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == 0)
+                errsv = -1;
+        } else
+            errsv = 0;
+
+        /* sync with parent process and send result. */
+        do {
+            r = write(pipefd_c2p[1], &errsv, sizeof(errsv));
+        } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+        if (r != sizeof(errsv)) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == 0)
+                errsv = -2;
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+
+        /* wait until parent process terminates (or kills us). */
+        if (errsv == 0) {
+            do {
+                r = read(pipefd_p2c[0], read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+            } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]);
+        _exit(0);
+    }
+
+    nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]); /* close write-end */
+    nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]); /* close read-end */
+
+    /* sync with child process. */
+    do {
+        r = read(pipefd_c2p[0], &errsv, sizeof(errsv));
+    } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+    nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+
+    if (r != sizeof(errsv) || errsv != 0) {
+        int status;
+
+        if (r != sizeof(errsv)) {
+            g_set_error(error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "child process failed for unknown reason");
+        } else {
+            g_set_error(error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "child process signaled failure %d (%s)",
+                        errsv,
+                        nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]);
+        kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+        do {
+            pid2 = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+        } while (pid2 == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    ns_handle          = g_new0(NMTstpNamespaceHandle, 1);
+    ns_handle->pid     = pid;
+    ns_handle->pipe_fd = pipefd_p2c[1];
+    return ns_handle;
+}
+
+pid_t
+nmtstp_namespace_handle_get_pid(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_handle, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_handle->pid > 0, 0);
+
+    return ns_handle->pid;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_namespace_handle_release(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle)
+{
+    pid_t pid;
+    int   status;
+
+    if (!ns_handle)
+        return;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ns_handle->pid > 0);
+
+    nm_close(ns_handle->pipe_fd);
+    ns_handle->pipe_fd = 0;
+
+    kill(ns_handle->pid, SIGKILL);
+
+    do {
+        pid = waitpid(ns_handle->pid, &status, 0);
+    } while (pid == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+    ns_handle->pid = 0;
+
+    g_free(ns_handle);
+}
+
+int
+nmtstp_namespace_get_fd_for_process(pid_t pid, const char *ns_name)
+{
+    char p[1000];
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(pid > 0, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_name && ns_name[0] && strlen(ns_name) < 50, 0);
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(p, "/proc/%lu/ns/%s", (unsigned long) pid, ns_name);
+
+    return open(p, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_netns_select_random(NMPlatform **platforms, gsize n_platforms, NMPNetns **netns)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    g_assert(platforms);
+    g_assert(n_platforms && n_platforms <= G_MAXINT32);
+    g_assert(netns && !*netns);
+    for (i = 0; i < n_platforms; i++)
+        g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platforms[i]));
+
+    i = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (n_platforms + 1);
+    if (i == 0)
+        return;
+    g_assert(nm_platform_netns_push(platforms[i - 1], netns));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+static gboolean
+unshare_user(void)
+{
+    FILE *f;
+    uid_t uid = geteuid();
+    gid_t gid = getegid();
+
+    /* Already a root? */
+    if (gid == 0 && uid == 0)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* Become a root in new user NS. */
+    if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* Since Linux 3.19 we have to disable setgroups() in order to map users.
+     * Just proceed if the file is not there. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/setgroups", "we");
+    if (f) {
+        fprintf(f, "deny");
+        fclose(f);
+    }
+
+    /* Map current UID to root in NS to be created. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/uid_map", "we");
+    if (!f)
+        return FALSE;
+    fprintf(f, "0 %d 1", uid);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    /* Map current GID to root in NS to be created. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/gid_map", "we");
+    if (!f)
+        return FALSE;
+    fprintf(f, "0 %d 1", gid);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    int         result;
+    const char *program = *argv;
+
+    _nmtstp_init_tests(&argc, &argv);
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && (geteuid() != 0 || getegid() != 0)) {
+        if (g_getenv("NMTST_FORCE_REAL_ROOT") || !unshare_user()) {
+            /* Try to exec as sudo, this function does not return, if a sudo-cmd is set. */
+            nmtst_reexec_sudo();
+
+#ifdef REQUIRE_ROOT_TESTS
+            g_print("Fail test: requires root privileges (%s)\n", program);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+#else
+            g_print("Skipping test: requires root privileges (%s)\n", program);
+            return g_test_run();
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && !g_getenv("NMTST_NO_UNSHARE")) {
+        int errsv;
+
+        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET | CLONE_NEWNS) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_error("unshare(CLONE_NEWNET|CLONE_NEWNS) failed with %s (%d)",
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                    errsv);
+        }
+
+        /* We need a read-only /sys so that the platform knows there's no udev. */
+        mount(NULL, "/sys", "sysfs", MS_SLAVE, NULL);
+        if (mount("sys", "/sys", "sysfs", MS_RDONLY, NULL) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_error("mount(\"/sys\") failed with %s (%d)", nm_strerror_native(errsv), errsv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    nmtstp_setup_platform();
+
+    _nmtstp_setup_tests();
+
+    result = g_test_run();
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, DEVICE_NAME, FALSE);
+
+    g_object_unref(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMTstpAcdDefender {
+    int        ifindex;
+    in_addr_t  ip_addr;
+    NAcd *     nacd;
+    NAcdProbe *probe;
+    GSource *  source;
+    gint8      announce_started;
+};
+
+static gboolean
+_l3_acd_nacd_event(int fd, GIOCondition condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMTstpAcdDefender *defender = user_data;
+    int                r;
+
+    r = n_acd_dispatch(defender->nacd);
+    if (r == N_ACD_E_PREEMPTED)
+        r = 0;
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        NAcdEvent *event;
+
+        r = n_acd_pop_event(defender->nacd, &event);
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+        if (!event)
+            return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+
+        switch (event->event) {
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_READY:
+            g_assert_cmpint(defender->announce_started, ==, 0);
+            g_assert(defender->probe == event->ready.probe);
+            defender->announce_started++;
+            _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: start announcing",
+                  NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender));
+            r = n_acd_probe_announce(defender->probe, N_ACD_DEFEND_ALWAYS);
+            g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+            break;
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_DEFENDED:
+            g_assert(defender->probe == event->defended.probe);
+            g_assert_cmpint(event->defended.n_sender, ==, ETH_ALEN);
+            _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT
+                  "]: defended from " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR,
+                  NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender),
+                  NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL((const NMEtherAddr *) event->defended.sender));
+            break;
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_USED:
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_CONFLICT:
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_DOWN:
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+NMTstpAcdDefender *
+nmtstp_acd_defender_new(int ifindex, in_addr_t ip_addr, const NMEtherAddr *mac_addr)
+{
+    NMTstpAcdDefender *                                defender;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_config_freep) NAcdConfig *           config       = NULL;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_unrefp) NAcd *                       nacd         = NULL;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_probe_config_freep) NAcdProbeConfig *probe_config = NULL;
+    NAcdProbe *                                        probe        = NULL;
+    int                                                fd;
+    int                                                r;
+    char                                               sbuf_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+    g_assert(mac_addr);
+
+    r = n_acd_config_new(&config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(config);
+
+    n_acd_config_set_ifindex(config, ifindex);
+    n_acd_config_set_transport(config, N_ACD_TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+    n_acd_config_set_mac(config, (const guint8 *) mac_addr, sizeof(*mac_addr));
+
+    r = n_acd_new(&nacd, config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(nacd);
+
+    r = n_acd_probe_config_new(&probe_config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(probe_config);
+
+    n_acd_probe_config_set_ip(probe_config, (struct in_addr){ip_addr});
+    n_acd_probe_config_set_timeout(probe_config, 0);
+
+    r = n_acd_probe(nacd, &probe, probe_config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(probe);
+
+    defender  = g_slice_new(NMTstpAcdDefender);
+    *defender = (NMTstpAcdDefender){
+        .ifindex = ifindex,
+        .ip_addr = ip_addr,
+        .nacd    = g_steal_pointer(&nacd),
+        .probe   = g_steal_pointer(&probe),
+    };
+
+    _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT
+          "]: new for ifindex=%d, hwaddr=" NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR ", ipaddr=%s",
+          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender),
+          ifindex,
+          NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(mac_addr),
+          _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(ip_addr, sbuf_addr));
+
+    n_acd_probe_set_userdata(defender->probe, defender);
+
+    n_acd_get_fd(defender->nacd, &fd);
+    g_assert_cmpint(fd, >=, 0);
+
+    defender->source = nm_g_source_attach(nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(fd,
+                                                                  G_IO_IN,
+                                                                  G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                                  _l3_acd_nacd_event,
+                                                                  defender,
+                                                                  NULL),
+                                          NULL);
+
+    return defender;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_acd_defender_destroy(NMTstpAcdDefender *defender)
+{
+    if (!defender)
+        return;
+
+    _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: destroy", NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender));
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&defender->source);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&defender->nacd, n_acd_unref);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&defender->probe, n_acd_probe_free);
+
+    nm_g_slice_free(defender);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.h b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..618645fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_link.h>
+#include <linux/ip6_tunnel.h>
+
+#include "platform/nm-platform.h"
+#include "platform/nmp-object.h"
+#include "platform/nm-fake-platform.h"
+#include "platform/nm-linux-platform.h"
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+#define DEVICE_NAME "nm-test-device"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "platform-test"
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...) _LOG(level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define _LOG(level, domain, ...)                                                             \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                        \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                                                \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                                               \
+                                                                                             \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {                                         \
+            gint64 _ts = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec();                            \
+                                                                                             \
+            _nm_log(__level,                                                                 \
+                    __domain,                                                                \
+                    0,                                                                       \
+                    NULL,                                                                    \
+                    NULL,                                                                    \
+                    "%s[%ld.%09ld]: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                    \
+                    _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME,                                                      \
+                    (long) (_ts / NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC),                                    \
+                    (long) (_ts % NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC) _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__)); \
+        }                                                                                    \
+    }                                                                                        \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean nmtstp_is_root_test(void);
+gboolean nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable(void);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct _NMTstpNamespaceHandle NMTstpNamespaceHandle;
+
+NMTstpNamespaceHandle *nmtstp_namespace_create(int flags, GError **error);
+
+void  nmtstp_namespace_handle_release(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *handle);
+pid_t nmtstp_namespace_handle_get_pid(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *handle);
+
+int nmtstp_namespace_get_fd_for_process(pid_t pid, const char *ns_name);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void nmtstp_netns_select_random(NMPlatform **platforms, gsize n_platforms, NMPNetns **netns);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    gulong                     handler_id;
+    const char *               name;
+    NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type;
+    int                        received_count;
+    GMainLoop *                loop;
+    int                        ifindex;
+    const char *               ifname;
+} SignalData;
+
+SignalData *add_signal_full(const char *               name,
+                            NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                            GCallback                  callback,
+                            int                        ifindex,
+                            const char *               ifname);
+#define add_signal(name, change_type, callback) \
+    add_signal_full(name, change_type, (GCallback) callback, 0, NULL)
+#define add_signal_ifindex(name, change_type, callback, ifindex) \
+    add_signal_full(name, change_type, (GCallback) callback, ifindex, NULL)
+#define add_signal_ifname(name, change_type, callback, ifname) \
+    add_signal_full(name, change_type, (GCallback) callback, 0, ifname)
+void _accept_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data);
+void
+_accept_signals(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data, int min, int max);
+void _wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data);
+void _accept_or_wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data);
+void _ensure_no_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data);
+void _free_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data);
+#define accept_signal(data) _accept_signal(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data)
+#define accept_signals(data, min, max) \
+    _accept_signals(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data, min, max)
+#define wait_signal(data)           _wait_signal(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data)
+#define accept_or_wait_signal(data) _accept_or_wait_signal(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data)
+#define ensure_no_signal(data)      _ensure_no_signal(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data)
+#define free_signal(data)           _free_signal(__FILE__, __LINE__, G_STRFUNC, data)
+
+void link_callback(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                   int             obj_type_i,
+                   int             ifindex,
+                   NMPlatformLink *received,
+                   int             change_type_i,
+                   SignalData *    data);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int nmtstp_run_command(const char *format, ...) _nm_printf(1, 2);
+#define nmtstp_run_command_check(...)                            \
+    do {                                                         \
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command(__VA_ARGS__), ==, 0); \
+    } while (0)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+guint                 nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 timeout_msec);
+guint                 nmtstp_wait_for_signal_until(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 until_ms);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_wait_for_link(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                           const char *ifname,
+                                           NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                                           gint64      timeout_msec);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                                 const char *ifname,
+                                                 NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                                                 gint64      until_ms);
+
+#define nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal(platform, timeout_msec)    \
+    G_STMT_START                                                 \
+    {                                                            \
+        if (nmtstp_wait_for_signal(platform, timeout_msec) == 0) \
+            g_assert_not_reached();                              \
+    }                                                            \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, until_ms)    \
+    G_STMT_START                                                   \
+    {                                                              \
+        if (nmtstp_wait_for_signal_until(platform, until_ms) == 0) \
+            g_assert_not_reached();                                \
+    }                                                              \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, ifname, expected_link_type, timeout_msec) \
+    nmtst_assert_nonnull(nmtstp_wait_for_link(platform, ifname, expected_link_type, timeout_msec))
+
+#define nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link_until(platform, ifname, expected_link_type, until_ms) \
+    nmtst_assert_nonnull(nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(platform, ifname, expected_link_type, until_ms))
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int      nmtstp_run_command_check_external_global(void);
+gboolean nmtstp_run_command_check_external(int external_command);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *_nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(const char *file,
+                                                          guint       line,
+                                                          const char *func,
+                                                          NMPlatform *platform,
+                                                          int         c_exists,
+                                                          const char *ifname,
+                                                          guint32     network,
+                                                          int         plen,
+                                                          guint32     metric,
+                                                          guint8      tos);
+#define nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(platform, c_exists, ifname, network, plen, metric, tos) \
+    _nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(__FILE__,                                                  \
+                                    __LINE__,                                                  \
+                                    G_STRFUNC,                                                 \
+                                    platform,                                                  \
+                                    c_exists,                                                  \
+                                    ifname,                                                    \
+                                    network,                                                   \
+                                    plen,                                                      \
+                                    metric,                                                    \
+                                    tos)
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                               int         ifindex,
+                                               guint32     network,
+                                               int         plen,
+                                               guint32     metric,
+                                               guint8      tos);
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *_nmtstp_assert_ip6_route_exists(const char *           file,
+                                                          guint                  line,
+                                                          const char *           func,
+                                                          NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                                          int                    c_exists,
+                                                          const char *           ifname,
+                                                          const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                                          guint                  plen,
+                                                          guint32                metric,
+                                                          const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                                          guint8                 src_plen);
+#define nmtstp_assert_ip6_route_exists(platform, \
+                                       c_exists, \
+                                       ifname,   \
+                                       network,  \
+                                       plen,     \
+                                       metric,   \
+                                       src,      \
+                                       src_plen) \
+    _nmtstp_assert_ip6_route_exists(__FILE__,    \
+                                    __LINE__,    \
+                                    G_STRFUNC,   \
+                                    platform,    \
+                                    c_exists,    \
+                                    ifname,      \
+                                    network,     \
+                                    plen,        \
+                                    metric,      \
+                                    src,         \
+                                    src_plen)
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                               int                    ifindex,
+                                               const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                               guint                  plen,
+                                               guint32                metric,
+                                               const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                               guint8                 src_plen);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                          gint64                     now,
+                                          guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                          guint32                    expected_preferred);
+void     nmtstp_ip_address_assert_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                           gint64                     now,
+                                           guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                           guint32                    expected_preferred);
+
+void nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                            gboolean    external_command,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            int         plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                            guint32     lifetime,
+                            guint32     preferred,
+                            guint32     flags,
+                            const char *label);
+void nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                            gboolean        external_command,
+                            int             ifindex,
+                            struct in6_addr address,
+                            int             plen,
+                            struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                            guint32         lifetime,
+                            guint32         preferred,
+                            guint32         flags);
+void nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NMPlatform *platform,
+                            gboolean    external_command,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            int         plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address);
+void nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                            gboolean        external_command,
+                            int             ifindex,
+                            struct in6_addr address,
+                            int             plen);
+
+void nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                          int              ifindex,
+                          NMIPConfigSource source,
+                          in_addr_t        network,
+                          guint8           plen,
+                          in_addr_t        gateway,
+                          in_addr_t        pref_src,
+                          guint32          metric,
+                          guint32          mss);
+
+void nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                          int              ifindex,
+                          NMIPConfigSource source,
+                          struct in6_addr  network,
+                          guint8           plen,
+                          struct in6_addr  gateway,
+                          struct in6_addr  pref_src,
+                          guint32          metric,
+                          guint32          mss);
+
+static inline GPtrArray *
+nmtstp_ip4_route_get_all(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_platform_lookup_object_clone(
+        platform,
+        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+        ifindex,
+        nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main_skip_rtprot_kernel,
+        NULL);
+}
+
+static inline GPtrArray *
+nmtstp_ip6_route_get_all(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_platform_lookup_object_clone(
+        platform,
+        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+        ifindex,
+        nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main_skip_rtprot_kernel,
+        NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+GArray *nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+GArray *nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPlatformIPAddress *
+nmtstp_platform_ip_address_find(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int addr_family, gconstpointer addr);
+
+static inline const NMPlatformIP4Address *
+nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_find(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, in_addr_t addr)
+{
+    return (const NMPlatformIP4Address *)
+        nmtstp_platform_ip_address_find(self, ifindex, AF_INET, &addr);
+}
+
+static inline const NMPlatformIP6Address *
+nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_find(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *addr)
+{
+    return (const NMPlatformIP6Address *)
+        nmtstp_platform_ip_address_find(self, ifindex, AF_INET6, addr);
+}
+
+void _nmtstp_platform_ip_addresses_assert(const char *       filename,
+                                          int                lineno,
+                                          NMPlatform *       self,
+                                          int                ifindex,
+                                          gboolean           force_exact_4,
+                                          gboolean           force_exact_6,
+                                          gboolean           ignore_ll6,
+                                          guint              addrs_len,
+                                          const char *const *addrs);
+
+#define nmtstp_platform_ip_addresses_assert(self,                                              \
+                                            ifindex,                                           \
+                                            force_exact_4,                                     \
+                                            force_exact_6,                                     \
+                                            ignore_ll6,                                        \
+                                            ...)                                               \
+    _nmtstp_platform_ip_addresses_assert(__FILE__,                                             \
+                                         __LINE__,                                             \
+                                         (self),                                               \
+                                         (ifindex),                                            \
+                                         (force_exact_4),                                      \
+                                         (force_exact_6),                                      \
+                                         (ignore_ll6),                                         \
+                                         NM_NARG(__VA_ARGS__),                                 \
+                                         ((const char *const[]){"dummy", ##__VA_ARGS__, NULL}) \
+                                             + 1)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static inline gboolean
+_nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all_predicate(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    int addr_family = GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data);
+
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+
+    return addr_family == AF_UNSPEC
+           || NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->addr_family == addr_family;
+}
+
+static inline GPtrArray *
+nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all(NMPlatform *platform, int addr_family)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    return nm_platform_lookup_clone(platform,
+                                    &lookup,
+                                    _nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all_predicate,
+                                    GINT_TO_POINTER(addr_family));
+}
+
+static inline guint
+nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(NMPlatform *platform, int addr_family)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    guint                        n;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+
+    n = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &obj) {
+        if (_nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all_predicate(obj, GINT_TO_POINTER(addr_family)))
+            n++;
+    }
+    return n;
+}
+
+gboolean nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                          int         ifindex,
+                                          in_addr_t   network,
+                                          guint8      plen,
+                                          guint32     metric);
+gboolean nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                                          int             ifindex,
+                                          struct in6_addr network,
+                                          guint8          plen,
+                                          guint32         metric);
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_get_typed(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name, NMLinkType link_type);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_get(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name);
+
+gboolean nmtstp_kernel_support_get(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type);
+
+void
+nmtstp_link_set_updown(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, int ifindex, gboolean up);
+
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                                             gboolean                   external_command,
+                                             const char *               name,
+                                             const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_veth_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                           gboolean    external_command,
+                                           const char *name,
+                                           const char *peer);
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_dummy_add(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, const char *name);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_gre_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                          gboolean                external_command,
+                                          const char *            name,
+                                          const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_ip6tnl_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                                             gboolean                   external_command,
+                                             const char *               name,
+                                             const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_ip6gre_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                                             gboolean                   external_command,
+                                             const char *               name,
+                                             const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_ipip_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+                                           gboolean                 external_command,
+                                           const char *             name,
+                                           const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_macvlan_add(NMPlatform *                platform,
+                                              gboolean                    external_command,
+                                              const char *                name,
+                                              int                         parent,
+                                              const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_sit_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                          gboolean                external_command,
+                                          const char *            name,
+                                          const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                          gboolean                external_command,
+                                          const char *            name,
+                                          const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk,
+                                          int *                   out_fd);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_vrf_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                          gboolean                external_command,
+                                          const char *            name,
+                                          const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk,
+                                          gboolean *              out_not_supported);
+const NMPlatformLink *nmtstp_link_vxlan_add(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                                            gboolean                  external_command,
+                                            const char *              name,
+                                            const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk);
+
+void nmtstp_link_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                        gboolean    external_command,
+                        int         ifindex,
+                        const char *name,
+                        gboolean    require_exist);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+extern int NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX;
+extern int NMTSTP_ENV1_EX;
+
+static inline void
+_nmtstp_env1_wrapper_setup(const NmtstTestData *test_data)
+{
+    int *    p_ifindex;
+    gpointer p_ifup;
+
+    nmtst_test_data_unpack(test_data, &p_ifindex, NULL, NULL, NULL, &p_ifup);
+
+    g_assert(p_ifindex && *p_ifindex == -1);
+
+    _LOGT("TEST[%s]: setup", test_data->testpath);
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, DEVICE_NAME, FALSE);
+
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, NULL)));
+
+    *p_ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(*p_ifindex, >, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX, ==, -1);
+
+    if (GPOINTER_TO_INT(p_ifup))
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, *p_ifindex, NULL));
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX = *p_ifindex;
+    NMTSTP_ENV1_EX      = nmtstp_run_command_check_external_global();
+}
+
+static inline void
+_nmtstp_env1_wrapper_run(gconstpointer user_data)
+{
+    const NmtstTestData *test_data = user_data;
+    GTestDataFunc        test_func_data;
+    GTestFunc            test_func;
+    gconstpointer        d;
+
+    nmtst_test_data_unpack(test_data, NULL, &test_func, &test_func_data, &d, NULL);
+
+    _LOGT("TEST[%s]: run", test_data->testpath);
+    if (test_func)
+        test_func();
+    else
+        test_func_data(d);
+}
+
+static inline void
+_nmtstp_env1_wrapper_teardown(const NmtstTestData *test_data)
+{
+    int *p_ifindex;
+
+    nmtst_test_data_unpack(test_data, &p_ifindex, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX, ==, *p_ifindex);
+    NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX = -1;
+
+    _LOGT("TEST[%s]: teardown", test_data->testpath);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(*p_ifindex, ==, nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, *p_ifindex));
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    _LOGT("TEST[%s]: finished", test_data->testpath);
+
+    *p_ifindex = -1;
+}
+
+/* add test function, that set's up a particular environment, consisting
+ * of a dummy device with ifindex NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX. */
+#define _nmtstp_env1_add_test_func_full(testpath, test_func, test_data_func, arg, ifup) \
+    nmtst_add_test_func_full(testpath,                                                  \
+                             _nmtstp_env1_wrapper_run,                                  \
+                             _nmtstp_env1_wrapper_setup,                                \
+                             _nmtstp_env1_wrapper_teardown,                             \
+                             ({                                                         \
+                                 static int _ifindex = -1;                              \
+                                 &_ifindex;                                             \
+                             }),                                                        \
+                             ({                                                         \
+                                 GTestFunc _test_func = (test_func);                    \
+                                 _test_func;                                            \
+                             }),                                                        \
+                             ({                                                         \
+                                 GTestDataFunc _test_func = (test_data_func);           \
+                                 _test_func;                                            \
+                             }),                                                        \
+                             (arg),                                                     \
+                             ({                                                         \
+                                 gboolean _ifup = (ifup);                               \
+                                 GINT_TO_POINTER(_ifup);                                \
+                             }))
+
+#define nmtstp_env1_add_test_func_data(testpath, test_func, arg, ifup) \
+    _nmtstp_env1_add_test_func_full(testpath, NULL, test_func, arg, ifup)
+
+#define nmtstp_env1_add_test_func(testpath, test_func, ifup) \
+    _nmtstp_env1_add_test_func_full(testpath, test_func, NULL, NULL, ifup)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef void (*NMTstpSetupFunc)(void);
+extern NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func;
+
+void nmtstp_setup_platform(void);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct _NMTstpAcdDefender NMTstpAcdDefender;
+
+NMTstpAcdDefender *
+nmtstp_acd_defender_new(int ifindex, in_addr_t ip_addr, const NMEtherAddr *mac_addr);
+
+void nmtstp_acd_defender_destroy(NMTstpAcdDefender *defender);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void _nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv);
+void _nmtstp_setup_tests(void);
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-link.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-link.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aaa3759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-link.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3823 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-io-utils.h"
+#include "nm-base/nm-ethtool-base.h"
+#include "platform/nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+#define LO_INDEX    1
+#define LO_NAME     "lo"
+#define LO_TYPEDESC "loopback"
+
+#define DUMMY_TYPEDESC "dummy"
+#define BOGUS_NAME     "nm-bogus-device"
+#define BOGUS_IFINDEX  INT_MAX
+#define SLAVE_NAME     "nm-test-slave"
+#define PARENT_NAME    "nm-test-parent"
+#define VLAN_ID        4077
+#define VLAN_FLAGS     0
+#define MTU            1357
+
+#define _ADD_DUMMY(platform, name) \
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add((platform), (name), NULL)))
+
+static void
+test_bogus(void)
+{
+    size_t addrlen;
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, NULL));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_set_down(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_set_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_address(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, &addrlen));
+    g_assert(!addrlen);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_address(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, NULL));
+
+    g_assert(!NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_set_mtu(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, MTU)));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_mtu(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX));
+
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, NULL));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, 0, 0));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, BOGUS_IFINDEX, 0, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+test_loopback(void)
+{
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_NAME));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_INDEX),
+                    ==,
+                    NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_NAME), ==, LO_INDEX);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_INDEX), ==, LO_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_INDEX), ==, LO_TYPEDESC);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_INDEX));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NM_PLATFORM_GET, LO_INDEX));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+software_add(NMLinkType link_type, const char *name)
+{
+    switch (link_type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY:
+        return NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, NULL));
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        return NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_bridge_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                                name,
+                                                                NULL,
+                                                                0,
+                                                                0,
+                                                                &nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default,
+                                                                NULL));
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+    {
+        gboolean bond0_exists = !!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "bond0");
+        int      r;
+
+        r = nm_platform_link_bond_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, NULL);
+
+        /* Check that bond0 is *not* automatically created. */
+        if (!bond0_exists)
+            g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "bond0"));
+        return r >= 0;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM:
+        return NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_team_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, NULL));
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+    {
+        SignalData *parent_added;
+        SignalData *parent_changed;
+
+        /* Don't call link_callback for the bridge interface */
+        parent_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                         link_callback,
+                                         PARENT_NAME);
+        if (NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_bridge_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                             PARENT_NAME,
+                                                             NULL,
+                                                             0,
+                                                             0,
+                                                             &nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default,
+                                                             NULL)))
+            accept_signal(parent_added);
+        free_signal(parent_added);
+
+        {
+            int      parent_ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME);
+            gboolean was_up         = nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, parent_ifindex);
+
+            parent_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                                NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                                link_callback,
+                                                parent_ifindex);
+            g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, parent_ifindex, NULL));
+            if (was_up) {
+                /* when NM is running in the background, it will mess with addrgenmode which might cause additional signals. */
+                accept_signals(parent_changed, 0, 1);
+            } else
+                accept_signals(parent_changed, 1, 2);
+            free_signal(parent_changed);
+
+            return NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+                nm_platform_link_vlan_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, parent_ifindex, VLAN_ID, 0, NULL));
+        }
+    }
+    default:
+        g_error("Link type %d unhandled.", link_type);
+    }
+    g_assert_not_reached();
+}
+
+static void
+test_link_changed_signal_cb(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                            int                       obj_type_i,
+                            int                       ifindex,
+                            const NMPlatformIP4Route *route,
+                            int                       change_type_i,
+                            gboolean *                p_test_link_changed_signal_arg)
+{
+    const NMPObjectType              obj_type    = obj_type_i;
+    const NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type = change_type_i;
+
+    /* test invocation of platform signals with multiple listeners
+     * connected to the signal. Platform signals have enum-typed
+     * arguments and there seem to be an issue with invoking such
+     * signals on s390x and ppc64 archs.
+     * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1260577
+     *
+     * As the test shows, the failure is not reproducible for
+     * platform signals.
+     */
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+    g_assert(platform == NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    g_assert(route);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(obj_type, ==, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint((gint64) change_type, !=, (gint64) 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(change_type, !=, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_NONE);
+
+    *p_test_link_changed_signal_arg = TRUE;
+}
+
+static void
+test_slave(int master, int type, SignalData *master_changed)
+{
+    int         ifindex;
+    SignalData *link_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                               link_callback,
+                                               SLAVE_NAME);
+    SignalData *link_changed, *link_removed;
+    char *      value;
+    NMLinkType  link_type = nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master);
+    gboolean    test_link_changed_signal_arg1;
+    gboolean    test_link_changed_signal_arg2;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(link_type, NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE));
+
+    g_assert(software_add(type, SLAVE_NAME));
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, SLAVE_NAME);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    link_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    link_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    accept_signal(link_added);
+
+    /* Set the slave up to see whether master's IFF_LOWER_UP is set correctly.
+     *
+     * See https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=910348
+     */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_down(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Enslave */
+    link_changed->ifindex = ifindex;
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_enslave(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master, ifindex));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_master(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, master);
+
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 1, 3);
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 2);
+
+    /* enslaveing brings put the slave */
+    if (NM_IN_SET(link_type, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM))
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    else
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    test_link_changed_signal_arg1 = FALSE;
+    test_link_changed_signal_arg2 = FALSE;
+    g_signal_connect(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                     G_CALLBACK(test_link_changed_signal_cb),
+                     &test_link_changed_signal_arg1);
+    g_signal_connect(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                     NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                     G_CALLBACK(test_link_changed_signal_cb),
+                     &test_link_changed_signal_arg2);
+
+    /* Set master up */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master, NULL));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master));
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 1, 3);
+
+    g_signal_handlers_disconnect_by_func(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                         G_CALLBACK(test_link_changed_signal_cb),
+                                         &test_link_changed_signal_arg1);
+    g_signal_handlers_disconnect_by_func(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                         G_CALLBACK(test_link_changed_signal_cb),
+                                         &test_link_changed_signal_arg2);
+    g_assert(test_link_changed_signal_arg1);
+    g_assert(test_link_changed_signal_arg2);
+
+    /* Master with a disconnected slave is disconnected
+     *
+     * For some reason, bonding and teaming slaves are automatically set up. We
+     * need to set them back down for this test.
+     */
+    switch (nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master)) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM:
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_down(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+        accept_signal(link_changed);
+        accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 3);
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master)) {
+        if (nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master) == NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM) {
+            /* Older team versions (e.g. Fedora 17) have a bug that team master stays
+             * IFF_LOWER_UP even if its slave is down. Double check it with iproute2 and if
+             * `ip link` also claims master to be up, accept it. */
+            char *stdout_str = NULL;
+
+            nmtst_spawn_sync(NULL,
+                             &stdout_str,
+                             NULL,
+                             0,
+                             "/sbin/ip",
+                             "link",
+                             "show",
+                             "dev",
+                             nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master));
+
+            g_assert(strstr(stdout_str, "LOWER_UP"));
+            g_free(stdout_str);
+        } else
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    /* Set slave up and see if master gets up too */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master));
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 1, 3);
+    /* NM running, can cause additional change of addrgenmode */
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 3);
+
+    /* Enslave again
+     *
+     * Gracefully succeed if already enslaved.
+     */
+    ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_enslave(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master, ifindex));
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 0, 2);
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 2);
+
+    /* Set slave option */
+    switch (type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        if (nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable()) {
+            g_assert(
+                nm_platform_sysctl_slave_set_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, "priority", "614"));
+            value = nm_platform_sysctl_slave_get_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, "priority");
+            g_assert_cmpstr(value, ==, "614");
+            g_free(value);
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    /* Release */
+    ensure_no_signal(link_added);
+    ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+    ensure_no_signal(link_removed);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_release(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master, ifindex));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_master(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, 0);
+    if (link_changed->received_count > 0) {
+        accept_signals(link_added, 0, 1);
+        accept_signals(link_changed, 1, 5);
+        accept_signals(link_removed, 0, 1);
+    } else {
+        /* Due to https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285719 , kernel might send a
+         * wrong RTM_DELLINK message so that we instead see an removed+added signal. */
+        accept_signal(link_added);
+        ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+        accept_signal(link_removed);
+    }
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 3);
+
+    ensure_no_signal(master_changed);
+
+    /* Release again */
+    ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_release(NM_PLATFORM_GET, master, ifindex));
+
+    ensure_no_signal(master_changed);
+
+    /* Remove */
+    ensure_no_signal(link_added);
+    ensure_no_signal(link_changed);
+    ensure_no_signal(link_removed);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+    accept_signals(master_changed, 0, 1);
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 0, 1);
+    accept_signal(link_removed);
+
+    free_signal(link_added);
+    free_signal(link_changed);
+    free_signal(link_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_software(NMLinkType link_type, const char *link_typename)
+{
+    int   ifindex;
+    char *value;
+    int   vlan_parent = -1, vlan_id;
+
+    SignalData *link_added, *link_changed, *link_removed;
+
+    /* Add */
+    link_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                   link_callback,
+                                   DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert(software_add(link_type, DEVICE_NAME));
+    accept_signal(link_added);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert(ifindex >= 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, link_type);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, link_typename);
+    link_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    link_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    if (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN) {
+        const NMPlatformLink *   plink;
+        const NMPlatformLnkVlan *plnk;
+
+        plnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &plink);
+        g_assert(plnk);
+        g_assert(plink);
+
+        vlan_parent = plink->parent;
+        vlan_id     = plnk->id;
+        g_assert_cmpint(vlan_parent,
+                        ==,
+                        nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME));
+        g_assert_cmpint(vlan_id, ==, VLAN_ID);
+    }
+
+    /* Add again */
+    g_assert(!software_add(link_type, DEVICE_NAME));
+
+    /* Set ARP/NOARP */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 1, 2);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Set master option */
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        switch (link_type) {
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+            if (nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable()) {
+                g_assert(nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                              ifindex,
+                                                              "forward_delay",
+                                                              "628"));
+                value =
+                    nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, "forward_delay");
+                g_assert_cmpstr(value, ==, "628");
+                g_free(value);
+            }
+            break;
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+            if (nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable()) {
+                g_assert(nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                              ifindex,
+                                                              "mode",
+                                                              "active-backup"));
+                value = nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, "mode");
+                /* When reading back, the output looks slightly different. */
+                g_assert(g_str_has_prefix(value, "active-backup"));
+                g_free(value);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Enslave and release */
+    switch (link_type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM:
+        link_changed->ifindex = ifindex;
+        test_slave(ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, link_changed);
+        link_changed->ifindex = 0;
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    free_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Delete */
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, DEVICE_NAME, TRUE);
+    accept_signal(link_removed);
+
+    /* Delete again */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME) <= 0);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    /* VLAN: Delete parent */
+    if (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN) {
+        SignalData *link_removed_parent = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                                             NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                                             link_callback,
+                                                             vlan_parent);
+
+        nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, vlan_parent, NULL, TRUE);
+        accept_signal(link_removed_parent);
+        free_signal(link_removed_parent);
+    }
+
+    /* No pending signal */
+    free_signal(link_added);
+    free_signal(link_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_bridge(void)
+{
+    test_software(NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, "bridge");
+}
+
+static int
+_system(const char *cmd)
+{
+    /* some gcc version really want to warn on -Werror=unused-result. Add a bogus wrapper
+     * function. */
+    return system(cmd);
+}
+
+static void
+test_bond(void)
+{
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && !g_file_test("/proc/1/net/bonding", G_FILE_TEST_IS_DIR)
+        && _system("modprobe --show bonding") != 0) {
+        g_test_skip("Skipping test for bonding: bonding module not available");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    test_software(NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, "bond");
+}
+
+static void
+test_team(void)
+{
+    int r;
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_team_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "nm-team-check", NULL);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, -EOPNOTSUPP);
+            g_test_skip("Skipping test for teaming: team module not functioning");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, "nm-team-check", FALSE);
+    }
+
+    test_software(NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM, "team");
+}
+
+static void
+test_vlan(void)
+{
+    test_software(NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, "vlan");
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_bridge_addr(void)
+{
+    char                  addr[ETH_ALEN];
+    NMPlatformLink        link;
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink = NULL;
+
+    nm_utils_hwaddr_aton("de:ad:be:ef:00:11", addr, sizeof(addr));
+
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_bridge_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                              DEVICE_NAME,
+                                                              addr,
+                                                              sizeof(addr),
+                                                              0,
+                                                              &nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default,
+                                                              &plink)));
+    g_assert(plink);
+    link = *plink;
+    g_assert_cmpstr(link.name, ==, DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(link.l_address.len, ==, sizeof(addr));
+    g_assert(!memcmp(link.l_address.data, addr, sizeof(addr)));
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex);
+    g_assert(plink);
+
+    if (nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL)) {
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex));
+        g_assert_cmpint(_nm_platform_uint8_inv(plink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv),
+                        ==,
+                        NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64);
+
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex, TRUE)));
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex));
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex);
+        g_assert(plink);
+        g_assert_cmpint(_nm_platform_uint8_inv(plink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv),
+                        ==,
+                        NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE);
+
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex, FALSE)));
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex));
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, link.ifindex);
+        g_assert(plink);
+        g_assert_cmpint(_nm_platform_uint8_inv(plink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv),
+                        ==,
+                        NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64);
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(plink->l_address.len, ==, sizeof(addr));
+    g_assert(!memcmp(plink->l_address.data, addr, sizeof(addr)));
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, link.ifindex, link.name, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_internal(void)
+{
+    SignalData *link_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                               link_callback,
+                                               DEVICE_NAME);
+    SignalData *link_changed, *link_removed;
+    const char  mac[6] = {0x00, 0xff, 0x11, 0xee, 0x22, 0xdd};
+    const char *address;
+    size_t      addrlen;
+    int         ifindex;
+
+    /* Check the functions for non-existent devices */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+
+    /* Add device */
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, NULL)));
+    accept_signal(link_added);
+
+    /* Try to add again */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, NULL) == -NME_PL_EXISTS);
+
+    /* Check device index, name and type */
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, DUMMY_TYPEDESC);
+    link_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    link_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+
+    /* Up/connected */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 1, 2);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_down(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* arp/noarp */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Features */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    /* Set MAC address */
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+        nm_platform_link_set_address(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, mac, sizeof(mac))));
+    address = nm_platform_link_get_address(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &addrlen);
+    g_assert(addrlen == sizeof(mac));
+    g_assert(!memcmp(address, mac, addrlen));
+    address = nm_platform_link_get_address(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL);
+    g_assert(!memcmp(address, mac, addrlen));
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Set MTU */
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_set_mtu(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, MTU)));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_mtu(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, MTU);
+    accept_signal(link_changed);
+
+    /* Delete device */
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, DEVICE_NAME, TRUE);
+    accept_signal(link_removed);
+
+    /* Try to delete again */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    free_signal(link_added);
+    free_signal(link_changed);
+    free_signal(link_removed);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_external(void)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    SignalData *          link_added, *link_changed, *link_removed;
+    int                   ifindex;
+
+    link_added = add_signal_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                   link_callback,
+                                   DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type %s", DEVICE_NAME, "dummy");
+    wait_signal(link_added);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_get_type(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex), ==, DUMMY_TYPEDESC);
+    link_changed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+    link_removed = add_signal_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                      link_callback,
+                                      ifindex);
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    g_assert(pllink);
+    if (!pllink->initialized) {
+        /* we still lack the notification via UDEV. Expect another link changed signal. */
+        wait_signal(link_changed);
+    }
+
+    /* Up/connected/arp */
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s up", DEVICE_NAME);
+    wait_signal(link_changed);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s down", DEVICE_NAME);
+    wait_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_up(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_is_connected(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s arp on", DEVICE_NAME);
+    wait_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s arp off", DEVICE_NAME);
+    wait_signal(link_changed);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link del %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+    wait_signal(link_removed);
+    accept_signals(link_changed, 0, 1);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+
+    free_signal(link_added);
+    free_signal(link_changed);
+    free_signal(link_removed);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint8 *
+_copy_base64(guint8 *dst, gsize dst_len, const char *base64_src)
+{
+    g_assert(dst);
+    g_assert(dst_len > 0);
+
+    if (!base64_src)
+        memset(dst, 0, dst_len);
+    else {
+        gs_free guint8 *b = NULL;
+        gsize           l;
+
+        b = g_base64_decode(base64_src, &l);
+        g_assert(b);
+        g_assert(l == dst_len);
+
+        memcpy(dst, b, dst_len);
+    }
+    return dst;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *pri;
+    const char *pub;
+    const char *pre;
+} KeyPair;
+
+static void
+_test_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, int test_mode)
+{
+    const KeyPair self_key  = {"yOWEsaXFxX9/DOkQPzqB9RufZOpfSP4LZZCErP0N0Xo=",
+                              "s6pVT2xPwktor9O5bVOSzcPqBu9uzQOUzPQHXLU2jmk="};
+    const KeyPair keys[100] = {
+        {"+BDHMh11bkheGfvlQpqt8P/H7N1sPXtVi05XraZS0E8=",
+         "QItu7PJadBVXFXGv55CMtVnbRHdrI6E2CGlu2N5oGx4=",
+         "2IvZnKTzbF1UlChznWSsEYtGbPjhYSTT41GXO6zLxvk="},
+        {"qGZyV2BO1nyY/FGYd6elBPirwJC9QyZwqbm2OJAgLkY=",
+         "v8L1FEitO0xo+wW/CVVUnALlw0zGveApSFdlITi/5lI=",
+         "/R2c0JmBNGJzT594NQ0mBJ2XJjxt2QUSo+ZiqeY0EQA="},
+        {"YDgsIb0oe+9NcxIx2r0HEEPQpRMxmRN0ALoLm9Sh40Q=",
+         "nFPs1HaU7uFBvE9xZCMF8oOAjzLpZ49AzDHOluY1O2E=",
+         "zsYED2Ef7zIHJoRBPcen+w4ktrRsLPEfYwZhWIuXfds="},
+        {"kHkosM503LWu43tdYXbNwVOpRrtPgd9XFqcN7k4t6G4=",
+         "b8e092WT+eNmnxCr5WE2QC/MXAjDagfG1g03cs2mBC0=",
+         "VXz0ShGWT7H0CBCg2awfatmOJF15ZtaSMPhMsp+hc3A="},
+        {"4C2w5CEnxH59Y2aa6CJXgLdDtWoNMS2UJounRCM1Jkk=",
+         "gC/R9umlnEQL+Qsz/Y64AlsdMge4ECe5/u/JHZCMWSs=",
+         "2bmL5ISr+V5a7l7xFJ695BLIJyBgx8xnxzybkxiRHOg="},
+        {"KHJSzFGkXcZf/wbH2rr99SYtGKWbL680wA2AcDE94lo=",
+         "BsN23h4aOi458Q3EgMQsodsWQxd9h/RxqskAUpsXfgg=",
+         "nK4Zv34YKEhjuexhq1SgK4oTd4MZJT5gcpYvEuPjc7Q="},
+        {"QGMulXJ9e3AVxtpi8+UUVqPOr/YBWvCNFVsWS9IUnUA=",
+         "kjVclP5Ifi6og2BBCEHKS/aa/WktArB4+ig06lYaVlg=",
+         "0+mmceDPcSRK3vFnYqHd9iAfY+Nyjzf/1KgDeYGlRkQ="},
+        {"AOJiDD4y6GA7P7gugjjQG9Cctvc5Y27fajHz6aU3gU4=",
+         "gEnHn6euHtcMEwZBlX6HANPeN9Of+voBDtltS38xDUw=",
+         "wIH1OxgX6GLxx/bnR+t3fbmjGZDTU3WMxp7t1XGezqM="},
+        {"COsls2BlCltaIrrq1+FU51cWddlmoPPppSeIDunOxGA=",
+         "+n6WuV8Tb1/iZArTrHsyNqkRHABbavBQt9Me72K2KEc=",
+         "t4baiprSO9ZbKD2/RutOY9cr+yCajQWZGCTnQdrFQj0="},
+        {"uHawQq2BRyJlsTPoCa+MfBVnv4MwtRoS+S9FEpFOEVg=",
+         "8lcmr27afeb6iI3BQCaDtvalF2Cl7gxRZgs+nyJ/fEg=",
+         "Eh9o/6W60iujBLIHuRfNrPhOWAn7PambT2JRln9iwA0="},
+        {"yL7hmoE/JfRGAotRzx9xOpjfrDA3BFlPEemFiQw40Wk=",
+         "BHK0PHi5kp7rOfQ46oc9xlVpB+pZeZYXTtH7EXr5TwU=",
+         "BS2h2ZZyW0BlYMmLR29xyHEcZ4jtO7rgj1jkz/EEaxU="},
+        {"ON8YrTHQgoC5e0mAR9FakZ8hZ/9I7ysuE21sG546J1Y=",
+         "Bm3l5I6iH1tDrv6EgdZU9PzHqp0H26Z6ggmmIypwxy8=",
+         "qKVfbCnK1EI3eC28SsL+jyBnEnIF/nRJQJzDevBFdNQ="},
+        {"KGLO0RI0VlQFCG+ETUqk25HdaKUnUPXKOKkTh/w8BXU=",
+         "sBDBwQFC7k8UMdMzuavKBkBjYYKigzvYmGF5rm6muQc=",
+         "BNfZF9d7540pUGGOQCh3iDxAZcPBqX4qqM00GSLPBek="},
+        {"KGdWyEodIn7KKI2e4EFK9tT6Bt3bNMFBRFVTKjjJm2E=",
+         "lrbjU/Xn9wDCZQiU8E5fY6igTSozghvo47QeVIIWaUk=",
+         "LczqW48MW8qDQIZYRELsz/VCzVDc5niROvk7OqrTxR0="},
+        {"wO3xinUGABgEmX+RJZbBbOtAmBuPPFG6oVdimvoo90w=",
+         "dCIvTzR6EerOOsRKnWly1a9WGzbJ4qc+6t3SSzLgWFk=",
+         "wFj0zpr5PadBoBy0couLuZ1qudZbXLbV/j3UT+AyKeo="},
+        {"+JNOBlO4tp9vvQk6UO4r3sILyEgjl+BBoWketZufyn0=",
+         "Q6LSv9y7YQkJEzQ/1mpjJEgOrO8GYPUTgcizjh7Cm34=",
+         "kg7AG9MuN04xPJ5Z0IcNZ4a8d1b/n4GsGIeyA4FaaSE="},
+        {"+EJcThLRwjZ+h1CNNFu15HWzznf4u/lPVw8hifTm2Ec=",
+         "Kkn2jFqwBzyIFQfD0OpmePFSmBYmhKagv4pGgkqsWgE=",
+         "jYpxojj8WKYe/XIXMP+uv1Fv0+TKrs83tqfzP0AGdcI="},
+        {"+DKFqSMNFmxriEFj3qatuzYeTJ9+xWYspZ4ydL3eC0Q=",
+         "3o37bsg6HhRg/M9+fTlLcFYc2w/Bz9rLQySvvYCKbRE=",
+         "Jb9qoDIBat1EexlgfpRbXa7OflptME8/zt93bldkiVE="},
+        {"EH3MjFOMqRoDFQz+hSlJpntWBeH3lTk6WPjTIQjr42o=",
+         "PbPewED/nxSBLdM7AXMj7uS3bCgAAg8M6F4iPLd0b1U=",
+         "pj4+UgOGkpJwlRvX5BRXZzmzAUnDtUtJsS7LzbcJWzw="},
+        {"kL6M2KvO+vPBLEc/a0DpEHTibQ1bwaMRT9b9SkzeP0Y=",
+         "pS3G2bHHlkOE6UHP0qVitDuxXgjEaZTviTjNc55RbVs=",
+         "ZVZpWOtYqhX3CpF1kATg/38J6pvUJo8AS1sVYjs3rUE="},
+        {"sFlcRLDn36fnew2Ld92IHJwnKifdS3aF1MWRPs6K3Wg=",
+         "OpjUOTiWExaDYULTINB4yQFqc3mnU3RjQzGRV+KtdFY=",
+         "of0V/uoFRNljv/XTt/tXgoquLRH93Ty0KNiaPUpEi2w="},
+        {"UJ8hjDsg3jfsnnfPH8Gw9FnCb6taTuviurAfZu+kEFg=",
+         "3byjHksUOv8CNjGGKvHvvrJDURBhCIL5UtfZbgyVWCE=",
+         "9f7dbWif51gGrE7R9LeuewQSrvGFGTOB3ceJC67jSkI="},
+        {"iFFPKGIfqeUKY/w72KAZSjd/PGTqCakHYBV10xMDfnI=",
+         "ehneHATNSXtsJTOiPjVSc0QARkihgcfcvoXKFWKfQnI=",
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+        {"+GwxMmD2dee5+QmvXNI0NdP+rNWoSXTN42otbp0aZ24=",
+         "Y0N44baz9ihclCUnv6rRbDqCYu4BxQlBfNnTz3NNe2A=",
+         "/LqSgkVQNkQ/oBiZSgpM9Rw7BJv0RvRpEQpvlizvHy0="},
+        {"8FREpCtncOcT7+W2nW4aYSjmSbADtVSH9rIliQZZUH4=",
+         "fTNSd0JeREhXmPfjrmrAu6Lu/yHkB9GyxR3SyO4kZ28=",
+         "262KN/iG/iJEaZeerFm1yVtvhFVGgQFwSvtxTcjZzeg="},
+        {"EDhaRQGtscjoSE9wJOnSXoQVtVruIqyzknty+x/vDWo=",
+         "eMmMgws6ZxDIxZ6QSwGjZO1Mx/r5T+fJjSTKGMBk/BU=",
+         "0CyaJV6AG9bZ0C4yeZ/RDsOs9BdNqZpUxAsD30WmJO4="},
+        {"CJV0UB2YdvVDG1cs4oiJgHAS+f1FocGr/vGCfiovsWQ=",
+         "9/O9GWZEOXVm7On8lftL27PffRORju8OKl6gZd/74CA=",
+         "A+kXRVNOwIrA5DUa+3v7dpRC+Gbxm23LTiYmOUAXUyY="},
+        {"gCjDsJUwZGA7BjYVoCQsvdIgN9Q4lBHlSyKwUrl751A=",
+         "HRwS8T9y2qPYk7JVU/8Y+6cS+Bk8XCLCXxwN/ttbQiI=",
+         "iFotjA6rhUfkDv4S/wspJgEWunEmrlGSGsXcJ0+8laQ="},
+        {"6N5pL4gsuK+shHpDxirTnAGdyKXIlYHyfIhtB0njJGA=",
+         "CVZvW7NaN2XMEEKHodghBA9hLCwee/jrmttiWh/CmEg=",
+         "OpPEd3Sp8r6KdjNDTN4bVHETlGJ92BCK74FCdEaDe9g="},
+        {"UIPPTUdvhlg8qEDv6JRxM4/8F5ORjJz4ud82QZrgeEY=",
+         "7Nd13z5EpB3ChytvQC1CxvDY7n0H8r2Y7lzLEY8hdEk=",
+         "b22PvgU0M2QfNC7ZGN+RXNe5fjOzMsY32IcHTwLNIqw="},
+        {"oBn53Q5fmxKX02PgI6F47Rb+XoLeFQO07ok2tYhk0lE=",
+         "e0gtPDKXCZSoNW1uHqBPQXLfiYgyeqPMU2zZJgPXACI=",
+         "wmjW2wDT2EzFkyaGui7YWNLTRu8Q4eD/GVKM2utZkEs="},
+    };
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *allowed_ips_keep_alive = NULL;
+    gs_unref_array GArray *peers                        = NULL;
+    NMPlatformLnkWireGuard lnk_wireguard;
+    int                    r;
+    guint                  i;
+
+    allowed_ips_keep_alive = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func(g_free);
+
+    peers = g_array_new(FALSE, TRUE, sizeof(NMPWireGuardPeer));
+
+    lnk_wireguard = (NMPlatformLnkWireGuard){
+        .listen_port = 50754,
+        .fwmark      = 0x1102,
+    };
+    _copy_base64(lnk_wireguard.private_key, sizeof(lnk_wireguard.private_key), self_key.pri);
+    _copy_base64(lnk_wireguard.public_key, sizeof(lnk_wireguard.public_key), self_key.pub);
+
+    if (test_mode == 0) {
+        /* no peers. */
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(test_mode, 1, 2)) {
+        guint num_peers = (test_mode == 1) ? 1 : G_N_ELEMENTS(keys);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < num_peers; i++) {
+            NMPWireGuardPeer       peer;
+            char                   s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+            NMSockAddrUnion        endpoint;
+            guint                  i_allowed_ips, n_allowed_ips;
+            NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ips;
+
+            if ((i % 2) == 1) {
+                endpoint = (NMSockAddrUnion){
+                    .in =
+                        {
+                            .sin_family = AF_INET,
+                            .sin_addr.s_addr =
+                                nmtst_inet4_from_string(nm_sprintf_buf(s_addr, "192.168.7.%d", i)),
+                            .sin_port = htons(14000 + i),
+                        },
+                };
+            } else {
+                endpoint = (NMSockAddrUnion){
+                    .in6 =
+                        {
+                            .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                            .sin6_addr   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string(
+                                nm_sprintf_buf(s_addr, "a:b:c:e::1:%d", i)),
+                            .sin6_port = htons(16000 + i),
+                        },
+                };
+            }
+
+            if (test_mode == 1)
+                n_allowed_ips = 1;
+            else
+                n_allowed_ips = i % 10;
+            allowed_ips = g_new0(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP, n_allowed_ips);
+            g_ptr_array_add(allowed_ips_keep_alive, allowed_ips);
+            for (i_allowed_ips = 0; i_allowed_ips < n_allowed_ips; i_allowed_ips++) {
+                NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *aip = &allowed_ips[i_allowed_ips];
+
+                aip->family = (i_allowed_ips % 2) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+                if (aip->family == AF_INET) {
+                    aip->addr.addr4 = nmtst_inet4_from_string(
+                        nm_sprintf_buf(s_addr, "10.%u.%u.0", i, i_allowed_ips));
+                    aip->mask = 32 - (i_allowed_ips % 8);
+                } else {
+                    aip->addr.addr6 = *nmtst_inet6_from_string(
+                        nm_sprintf_buf(s_addr, "a:d:f:%02x:%02x::", i, i_allowed_ips));
+                    aip->mask = 128 - (i_allowed_ips % 10);
+                }
+            }
+
+            peer = (NMPWireGuardPeer){
+                .persistent_keepalive_interval = 60 + i,
+                .endpoint                      = endpoint,
+                .allowed_ips                   = n_allowed_ips > 0 ? allowed_ips : NULL,
+                .allowed_ips_len               = n_allowed_ips,
+            };
+            _copy_base64(peer.public_key, sizeof(peer.public_key), keys[i].pub);
+            _copy_base64(peer.preshared_key,
+                         sizeof(peer.preshared_key),
+                         (i % 3) ? NULL : keys[i].pre);
+
+            g_array_append_val(peers, peer);
+        }
+    } else
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+
+    r = nm_platform_link_wireguard_change(platform,
+                                          ifindex,
+                                          &lnk_wireguard,
+                                          (const NMPWireGuardPeer *) peers->data,
+                                          NULL,
+                                          peers->len,
+                                          NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY
+                                              | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT
+                                              | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK
+                                              | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS);
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMLinkType link_type;
+    int        test_mode;
+    gboolean   external_command;
+} TestAddSoftwareDetectData;
+
+static void
+test_software_detect(gconstpointer user_data)
+{
+    const TestAddSoftwareDetectData *test_data = user_data;
+    int                              ifindex, ifindex_parent;
+    const NMPlatformLink *           plink;
+    const NMPObject *                lnk;
+    int                              r;
+    guint                            i_step;
+    const gboolean                   ext        = test_data->external_command;
+    NMPlatformLnkBridge              lnk_bridge = {};
+    NMPlatformLnkTun                 lnk_tun;
+    NMPlatformLnkGre                 lnk_gre = {};
+    nm_auto_close int                tun_fd  = -1;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type dummy", PARENT_NAME);
+    ifindex_parent =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100)->ifindex;
+
+    switch (test_data->link_type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+
+        lnk_bridge.forward_delay = 1560;
+        lnk_bridge.hello_time    = 150;
+        lnk_bridge.max_age       = 2100;
+        lnk_bridge.ageing_time   = 2200;
+        lnk_bridge.stp_state     = TRUE;
+        lnk_bridge.priority      = 22;
+        lnk_bridge.vlan_protocol = 0x8100;
+        lnk_bridge.vlan_stats_enabled =
+            nmtstp_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED)
+                ? TRUE
+                : FALSE;
+        lnk_bridge.group_fwd_mask             = 8;
+        lnk_bridge.group_addr                 = (NMEtherAddr){{0x01, 0x80, 0xC2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08}};
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_snooping             = TRUE;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_router               = 1;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_query_use_ifaddr     = TRUE;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_querier              = TRUE;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_hash_max             = 1024;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_last_member_count    = 2;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_startup_query_count  = 3;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_last_member_interval = 5000;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_membership_interval  = 25000;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_querier_interval     = 26000;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_query_interval       = 12000;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_query_response_interval = 5200;
+        lnk_bridge.mcast_startup_query_interval  = 3000;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_bridge))
+            g_error("Failed adding Bridge interface");
+        break;
+
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+    {
+        gboolean gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        lnk_gre.local              = nmtst_inet4_from_string("192.168.233.204");
+        lnk_gre.remote             = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.168.10.25");
+        lnk_gre.parent_ifindex     = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_gre.ttl                = 174;
+        lnk_gre.tos                = 37;
+        lnk_gre.path_mtu_discovery = TRUE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "gre0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ip_gre module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ip_gre", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_gre_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_gre)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip(
+                    "Cannot create gre tunnel because of missing ip_gre module (modprobe ip_gre)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding GRE tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+    {
+        gboolean gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        lnk_gre.local              = nmtst_inet4_from_string("192.168.1.133");
+        lnk_gre.remote             = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.168.101.2");
+        lnk_gre.parent_ifindex     = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_gre.ttl                = 39;
+        lnk_gre.tos                = 12;
+        lnk_gre.path_mtu_discovery = FALSE;
+        lnk_gre.is_tap             = TRUE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "gretap0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ip_gre module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ip_gre", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_gre_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_gre)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip("Cannot create gretap tunnel because of missing ip_gre module "
+                            "(modprobe ip_gre)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding GRETAP tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkIpIp lnk_ipip        = {};
+        gboolean          gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "tunl0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ipip module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ipip", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        lnk_ipip.local              = nmtst_inet4_from_string("1.2.3.4");
+        lnk_ipip.remote             = nmtst_inet4_from_string("5.6.7.8");
+        lnk_ipip.parent_ifindex     = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_ipip.tos                = 32;
+        lnk_ipip.path_mtu_discovery = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_ipip_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_ipip)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip(
+                    "Cannot create ipip tunnel because of missing ipip module (modprobe ipip)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding IPIP tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl lnk_ip6tnl      = {};
+        gboolean            gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "ip6tnl0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ip6_tunnel module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ip6_tunnel", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        switch (test_data->test_mode) {
+        case 0:
+            lnk_ip6tnl.local          = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::15");
+            lnk_ip6tnl.remote         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::16");
+            lnk_ip6tnl.parent_ifindex = ifindex_parent;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.tclass         = 20;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.encap_limit    = 6;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.flow_label     = 1337;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.proto          = IPPROTO_IPV6;
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            lnk_ip6tnl.local          = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::17");
+            lnk_ip6tnl.remote         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::18");
+            lnk_ip6tnl.parent_ifindex = ifindex_parent;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.tclass         = 0;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.encap_limit    = 0;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.flow_label     = 1338;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.proto          = IPPROTO_IPV6;
+            lnk_ip6tnl.flags          = IP6_TNL_F_IGN_ENCAP_LIMIT | IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_ip6tnl_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_ip6tnl)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip("Cannot create ip6tnl tunnel because of missing ip6_tunnel module "
+                            "(modprobe ip6_tunnel)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding IP6TNL tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl lnk_ip6tnl      = {};
+        gboolean            gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "ip6gre0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ip6_tunnel module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ip6_gre", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        lnk_ip6tnl.local          = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::42");
+        lnk_ip6tnl.remote         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01::aaaa");
+        lnk_ip6tnl.parent_ifindex = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.tclass         = 21;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.flow_label     = 1338;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.is_gre         = TRUE;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_ip6gre_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_ip6tnl)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip("Cannot create ip6gre tunnel because of missing ip6_gre module "
+                            "(modprobe ip6_gre)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding IP6GRE tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl lnk_ip6tnl      = {};
+        gboolean            gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "ip6gre0")) {
+            /* Seems that the ip6_tunnel module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "ip6_gre", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        lnk_ip6tnl.local          = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fe80::abcd");
+        lnk_ip6tnl.remote         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("fc01::bbbb");
+        lnk_ip6tnl.parent_ifindex = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.ttl            = 10;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.tclass         = 22;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.flow_label     = 1339;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.is_gre         = TRUE;
+        lnk_ip6tnl.is_tap         = TRUE;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_ip6gre_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_ip6tnl)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip("Cannot create ip6gretap tunnel because of missing ip6_gre module "
+                            "(modprobe ip6_gre)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding IP6GRETAP tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkMacvlan  lnk_macvlan = {};
+        const NMPlatformLink *dummy;
+        char                  buf[256];
+        int                   i;
+
+        lnk_macvlan.mode       = MACVLAN_MODE_BRIDGE;
+        lnk_macvlan.no_promisc = FALSE;
+        lnk_macvlan.tap        = FALSE;
+
+        /* Since in old kernel versions sysfs files for macvtaps are not
+         * namespaced, the creation can fail if a macvtap in another namespace
+         * has the same index. Try to detect this situation and skip already
+         * used indexes.
+         * The fix (17af2bce) is included kernel 4.7, dated 24 July, 2016.
+         */
+        for (i = ifindex_parent + 1; i < ifindex_parent + 100; i++) {
+            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/sys/class/macvtap/tap%d", i);
+            if (!g_file_test(buf, G_FILE_TEST_IS_SYMLINK))
+                break;
+
+            _LOGD("skipping ifindex %d as already used by a macvtap", i);
+
+            dummy = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, FALSE, "dummy-tmp");
+            g_assert_cmpint(dummy->ifindex, ==, i);
+            nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, FALSE, dummy->ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+        }
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_macvlan_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, ifindex_parent, &lnk_macvlan))
+            g_error("Failed adding MACVLAN interface");
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkMacvlan lnk_macvtap = {};
+
+        lnk_macvtap.mode       = MACVLAN_MODE_PRIVATE;
+        lnk_macvtap.no_promisc = FALSE;
+        lnk_macvtap.tap        = TRUE;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_macvlan_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, ifindex_parent, &lnk_macvtap))
+            g_error("Failed adding MACVTAP interface");
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkSit lnk_sit         = {};
+        gboolean         gracefully_skip = FALSE;
+
+        lnk_sit.local              = nmtst_inet4_from_string("192.168.200.1");
+        lnk_sit.remote             = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.25.100.14");
+        lnk_sit.parent_ifindex     = ifindex_parent;
+        lnk_sit.ttl                = 0;
+        lnk_sit.tos                = 31;
+        lnk_sit.path_mtu_discovery = FALSE;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, "sit0")) {
+            /* Seems that the sit module is not loaded... try to load it. */
+            gracefully_skip = nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "sit", NULL) != 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_sit_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_sit)) {
+            if (gracefully_skip) {
+                g_test_skip(
+                    "Cannot create sit tunnel because of missing sit module (modprobe sit)");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding SIT tunnel");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add name %s link %s type vlan id 1242",
+                                 DEVICE_NAME,
+                                 PARENT_NAME);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkVrf lnk_vrf = {};
+        gboolean         not_supported;
+
+        lnk_vrf.table = 9876;
+
+        if (!nmtstp_link_vrf_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_vrf, &not_supported)) {
+            if (not_supported) {
+                g_test_skip("Cannot create VRF interface because of missing kernel support");
+                goto out_delete_parent;
+            }
+            g_error("Failed adding VRF interface");
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+    {
+        NMPlatformLnkVxlan lnk_vxlan = {};
+
+        switch (test_data->test_mode) {
+        case 0:
+            lnk_vxlan.parent_ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME);
+            lnk_vxlan.id             = 42;
+            lnk_vxlan.local          = nmtst_inet4_from_string("23.1.2.164");
+            lnk_vxlan.group          = nmtst_inet4_from_string("239.1.2.134");
+            lnk_vxlan.dst_port       = 4789;
+            lnk_vxlan.learning       = TRUE;
+            lnk_vxlan.ageing         = 1245;
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            lnk_vxlan.parent_ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME);
+            lnk_vxlan.id             = 11214423;
+            lnk_vxlan.local6         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("1:2:3:4:334:23::23");
+            lnk_vxlan.group6         = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("ff0e::115");
+            lnk_vxlan.ttl            = 32;
+            lnk_vxlan.dst_port       = 57412;
+            lnk_vxlan.src_port_min   = 1000;
+            lnk_vxlan.src_port_max   = 1003;
+            lnk_vxlan.learning       = TRUE;
+            lnk_vxlan.ageing         = 3245;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        g_assert(nmtstp_link_vxlan_add(NULL, ext, DEVICE_NAME, &lnk_vxlan));
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN:
+    {
+        gboolean owner_valid = nmtst_get_rand_bool();
+        gboolean group_valid = nmtst_get_rand_bool();
+
+        switch (test_data->test_mode) {
+        case 0:
+            lnk_tun = (NMPlatformLnkTun){
+                .type        = nmtst_get_rand_bool() ? IFF_TUN : IFF_TAP,
+                .owner       = owner_valid ? getuid() : 0,
+                .owner_valid = owner_valid,
+                .group       = group_valid ? getgid() : 0,
+                .group_valid = group_valid,
+                .pi          = nmtst_get_rand_bool(),
+                .vnet_hdr    = nmtst_get_rand_bool(),
+                .multi_queue = nmtst_get_rand_bool(),
+
+                /* if we add the device via iproute2 (external), we can only
+                 * create persistent devices. */
+                .persist = (ext == 1) ? TRUE : nmtst_get_rand_bool(),
+            };
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+            break;
+        }
+
+        g_assert(nmtstp_link_tun_add(NULL,
+                                     ext,
+                                     DEVICE_NAME,
+                                     &lnk_tun,
+                                     (!lnk_tun.persist || nmtst_get_rand_bool()) ? &tun_fd : NULL));
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLink *link;
+
+        r = nm_platform_link_wireguard_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, &link);
+        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+            g_test_skip("wireguard not supported (modprobe wireguard?)");
+            goto out_delete_parent;
+        }
+
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r));
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(link)) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    ifindex = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, test_data->link_type, 100)
+                  ->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_link_set_updown(NULL, -1, ifindex_parent, TRUE);
+
+    for (i_step = 0; i_step < 5; i_step++) {
+        _LOGD("test-software-detect: step %u", i_step);
+        if (nmtst_is_debug())
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -d link show %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+        if (i_step > 0) {
+            gboolean set_up = (i_step % 2) == 1;
+
+            if (test_data->link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN && set_up) {
+                /* On RHEL-7, we need to add a tiny sleep here, otherwise,
+                 * upping the vxlan device fails with EADDRINUSE.
+                 * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1277131 */
+                g_usleep(1);
+            }
+            nmtstp_link_set_updown(NULL, -1, ifindex, set_up);
+        }
+
+        lnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, test_data->link_type, &plink);
+        g_assert(plink);
+        g_assert_cmpint(plink->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+
+        if (!lnk && test_data->link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN) {
+            /* this is ok. Kernel apparently does not support tun properties via netlink. We
+             * fetch them from sysfs below. */
+        } else
+            g_assert(lnk);
+
+        switch (test_data->link_type) {
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkBridge *plnk = &lnk->lnk_bridge;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_bridge(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp(&lnk_bridge, plnk), ==, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->forward_delay, ==, 1560);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->hello_time, ==, 150);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->max_age, ==, 2100);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ageing_time, ==, 2200);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->stp_state, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->priority, ==, 22);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->vlan_protocol, ==, 0x8100);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->vlan_stats_enabled, ==, lnk_bridge.vlan_stats_enabled);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->group_fwd_mask, ==, 8);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_snooping, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_router, ==, 1);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_querier, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_hash_max, ==, 1024);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_last_member_count, ==, 2);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_startup_query_count, ==, 3);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_last_member_interval, ==, 5000);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_membership_interval, ==, 25000);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_querier_interval, ==, 26000);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_query_interval, ==, 12000);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_query_response_interval, ==, 5200);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mcast_startup_query_interval, ==, 3000);
+            g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp(&lnk_bridge, plnk), ==, 0);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkGre *plnk = &lnk->lnk_gre;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gre(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert(nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp(plnk, &lnk_gre) == 0);
+
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkGre *plnk = &lnk->lnk_gre;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gretap(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert(nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp(plnk, &lnk_gre) == 0);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *plnk = &lnk->lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+            switch (test_data->test_mode) {
+            case 0:
+                g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local, "fd01::15");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->remote, "fd01::16");
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 0);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tclass, ==, 20);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->encap_limit, ==, 6);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flow_label, ==, 1337);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->proto, ==, IPPROTO_IPV6);
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local, "fd01::17");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->remote, "fd01::18");
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 0);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flow_label, ==, 1338);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->proto, ==, IPPROTO_IPV6);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flags & 0xFFFF, /* ignore kernel internal flags */
+                                ==,
+                                IP6_TNL_F_IGN_ENCAP_LIMIT | IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS);
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *plnk = &lnk->lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gre(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+            nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local, "fd01::42");
+            nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->remote, "fd01::aaaa");
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tclass, ==, 21);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flow_label, ==, 1338);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->is_gre, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->is_tap, ==, FALSE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *plnk = &lnk->lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gretap(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+            nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local, "fe80::abcd");
+            nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->remote, "fc01::bbbb");
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 10);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tclass, ==, 22);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flow_label, ==, 1339);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->is_gre, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->is_tap, ==, TRUE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *plnk = &lnk->lnk_ipip;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+            nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->local, "1.2.3.4");
+            nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->remote, "5.6.7.8");
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tos, ==, 32);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->path_mtu_discovery, ==, FALSE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *plnk = &lnk->lnk_macvlan;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->no_promisc, ==, FALSE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mode, ==, MACVLAN_MODE_BRIDGE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *plnk = &lnk->lnk_macvlan;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvtap(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->no_promisc, ==, FALSE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->mode, ==, MACVLAN_MODE_PRIVATE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkSit *plnk = &lnk->lnk_sit;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_sit(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, ==, ifindex_parent);
+            nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->local, "192.168.200.1");
+            nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->remote, "172.25.100.14");
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tos, ==, 31);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->path_mtu_discovery, ==, FALSE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkTun *plnk;
+            NMPlatformLnkTun        lnk_tun2;
+
+            g_assert((lnk ? &lnk->lnk_tun : NULL)
+                     == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_tun(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+
+            /* kernel might not expose tun options via netlink. Either way, try
+             * to read them (either from platform cache, or fallback to sysfs).
+             * See also: rh#1547213. */
+            if (!nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &lnk_tun2))
+                g_assert_not_reached();
+
+            plnk = lnk ? &lnk->lnk_tun : &lnk_tun2;
+            if (lnk)
+                g_assert(memcmp(plnk, &lnk_tun2, sizeof(NMPlatformLnkTun)) == 0);
+
+            if (i_step == 0) {
+                /* Before we upped the device for the first time the kernel didn't notify
+                 * us of the owner set after the link creation:
+                 * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1566062
+                 */
+                break;
+            }
+
+            g_assert(nm_platform_lnk_tun_cmp(plnk, &lnk_tun) == 0);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkVlan *plnk = &lnk->lnk_vlan;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->id, ==, 1242);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkVrf *plnk = &lnk->lnk_vrf;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vrf(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->table, ==, 9876);
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *plnk = &lnk->lnk_vxlan;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vxlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->parent_ifindex, !=, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->tos, ==, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->learning, ==, TRUE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->limit, ==, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->proxy, ==, FALSE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->rsc, ==, FALSE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->l2miss, ==, FALSE);
+            g_assert_cmpint(plnk->l3miss, ==, FALSE);
+
+            switch (test_data->test_mode) {
+            case 0:
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->id, ==, 42);
+                nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->local, "23.1.2.164");
+                nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->group, "239.1.2.134");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->group6, "::");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local6, "::");
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 0);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ageing, ==, 1245);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->dst_port, ==, 4789);
+                if (plnk->src_port_min != 0 || plnk->src_port_max != 0) {
+                    /* on some kernels, omitting the port range results in setting
+                     * following default port range. */
+                    g_assert_cmpint(plnk->src_port_min, ==, 32768);
+                    g_assert_cmpint(plnk->src_port_max, ==, 61000);
+                }
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->id, ==, 11214423);
+                nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->local, "0.0.0.0");
+                nmtst_assert_ip4_address(plnk->group, "0.0.0.0");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->group6, "ff0e::115");
+                nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&plnk->local6, "1:2:3:4:334:23::23");
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ageing, ==, 3245);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->dst_port, ==, 57412);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->ttl, ==, 32);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->src_port_min, ==, 1000);
+                g_assert_cmpint(plnk->src_port_max, ==, 1003);
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD:
+        {
+            const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *plnk = &lnk->lnk_wireguard;
+
+            g_assert(plnk == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+
+            if (plink->n_ifi_flags & IFF_UP) {
+                _test_wireguard_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET, plink->ifindex, test_data->test_mode);
+                if (_LOGD_ENABLED())
+                    _system("WG_HIDE_KEYS=never wg show all");
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+    }
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, DEVICE_NAME, TRUE);
+out_delete_parent:
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_parent, PARENT_NAME, TRUE);
+}
+
+static void
+test_software_detect_add(const char *testpath, NMLinkType link_type, int test_mode)
+{
+    TestAddSoftwareDetectData *test_data;
+    char *                     path;
+
+    test_data                   = g_new0(TestAddSoftwareDetectData, 1);
+    test_data->link_type        = link_type;
+    test_data->test_mode        = test_mode;
+    test_data->external_command = TRUE;
+
+    path = g_strdup_printf("%s/external", testpath);
+    g_test_add_data_func_full(path, test_data, test_software_detect, g_free);
+    g_free(path);
+
+    test_data                   = g_new0(TestAddSoftwareDetectData, 1);
+    test_data->link_type        = link_type;
+    test_data->test_mode        = test_mode;
+    test_data->external_command = FALSE;
+
+    path = g_strdup_printf("%s/platform", testpath);
+    g_test_add_data_func_full(path, test_data, test_software_detect, g_free);
+    g_free(path);
+
+    test_data                   = g_new0(TestAddSoftwareDetectData, 1);
+    test_data->link_type        = link_type;
+    test_data->test_mode        = test_mode;
+    test_data->external_command = -1;
+
+    path = g_strdup_printf("%s/random", testpath);
+    g_test_add_data_func_full(path, test_data, test_software_detect, g_free);
+    g_free(path);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_assert_xgress_qos_mappings_impl(int ifindex, gboolean is_ingress_map, int n_entries, int n, ...)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *  plink;
+    const NMPObject *       lnk;
+    guint                   n_map;
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *map;
+    va_list                 ap;
+    guint                   i;
+
+    lnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, &plink);
+
+    g_assert(plink);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plink->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(lnk);
+    g_assert(&lnk->lnk_vlan == nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL));
+
+    if (nmtst_is_debug())
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -d link show %s", plink->name);
+
+    if (is_ingress_map) {
+        map   = lnk->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map;
+        n_map = lnk->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map;
+    } else {
+        map   = lnk->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map;
+        n_map = lnk->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map;
+    }
+
+    if (n_entries != -1)
+        g_assert_cmpint(n_map, ==, n_entries);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++) {
+        if (is_ingress_map) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(map[i].from, >=, 0);
+            g_assert_cmpint(map[i].from, <=, 7);
+        }
+        if (i > 0)
+            g_assert_cmpint(map[i - 1].from, <, map[i].from);
+    }
+
+    va_start(ap, n);
+    for (; n > 0; n--) {
+        gboolean found = FALSE;
+        guint    from  = va_arg(ap, guint);
+        guint    to    = va_arg(ap, guint);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++) {
+            if (map[i].from == from) {
+                g_assert(!found);
+                found = TRUE;
+
+                g_assert(map[i].to == to);
+            }
+        }
+        g_assert(found);
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+#define _assert_xgress_qos_mappings(ifindex, is_ingress_map, n_entries, ...)               \
+    _assert_xgress_qos_mappings_impl(                                                      \
+        (ifindex),                                                                         \
+        (is_ingress_map),                                                                  \
+        (n_entries),                                                                       \
+        (G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR((NM_NARG(__VA_ARGS__) % 2) == 0), NM_NARG(__VA_ARGS__) / 2), \
+        __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, n_entries, ...) \
+    _assert_xgress_qos_mappings(ifindex, TRUE, n_entries, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, n_entries, ...) \
+    _assert_xgress_qos_mappings(ifindex, FALSE, n_entries, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+static void
+_assert_vlan_flags(int ifindex, NMVlanFlags flags)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLnkVlan *plnk;
+
+    plnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, NULL);
+    g_assert(plnk);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plnk->flags, ==, flags);
+}
+
+static void
+test_vlan_set_xgress(void)
+{
+    int ifindex, ifindex_parent;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type dummy", PARENT_NAME);
+    ifindex_parent =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100)->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add name %s link %s type vlan id 1245",
+                             DEVICE_NAME,
+                             PARENT_NAME);
+    ifindex =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, 100)->ifindex;
+
+    /* ingress-qos-map */
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 4, 5));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 3, 7));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 3, 7, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 3, 8));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 4));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 4, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, G_MAXUINT32));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, G_MAXUINT32, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, G_MAXUINT32 - 1));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, G_MAXUINT32 - 1, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 5));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 5, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 5));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 5, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    /* Set invalid values: */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 8, 3));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 5, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 9, 4));
+    _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 5, 3, 8, 4, 5);
+
+    /* egress-qos-map */
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 7, 3));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 7, 3);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 8, 4));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 7, 3, 8, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 4));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 0, 4, 7, 3, 8, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 1, 4));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 0, 4, 1, 4, 7, 3, 8, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 1, 5));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 0, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 8, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 9, 5));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 0, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 8, 4, 9, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 8, 5));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 0, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 8, 5, 9, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 8, 0));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 0, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 0));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 100, 4));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5, 100, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, G_MAXUINT32, 4));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5, 100, 4, G_MAXUINT32, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, G_MAXUINT32, 8));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5, 100, 4, G_MAXUINT32, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, G_MAXUINT32, 0));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5, 100, 4);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 100, 0));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 3, 1, 5, 7, 3, 9, 5);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 1, 0));
+    _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 7, 3, 9, 5);
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 1, .to = 5},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 1, 5);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 3, .to = 5},
+            {.from = 7, .to = 1655},
+            {.from = 7, .to = 17655},
+            {.from = 5, .to = 754},
+            {.from = 4, .to = 12},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 4, 3, 5, 4, 12, 7, 17655, 5, 754);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 3, .to = 18},
+            {.from = 6, .to = 121},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 3, 18, 4, 12, 6, 121, 7, 17655, 5, 754);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 3, .to = 0},
+            {.from = 6, .to = 7},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 6, 7);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 1, .to = 5},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 1, 5);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 5, .to = 1},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 5, 1);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 5, .to = 3},
+            {.from = 1655, .to = 5},
+            {.from = 1655, .to = 7},
+            {.from = G_MAXUINT32, .to = 6},
+            {.from = G_MAXUINT32, .to = 8},
+            {.from = 754, .to = 4},
+            {.from = 3, .to = 2},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 754, 4, 1655, 7, G_MAXUINT32, 6);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 754, .to = 3},
+            {.from = 755, .to = 8},
+            {.from = 1655, .to = 0},
+            {.from = 6, .to = 1},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 754, 3, G_MAXUINT32, 6);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 6, .to = 0},
+            {.from = 3, .to = 4},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 3, 4);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 1, .to = 5},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              0,
+                                              0,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              NULL,
+                                              0,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 1, 1, 5);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 6, .to = 145},
+            {.from = 4, .to = 1},
+            {.from = 6, .to = 12},
+        };
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 1, .to = 5},
+            {.from = 3232, .to = 7},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS | NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP,
+                                              NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS,
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              TRUE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 4, 1, 6, 12);
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 1, 5, 3232, 7);
+        _assert_vlan_flags(ifindex, NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const NMVlanQosMapping ingress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 6, .to = 145},
+            {.from = 4, .to = 1},
+            {.from = 6, .to = 12},
+        };
+        const NMVlanQosMapping egress_map[] = {
+            {.from = 1, .to = 7},
+            {.from = 64, .to = 10},
+            {.from = 64, .to = 10},
+            {.from = 64, .to = 10},
+            {.from = 64, .to = 10},
+            {.from = 3232, .to = 0},
+            {.from = 64, .to = 4},
+        };
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                              ifindex,
+                                              NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP,
+                                              NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP,
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              ingress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(ingress_map),
+                                              FALSE,
+                                              egress_map,
+                                              G_N_ELEMENTS(egress_map)));
+        _assert_ingress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 4, 1, 6, 12);
+        _assert_egress_qos_mappings(ifindex, 2, 1, 7, 64, 4);
+        _assert_vlan_flags(ifindex, NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS | NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP);
+    }
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, DEVICE_NAME, TRUE);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_parent, PARENT_NAME, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_create_many_links_do(guint n_devices)
+{
+    gint64                time, start_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec();
+    guint                 i;
+    char                  name[64];
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    gs_unref_array GArray *ifindexes = g_array_sized_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(int), n_devices);
+    const int              EX        = ((int) (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 4)) - 1;
+
+    g_assert(EX >= -1 && EX <= 2);
+
+    _LOGI(">>> create devices (EX=%d)...", EX);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_devices; i++) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(name, "t-%05u", i);
+        if (EX == 2) {
+            /* This mode is different from letting nmtstp_link_dummy_add()
+             * because in this case we don't process any platform events
+             * while adding all the links. */
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type dummy", name);
+        } else
+            nmtstp_link_dummy_add(NULL, EX, name);
+    }
+
+    _LOGI(">>> process events after creating devices...");
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    _LOGI(">>> check devices...");
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_devices; i++) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(name, "t-%05u", i);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name);
+        g_assert(pllink);
+        g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY);
+        g_assert_cmpstr(pllink->name, ==, name);
+
+        g_array_append_val(ifindexes, pllink->ifindex);
+    }
+
+    _LOGI(">>> delete devices...");
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindexes->len, ==, n_devices);
+    for (i = 0; i < n_devices; i++) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(name, "t-%05u", i);
+
+        if (EX == 2)
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link delete %s", name);
+        else
+            nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, EX, g_array_index(ifindexes, int, i), name, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    _LOGI(">>> process events after deleting devices...");
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec() - start_time;
+    _LOGI(">>> finished in %ld.%09ld seconds",
+          (long) (time / NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC),
+          (long) (time % NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC));
+}
+
+static void
+test_create_many_links(gconstpointer user_data)
+{
+    guint n_devices = GPOINTER_TO_UINT(user_data);
+
+    if (n_devices > 100 && nmtst_test_quick()) {
+        g_print("Skipping test: don't run long running test %s (NMTST_DEBUG=slow)\n",
+                g_get_prgname() ?: "test-link-linux");
+        g_test_skip("Skip long running test");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    test_create_many_links_do(n_devices);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_nl_bugs_veth(void)
+{
+    const char *          IFACE_VETH0 = "nm-test-veth0";
+    const char *          IFACE_VETH1 = "nm-test-veth1";
+    int                   ifindex_veth0, ifindex_veth1;
+    int                   i;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink_veth0, *pllink_veth1;
+    gs_free_error GError * error     = NULL;
+    NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle = NULL;
+
+    /* create veth pair. */
+    ifindex_veth0 = nmtstp_link_veth_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, IFACE_VETH0, IFACE_VETH1)->ifindex;
+    ifindex_veth1 =
+        nmtstp_link_get_typed(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, IFACE_VETH1, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH)->ifindex;
+
+    /* assert that nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties() returns the expected peer ifindexes. */
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth0, &i));
+    g_assert_cmpint(i, ==, ifindex_veth1);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth1, &i));
+    g_assert_cmpint(i, ==, ifindex_veth0);
+
+    /* assert that NMPlatformLink.parent is the peer-ifindex. */
+    pllink_veth0 = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth0);
+    g_assert(pllink_veth0);
+    if (pllink_veth0->parent == 0) {
+        /* Kernels prior to 4.1 dated 21 June, 2015 don't support exposing the veth peer
+         * as IFA_LINK. skip the remainder of the test. */
+        goto out;
+    }
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink_veth0->parent, ==, ifindex_veth1);
+
+    /* The following tests whether we have a workaround for kernel bug
+     * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285827 in place. */
+    pllink_veth1 = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth1);
+    g_assert(pllink_veth1);
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink_veth1->parent, ==, ifindex_veth0);
+
+    /* move one veth peer to another namespace and check that the
+     * parent/IFLA_LINK of the remaining peer properly updates
+     * (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1262908). */
+    ns_handle = nmtstp_namespace_create(CLONE_NEWNET, &error);
+    g_assert_no_error(error);
+    g_assert(ns_handle);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s netns %ld",
+                             IFACE_VETH1,
+                             (long) nmtstp_namespace_handle_get_pid(ns_handle));
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+        nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+        pllink_veth1 = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth1);
+        pllink_veth0 = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth0);
+        if (!pllink_veth1 && pllink_veth0 && pllink_veth0->parent == NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS) {
+            break;
+        }
+    });
+
+out:
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_veth0, IFACE_VETH0, TRUE);
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth0, IFACE_VETH0));
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_veth1, IFACE_VETH1));
+    nmtstp_namespace_handle_release(ns_handle);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_nl_bugs_spuroius_newlink(void)
+{
+    const char *          IFACE_BOND0  = "nm-test-bond0";
+    const char *          IFACE_DUMMY0 = "nm-test-dummy0";
+    int                   ifindex_bond0, ifindex_dummy0;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    gboolean              wait_for_settle;
+
+    /* see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285719 */
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type dummy", IFACE_DUMMY0);
+    ifindex_dummy0 =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFACE_DUMMY0, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100)
+            ->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type bond", IFACE_BOND0);
+    ifindex_bond0 =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFACE_BOND0, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, 100)->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_link_set_updown(NULL, -1, ifindex_bond0, TRUE);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s master %s", IFACE_DUMMY0, IFACE_BOND0);
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_dummy0);
+        g_assert(pllink);
+        if (pllink->master == ifindex_bond0)
+            break;
+    });
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link del %s", IFACE_BOND0);
+
+    wait_for_settle = TRUE;
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+again:
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_bond0);
+    g_assert(!pllink);
+
+    if (wait_for_settle) {
+        wait_for_settle = FALSE;
+        NMTST_WAIT(300, { nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50); });
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_bond0, IFACE_BOND0));
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_dummy0, IFACE_DUMMY0, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_nl_bugs_spuroius_dellink(void)
+{
+    const char *          IFACE_BRIDGE0 = "nm-test-bridge0";
+    const char *          IFACE_DUMMY0  = "nm-test-dummy0";
+    int                   ifindex_bridge0, ifindex_dummy0;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    gboolean              wait_for_settle;
+
+    /* see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285719 */
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type dummy", IFACE_DUMMY0);
+    ifindex_dummy0 =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFACE_DUMMY0, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100)
+            ->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link add %s type bridge", IFACE_BRIDGE0);
+    ifindex_bridge0 =
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFACE_BRIDGE0, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, 100)
+            ->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_link_set_updown(NULL, -1, ifindex_bridge0, TRUE);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s master %s", IFACE_DUMMY0, IFACE_BRIDGE0);
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_dummy0);
+        g_assert(pllink);
+        if (pllink->master == ifindex_bridge0)
+            break;
+    });
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s nomaster", IFACE_DUMMY0);
+
+    wait_for_settle = TRUE;
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+again:
+    nm_platform_process_events(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_bridge0);
+    g_assert(pllink);
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex_dummy0);
+    g_assert(pllink);
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink->parent, ==, 0);
+
+    if (wait_for_settle) {
+        wait_for_settle = FALSE;
+        NMTST_WAIT(300, { nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50); });
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_bridge0, IFACE_BRIDGE0, TRUE);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex_dummy0, IFACE_DUMMY0, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_test_netns_setup(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    /* the singleton platform instance has netns support disabled.
+     * Destroy the instance before the test and re-create it afterwards. */
+    g_object_unref(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+}
+
+static void
+_test_netns_teardown(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    nmtstp_setup_platform();
+}
+
+static NMPlatform *
+_test_netns_create_platform(void)
+{
+    NMPNetns *  netns;
+    NMPlatform *platform;
+
+    netns = nmp_netns_new();
+    g_assert(NMP_IS_NETNS(netns));
+
+    platform = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    g_assert(NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform));
+
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns);
+    g_object_unref(netns);
+
+    return platform;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_test_netns_check_skip(void)
+{
+    static int      support       = -1;
+    static int      support_errsv = 0;
+    NMPNetns *      netns;
+    gs_unref_object NMPNetns *netns2 = NULL;
+
+    netns = nmp_netns_get_current();
+    if (!netns) {
+        g_test_skip("No netns support");
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(nmp_netns_get_fd_net(netns) > 0);
+
+    if (support == -1) {
+        support = (setns(nmp_netns_get_fd_net(netns), CLONE_NEWNET) == 0);
+        if (!support)
+            support_errsv = errno;
+    }
+    if (!support) {
+        _LOGD("setns() failed with \"%s\". This indicates missing support (valgrind?)",
+              nm_strerror_native(support_errsv));
+        g_test_skip("No netns support (setns failed)");
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    netns2 = nmp_netns_new();
+    if (!netns2) {
+        /* skip tests for https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=790214 */
+        g_assert_cmpint(errno, ==, EINVAL);
+        g_test_skip("No netns support to create another netns");
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns2);
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_check_sysctl_skip(void)
+{
+    if (access("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward", W_OK) == -1) {
+        g_test_skip("Can not write sysctls");
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _sysctl_assert_eq(plat, path, value)                                   \
+    G_STMT_START                                                               \
+    {                                                                          \
+        gs_free char *_val = NULL;                                             \
+                                                                               \
+        _val = nm_platform_sysctl_get(plat, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path)); \
+        g_assert_cmpstr(_val, ==, value);                                      \
+    }                                                                          \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static void
+test_netns_general(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_1 = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_2 = NULL;
+    NMPNetns *                  netns_tmp;
+    char                        sbuf[100];
+    int                         i, j, k;
+    gboolean                    ethtool_support;
+    NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo   driver_info;
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    if (_check_sysctl_skip())
+        return;
+
+    platform_1 = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    platform_2 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+
+    /* add some dummy devices. The "other-*" devices are there to bump the ifindex */
+    for (k = 0; k < 2; k++) {
+        NMPlatform *p  = (k == 0 ? platform_1 : platform_2);
+        const char *id = (k == 0 ? "a" : "b");
+
+        for (i = 0, j = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 5; i < j; i++)
+            _ADD_DUMMY(p, nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "other-a-%s-%02d", id, i));
+
+        _ADD_DUMMY(p, "dummy1_");
+
+        for (i = 0, j = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 5; i < j; i++)
+            _ADD_DUMMY(p, nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "other-b-%s-%02d", id, i));
+
+        _ADD_DUMMY(p, nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "dummy2%s", id));
+
+        for (i = 0, j = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 5; i < j; i++)
+            _ADD_DUMMY(p, nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "other-c-%s-%02d", id, i));
+    }
+
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(
+        platform_1,
+        "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy1_/ifindex",
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            sbuf,
+            "%d",
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_1, 0, "dummy1_", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex));
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(
+        platform_1,
+        "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy2a/ifindex",
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            sbuf,
+            "%d",
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_1, 0, "dummy2a", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex));
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(platform_1, "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy2b/ifindex", NULL);
+
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(
+        platform_2,
+        "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy1_/ifindex",
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            sbuf,
+            "%d",
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_2, 0, "dummy1_", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex));
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(platform_2, "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy2a/ifindex", NULL);
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(
+        platform_2,
+        "/sys/devices/virtual/net/dummy2b/ifindex",
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            sbuf,
+            "%d",
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_2, 0, "dummy2b", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        NMPlatform *pl;
+        const char *path;
+
+        j = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2;
+
+        if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) {
+            pl = platform_1;
+            if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2)
+                path = "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy1_/disable_ipv6";
+            else
+                path = "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy2a/disable_ipv6";
+        } else {
+            pl = platform_2;
+            if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2)
+                path = "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy1_/disable_ipv6";
+            else
+                path = "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy2b/disable_ipv6";
+        }
+        g_assert(nm_platform_sysctl_set(pl,
+                                        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path),
+                                        nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "%d", j)));
+        _sysctl_assert_eq(pl, path, nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf, "%d", j));
+    }
+
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(platform_1, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy2b/disable_ipv6", NULL);
+    _sysctl_assert_eq(platform_2, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/dummy2a/disable_ipv6", NULL);
+
+    /* Kernels prior to 3.19 dated 8 February, 2015 don't support ethtool -i for dummy devices.
+     * Work around that and skip asserts that are known to fail. */
+    ethtool_support = nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy1_ > /dev/null") == 0;
+    if (ethtool_support) {
+        g_assert(nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_1, 0, "dummy1_", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex,
+            &driver_info));
+        g_assert(nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_1, 0, "dummy2a", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex,
+            &driver_info));
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy1_ > /dev/null"), ==, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy2a > /dev/null"), ==, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy2b 2> /dev/null"), !=, 0);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_netns_push(platform_2, &netns_tmp));
+
+    if (ethtool_support) {
+        g_assert(nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_2, 0, "dummy1_", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex,
+            &driver_info));
+        g_assert(nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(
+            nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform_2, 0, "dummy2b", NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)->ifindex,
+            &driver_info));
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy1_ > /dev/null"), ==, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy2a 2> /dev/null"), !=, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ethtool -i dummy2b > /dev/null"), ==, 0);
+    }
+
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns_tmp);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_netns_set_netns(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *    platforms[3];
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_0 = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_1 = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_2 = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop  = NULL;
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    platforms[0] = platform_0 = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    platforms[1] = platform_1 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+    platforms[2] = platform_2 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+
+    nmtstp_netns_select_random(platforms, G_N_ELEMENTS(platforms), &netns_pop);
+
+#define LINK_MOVE_NAME "link-move"
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_2, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    _ADD_DUMMY(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME);
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_2, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_netns(
+        platform_1,
+        nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME)->ifindex,
+        nmp_netns_get_fd_net(nm_platform_netns_get(platform_2))));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_2, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform_2, LINK_MOVE_NAME, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_1, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform_2, LINK_MOVE_NAME));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static char *
+_get_current_namespace_id(int ns_type)
+{
+    const char *p;
+    GError *    error = NULL;
+    char *      id;
+
+    switch (ns_type) {
+    case CLONE_NEWNET:
+        p = "/proc/self/ns/net";
+        break;
+    case CLONE_NEWNS:
+        p = "/proc/self/ns/mnt";
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    id = g_file_read_link(p, &error);
+    g_assert_no_error(error);
+    g_assert(id);
+    return id;
+}
+
+static char *
+_get_sysctl_value(const char *path)
+{
+    char *        data          = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *error = NULL;
+
+    if (!g_file_get_contents(path, &data, NULL, &error)) {
+        nmtst_assert_error(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_NOENT, NULL);
+        g_assert(!data);
+    } else {
+        g_assert_no_error(error);
+        g_assert(data);
+        g_strstrip(data);
+    }
+    return data;
+}
+
+static void
+test_netns_push(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_0    = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_1    = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_2    = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop     = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *device_names = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func(g_free);
+    int                          i, j;
+    const int ns_types_list[] = {CLONE_NEWNET, CLONE_NEWNS, CLONE_NEWNET | CLONE_NEWNS};
+    const int ns_types_test[] = {CLONE_NEWNET, CLONE_NEWNS};
+    typedef struct {
+        NMPlatform *platform;
+        const char *device_name;
+        const char *sysctl_path;
+        const char *sysctl_value;
+        const char *ns_net;
+        const char *ns_mnt;
+    } PlatformData;
+    PlatformData  pl[3] = {};
+    PlatformData *pl_base;
+    struct {
+        PlatformData *pl;
+        int           ns_types;
+    } stack[6] = {};
+    int nstack;
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    if (_check_sysctl_skip())
+        return;
+
+    pl[0].platform = platform_0 = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    pl[1].platform = platform_1 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+    pl[2].platform = platform_2 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+
+    pl_base = &pl[0];
+    i       = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (G_N_ELEMENTS(pl) + 1);
+    if (i < G_N_ELEMENTS(pl)) {
+        pl_base = &pl[i];
+        g_assert(nm_platform_netns_push(pl[i].platform, &netns_pop));
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(pl); i++) {
+        nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_free = NULL;
+        char *                      tmp;
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_netns_push(pl[i].platform, &netns_free));
+
+        tmp = g_strdup_printf("nmtst-dev-%d", i);
+        g_ptr_array_add(device_names, tmp);
+        pl[i].device_name = tmp;
+
+        tmp = g_strdup_printf("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/%s/disable_ipv6", pl[i].device_name);
+        g_ptr_array_add(device_names, tmp);
+        pl[i].sysctl_path = tmp;
+
+        pl[i].sysctl_value = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2 ? "1" : "0";
+
+        _ADD_DUMMY(pl[i].platform, pl[i].device_name);
+
+        g_assert(nm_platform_sysctl_set(pl[i].platform,
+                                        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(pl[i].sysctl_path),
+                                        pl[i].sysctl_value));
+
+        tmp = _get_current_namespace_id(CLONE_NEWNET);
+        g_ptr_array_add(device_names, tmp);
+        pl[i].ns_net = tmp;
+
+        tmp = _get_current_namespace_id(CLONE_NEWNS);
+        g_ptr_array_add(device_names, tmp);
+        pl[i].ns_mnt = tmp;
+    }
+
+    nstack = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (G_N_ELEMENTS(stack) + 1);
+    for (i = 0; i < nstack; i++) {
+        stack[i].pl       = &pl[nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % G_N_ELEMENTS(pl)];
+        stack[i].ns_types = ns_types_list[nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % G_N_ELEMENTS(ns_types_list)];
+
+        nmp_netns_push_type(nm_platform_netns_get(stack[i].pl->platform), stack[i].ns_types);
+    }
+
+    /* pop some again. */
+    for (i = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (nstack + 1); i > 0; i--) {
+        g_assert(nstack > 0);
+        nstack--;
+        nmp_netns_pop(nm_platform_netns_get(stack[nstack].pl->platform));
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(ns_types_test); i++) {
+        int           ns_type = ns_types_test[i];
+        PlatformData *p;
+        gs_free char *current_namespace_id = NULL;
+
+        p = pl_base;
+        for (j = nstack; j >= 1;) {
+            j--;
+            if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(stack[j].ns_types, ns_type)) {
+                p = stack[j].pl;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        current_namespace_id = _get_current_namespace_id(ns_type);
+
+        if (ns_type == CLONE_NEWNET) {
+            g_assert_cmpstr(current_namespace_id, ==, p->ns_net);
+            for (j = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(pl); j++) {
+                gs_free char *data = NULL;
+
+                if (p == &pl[j])
+                    g_assert_cmpint(
+                        nmtstp_run_command("ip link show %s 1>/dev/null", pl[j].device_name),
+                        ==,
+                        0);
+                else
+                    g_assert_cmpint(
+                        nmtstp_run_command("ip link show %s 2>/dev/null", pl[j].device_name),
+                        !=,
+                        0);
+
+                data = _get_sysctl_value(pl[j].sysctl_path);
+                if (p == &pl[j])
+                    g_assert_cmpstr(data, ==, pl[j].sysctl_value);
+                else
+                    g_assert(!data);
+            }
+        } else if (ns_type == CLONE_NEWNS) {
+            g_assert_cmpstr(current_namespace_id, ==, p->ns_mnt);
+            for (j = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(pl); j++) {
+                char          path[600];
+                gs_free char *data = NULL;
+
+                nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/sys/devices/virtual/net/%s/ifindex", pl[j].device_name);
+
+                data = _get_sysctl_value(path);
+                if (p == &pl[j])
+                    g_assert_cmpstr(data,
+                                    ==,
+                                    nm_sprintf_buf(path,
+                                                   "%d",
+                                                   nmtstp_link_get_typed(p->platform,
+                                                                         0,
+                                                                         p->device_name,
+                                                                         NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY)
+                                                       ->ifindex));
+                else
+                    g_assert(!data);
+            }
+        } else
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    for (i = nstack; i >= 1;) {
+        i--;
+        nmp_netns_pop(nm_platform_netns_get(stack[i].pl->platform));
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_netns_bind_to_path(gpointer fixture, gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+#define P_VAR_RUN                "/run"
+#define P_VAR_RUN_NETNS          "/run/netns"
+#define P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME "/run/netns/" P_NETNS_BINDNAME
+#define P_NETNS_BINDNAME         "nmtst-iproute2-netns"
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_0 = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_1 = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_2 = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop  = NULL;
+    NMPlatform *                platforms[3];
+    NMPNetns *                  netns;
+    int                         i;
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    platforms[0] = platform_0 = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    platforms[1] = platform_1 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+    platforms[2] = platform_2 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+
+    nmtstp_netns_select_random(platforms, G_N_ELEMENTS(platforms), &netns_pop);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(
+        mount("tmpfs", P_VAR_RUN, "tmpfs", MS_NOATIME | MS_NODEV | MS_NOSUID, "mode=0755,size=32K"),
+        ==,
+        0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(mkdir(P_VAR_RUN_NETNS, 755), ==, 0);
+
+    i     = (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) + 1;
+    netns = nm_platform_netns_get(platforms[i]);
+
+    _ADD_DUMMY(platforms[i], "dummy2b");
+
+    g_assert(!g_file_test(P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ip netns exec " P_NETNS_BINDNAME " true 2>/dev/null"),
+                    !=,
+                    0);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_netns_bind_to_path(netns, P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME, NULL));
+
+    g_assert(g_file_test(P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ip netns exec " P_NETNS_BINDNAME " true"), ==, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(
+        nmtstp_run_command("ip netns exec " P_NETNS_BINDNAME " ip link show dummy2b 1>/dev/null"),
+        ==,
+        0);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_netns_bind_to_path_destroy(netns, P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME));
+
+    g_assert(!g_file_test(P_VAR_RUN_NETNS_BINDNAME, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_run_command("ip netns exec " P_NETNS_BINDNAME " true 2>/dev/null"),
+                    !=,
+                    0);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(umount(P_VAR_RUN), ==, 0);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_sysctl_rename(void)
+{
+    NMPlatform *const PL        = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    const char *const IFNAME[3] = {
+        "nm-dummy-0",
+        "nm-dummy-1",
+        "nm-dummy-2",
+    };
+    int                   ifindex[G_N_ELEMENTS(IFNAME)] = {0};
+    nm_auto_close int     dirfd                         = -1;
+    int                   i;
+    char                  ifname_buf[IFNAMSIZ];
+    char *                s;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    ifindex[0] = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(PL, -1, IFNAME[0])->ifindex;
+    ifindex[1] = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(PL, -1, IFNAME[1])->ifindex;
+
+    s = (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) ? NULL : ifname_buf;
+
+    if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) {
+        /* bring the platform cache out of sync */
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s name %s", IFNAME[0], IFNAME[2]);
+        nm_platform_process_events(PL);
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s name %s", IFNAME[2], IFNAME[0]);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(PL, IFNAME[2]);
+        g_assert(pllink && pllink->ifindex == ifindex[0]);
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(PL, IFNAME[0]);
+        g_assert(!pllink);
+    }
+
+    /* open dirfd for IFNAME[0] */
+    i = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (2 + G_N_ELEMENTS(IFNAME));
+    if (i == 0) {
+        dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(PL, ifindex[0], s);
+    } else {
+        const char *ifname_guess;
+
+        /* provide a wrong or no guess. */
+        ifname_guess = i == 1 ? NULL : IFNAME[i - 2];
+        dirfd        = nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir(ifindex[0], ifname_guess, s);
+    }
+    g_assert(dirfd >= 0);
+    if (s)
+        g_assert_cmpstr(s, ==, IFNAME[0]);
+
+    /* possibly rename the interfaces. */
+    switch (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 4) {
+    case 0:
+        break;
+    case 1:
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s name %s", IFNAME[0], IFNAME[2]);
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s name %s", IFNAME[0], IFNAME[2]);
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s name %s", IFNAME[1], IFNAME[0]);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    /* possibly, resync platform cache (should make no difference). */
+    if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2)
+        nm_platform_process_events(PL);
+
+    /* check that we still read the same file. */
+    switch (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) {
+    case 0:
+    {
+        gs_free char *c = NULL;
+
+        if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                        "ifindex",
+                                        1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                        NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                        &c,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL))
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        g_assert_cmpint(ifindex[0], ==, (int) _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(c, 10, 0, G_MAXINT, -1));
+        break;
+    }
+    case 1:
+    {
+        g_assert_cmpint(ifindex[0],
+                        ==,
+                        (gint32) nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(
+                            PL,
+                            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, s ?: "<unknown>", "ifindex"),
+                            -1));
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(PL);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(PL, -1, ifindex[0], NULL, TRUE);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(PL, -1, ifindex[1], NULL, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_sysctl_netns_switch(void)
+{
+    const char *const IFNAME = "nm-dummy-0";
+    int               ifindex, ifindex_tmp;
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_buf[IFNAMSIZ];
+    char *            s;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_0  = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_1  = NULL;
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform_2  = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop_1 = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop_2 = NULL;
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns_pop_3 = NULL;
+    NMPlatform *                PL;
+    NMPlatform *                platforms[3];
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    platforms[0] = platform_0 = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, TRUE);
+    platforms[1] = platform_1 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+    platforms[2] = platform_2 = _test_netns_create_platform();
+    PL                        = platforms[nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 3];
+
+    nmtstp_netns_select_random(platforms, G_N_ELEMENTS(platforms), &netns_pop_1);
+
+    ifindex = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(PL, FALSE, IFNAME)->ifindex;
+
+    nmtstp_netns_select_random(platforms, G_N_ELEMENTS(platforms), &netns_pop_2);
+
+    s     = (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) ? NULL : ifname_buf;
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(PL, ifindex, s);
+    g_assert(dirfd >= 0);
+    if (s)
+        g_assert_cmpstr(s, ==, IFNAME);
+
+    nmtstp_netns_select_random(platforms, G_N_ELEMENTS(platforms), &netns_pop_3);
+
+    /* even if we switch to other namespaces, we can still lookup the path correctly,
+     * either using dirfd or via the platform instance (which switches namespace as needed). */
+    {
+        gs_free char *c = NULL;
+
+        if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                        "ifindex",
+                                        0,
+                                        NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                        &c,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL))
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, ==, (int) _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(c, 10, 0, G_MAXINT, -1));
+    }
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex,
+                    ==,
+                    (gint32) nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(
+                        PL,
+                        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, s ?: "<unknown>", "ifindex"),
+                        -1));
+    g_assert_cmpint(
+        ifindex,
+        ==,
+        (gint32) nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(
+            PL,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(nm_sprintf_bufa(100, "/sys/class/net/%s/ifindex", IFNAME)),
+            -1));
+
+    /* also test that nm_platform_sysctl_get() sets errno to ENOENT for non-existing paths. */
+    {
+        gint64 i64;
+        int    errsv;
+        char * v;
+
+        errno = ESRCH;
+        v     = nm_platform_sysctl_get(
+            PL,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/sys/devices/virtual/net/not-existing/ifindex"));
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_assert(!v);
+        g_assert_cmpint(errsv, ==, ENOENT);
+
+        errno = ESRCH;
+        i64   = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+            PL,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/sys/devices/virtual/net/not-existing/ifindex"),
+            10,
+            1,
+            G_MAXINT,
+            -1);
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_assert_cmpint(i64, ==, -1);
+        g_assert_cmpint(errsv, ==, ENOENT);
+
+        errno = ESRCH;
+        v     = nm_platform_sysctl_get(
+            PL,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/sys/devices/virtual/net/lo/not-existing"));
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_assert(!v);
+        g_assert_cmpint(errsv, ==, ENOENT);
+
+        errno = ESRCH;
+        i64   = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+            PL,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/sys/devices/virtual/net/lo/not-existing"),
+            10,
+            1,
+            G_MAXINT,
+            -1);
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_assert_cmpint(i64, ==, -1);
+        g_assert_cmpint(errsv, ==, ENOENT);
+    }
+
+    /* accessing the path directly, only succeeds iff the current namespace happens to be the namespace
+     * in which we created the link. */
+    {
+        gs_free char *c = NULL;
+
+        if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(-1,
+                                        nm_sprintf_bufa(100, "/sys/class/net/%s/ifindex", IFNAME),
+                                        0,
+                                        NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                        &c,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        NULL))
+            ifindex_tmp = -1;
+        else
+            ifindex_tmp = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(c, 10, 0, G_MAXINT, -2);
+    }
+    if (nmp_netns_get_current() == nm_platform_netns_get(PL))
+        g_assert_cmpint(ifindex_tmp, ==, ifindex);
+    else
+        g_assert_cmpint(ifindex_tmp, ==, -1);
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(PL, FALSE, ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    GMainLoop * loop;
+    const char *path;
+    gboolean    expected_success;
+    gint32      expected_value;
+} SetAsyncData;
+
+static void
+sysctl_set_async_cb(GError *error, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    SetAsyncData *data = user_data;
+
+    if (data->expected_success) {
+        g_assert_no_error(error);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                     NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(data->path),
+                                                     -1),
+                        ==,
+                        data->expected_value);
+    } else
+        g_assert(error);
+
+    g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+}
+
+static void
+test_sysctl_set_async(void)
+{
+    NMPlatform *const PL     = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    const char *const IFNAME = "nm-dummy-0";
+    const char *const PATH   = "/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/nm-dummy-0/rp_filter";
+    GMainLoop *       loop;
+    gs_unref_object GCancellable *cancellable = NULL;
+    gboolean                      proc_writable;
+    SetAsyncData                  data;
+    int                           ifindex;
+
+    ifindex       = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(PL, -1, IFNAME)->ifindex;
+    loop          = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+    cancellable   = g_cancellable_new();
+    proc_writable = access(PATH, W_OK) == 0;
+
+    data = (SetAsyncData){
+        .loop             = loop,
+        .path             = PATH,
+        .expected_success = proc_writable,
+        .expected_value   = 2,
+    };
+
+    nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(PL,
+                                 NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(PATH),
+                                 (const char *[]){"2", NULL},
+                                 sysctl_set_async_cb,
+                                 &data,
+                                 cancellable);
+
+    if (!nmtst_main_loop_run(loop, 1000))
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+
+    data = (SetAsyncData){
+        .loop             = loop,
+        .path             = PATH,
+        .expected_success = proc_writable,
+        .expected_value   = 1,
+    };
+
+    nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(PL,
+                                 NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(PATH),
+                                 (const char *[]){"2", "0", "1", "0", "1", NULL},
+                                 sysctl_set_async_cb,
+                                 &data,
+                                 cancellable);
+
+    if (!nmtst_main_loop_run(loop, 2000))
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, IFNAME, TRUE);
+    g_main_loop_unref(loop);
+}
+
+static void
+test_sysctl_set_async_fail(void)
+{
+    NMPlatform *const PL     = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    const char *const IFNAME = "nm-dummy-0";
+    const char *const PATH   = "/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/nm-dummy-0/does-not-exist";
+    GMainLoop *       loop;
+    gs_unref_object GCancellable *cancellable = NULL;
+    SetAsyncData                  data;
+    int                           ifindex;
+
+    ifindex     = nmtstp_link_dummy_add(PL, -1, IFNAME)->ifindex;
+    loop        = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+    cancellable = g_cancellable_new();
+
+    data = (SetAsyncData){
+        .loop             = loop,
+        .path             = PATH,
+        .expected_success = FALSE,
+    };
+
+    nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(PL,
+                                 NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(PATH),
+                                 (const char *[]){"2", NULL},
+                                 sysctl_set_async_cb,
+                                 &data,
+                                 cancellable);
+
+    if (!nmtst_main_loop_run(loop, 1000))
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, ifindex, IFNAME, TRUE);
+    g_main_loop_unref(loop);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gpointer
+_test_netns_mt_thread(gpointer data)
+{
+    NMPNetns *      netns1           = data;
+    gs_unref_object NMPNetns *netns2 = NULL;
+    NMPNetns *                netns_bottom;
+    NMPNetns *                initial;
+
+    netns_bottom = nmp_netns_get_initial();
+    g_assert(netns_bottom);
+
+    /* I don't know why, but we need to create a new netns here at least once.
+     * Otherwise, setns(, CLONE_NEWNS) below fails with EINVAL (???).
+     *
+     * Something is not right here, but what?  */
+    netns2 = nmp_netns_new();
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns2);
+    g_clear_object(&netns2);
+
+    nmp_netns_push(netns1);
+    nmp_netns_push_type(netns_bottom, CLONE_NEWNET);
+    nmp_netns_push_type(netns_bottom, CLONE_NEWNS);
+    nmp_netns_push_type(netns1, CLONE_NEWNS);
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns1);
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns_bottom);
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns_bottom);
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns1);
+
+    initial = nmp_netns_get_initial();
+    g_assert(NMP_IS_NETNS(initial));
+    return g_object_ref(initial);
+}
+
+static void
+test_netns_mt(void)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPNetns *netns1 = NULL;
+    NMPNetns *                initial_from_other_thread;
+    GThread *                 th;
+
+    if (_test_netns_check_skip())
+        return;
+
+    netns1 = nmp_netns_new();
+    g_assert(NMP_NETNS(netns1));
+    nmp_netns_pop(netns1);
+
+    th                        = g_thread_new("nm-test-netns-mt", _test_netns_mt_thread, netns1);
+    initial_from_other_thread = g_thread_join(th);
+    g_assert(NMP_IS_NETNS(initial_from_other_thread));
+
+    if (nmtst_get_rand_bool()) {
+        nmp_netns_push(initial_from_other_thread);
+        nmp_netns_pop(initial_from_other_thread);
+    }
+
+    g_object_add_weak_pointer(G_OBJECT(initial_from_other_thread),
+                              (gpointer *) &initial_from_other_thread);
+    g_object_unref(initial_from_other_thread);
+    g_assert(initial_from_other_thread == NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+ethtool_features_dump(const NMEthtoolFeatureStates *features)
+{
+    guint i, j;
+
+    g_assert(features);
+
+    _LOGT(">>> %u features (%u ss-features)", features->n_states, features->n_ss_features);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < features->n_states; i++) {
+        const NMEthtoolFeatureState *s = &features->states_list[i];
+
+        _LOGT(">>> feature-list[%3u]: %3d = %-32s (%3u) | %s %s %s %s",
+              i,
+              (int) s->info->ethtool_id,
+              s->info->kernel_names[s->idx_kernel_name],
+              s->idx_ss_features,
+              s->active ? "ACT" : "act",
+              s->available ? "AVA" : "ava",
+              s->never_changed ? "NCH" : "nch",
+              s->requested ? "REQ" : "req");
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_NUM; i++) {
+        _LOGT(">>> feature-idx [%3u]: %-32s = %u features",
+              i + (guint) _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_FIRST,
+              nm_ethtool_data[i + _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_FIRST]->optname,
+              (guint) NM_PTRARRAY_LEN(features->states_indexed[i]));
+        for (j = 0; features->states_indexed[i] && features->states_indexed[i][j]; j++) {
+            const NMEthtoolFeatureState *s = features->states_indexed[i][j];
+
+            _LOGT(">>>  %3u: %-32s | %s %s %s %s",
+                  j,
+                  s->info->kernel_names[s->idx_kernel_name],
+                  s->active ? "ACT" : "act",
+                  s->available ? "AVA" : "ava",
+                  s->never_changed ? "NCH" : "nch",
+                  s->requested ? "REQ" : "req");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+test_ethtool_features_get(void)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *gfree_keeper = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func(g_free);
+    const int                    IFINDEX      = 1;
+    guint                        i;
+    guint                        i_run;
+
+    for (i_run = 0; i_run < 5; i_run++) {
+        NMEthtoolFeatureStates *features;
+        NMOptionBool *          requested;
+        gboolean                do_set = TRUE;
+
+        requested = g_new(NMOptionBool, _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_NUM);
+        for (i = 0; i < _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_NUM; i++)
+            requested[i] = NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT;
+        g_ptr_array_add(gfree_keeper, requested);
+
+        if (i_run == 0) {
+            requested[_NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_AS_IDX(NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_RX)] =
+                NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+            requested[_NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_AS_IDX(NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_TSO)] =
+                NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+            requested[_NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_AS_IDX(NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_TX_TCP6_SEGMENTATION)] =
+                NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+        } else if (i_run == 1)
+            do_set = FALSE;
+        else if (i_run == 2) {
+            requested[_NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_AS_IDX(NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_TSO)] =
+                NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+            requested[_NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_AS_IDX(NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_TX_TCP6_SEGMENTATION)] =
+                NM_OPTION_BOOL_TRUE;
+        } else if (i_run == 3)
+            do_set = FALSE;
+
+        _LOGT(">>> ethtool-features-get RUN %u (do-set=%s", i_run, do_set ? "set" : "reset");
+
+        features = nmp_utils_ethtool_get_features(IFINDEX);
+        g_ptr_array_add(gfree_keeper, features);
+
+        ethtool_features_dump(features);
+
+        if (_LOGT_ENABLED())
+            _system("ethtool -k lo");
+
+        if (!do_set) {
+            requested = gfree_keeper->pdata[i_run * 2 - 2];
+            features  = gfree_keeper->pdata[i_run * 2 - 1];
+        }
+
+        nmp_utils_ethtool_set_features(IFINDEX, features, requested, do_set);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func = SETUP;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(argc, argv, NULL, "ALL");
+}
+
+void
+_nmtstp_setup_tests(void)
+{
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, DEVICE_NAME, FALSE);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, SLAVE_NAME, FALSE);
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, PARENT_NAME, FALSE);
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, SLAVE_NAME));
+    g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NM_PLATFORM_GET, PARENT_NAME));
+
+    g_test_add_func("/link/bogus", test_bogus);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/loopback", test_loopback);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/internal", test_internal);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/software/bridge", test_bridge);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/software/bond", test_bond);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/software/team", test_team);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/software/vlan", test_vlan);
+    g_test_add_func("/link/software/bridge/addr", test_bridge_addr);
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        g_test_add_func("/link/external", test_external);
+
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/bridge", NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/gre", NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/gretap", NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/ip6tnl/0", NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/ip6tnl/1", NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, 1);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/ip6gre", NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/ip6gretap", NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/ipip", NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/macvlan", NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/macvtap", NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/sit", NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/tun", NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/vlan", NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/vrf", NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/vxlan/0", NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/vxlan/1", NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, 1);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/wireguard/0", NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, 0);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/wireguard/1", NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, 1);
+        test_software_detect_add("/link/software/detect/wireguard/2", NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, 2);
+
+        g_test_add_func("/link/software/vlan/set-xgress", test_vlan_set_xgress);
+
+        g_test_add_data_func("/link/create-many-links/20",
+                             GUINT_TO_POINTER(20),
+                             test_create_many_links);
+        g_test_add_data_func("/link/create-many-links/1000",
+                             GUINT_TO_POINTER(1000),
+                             test_create_many_links);
+
+        g_test_add_func("/link/nl-bugs/veth", test_nl_bugs_veth);
+        g_test_add_func("/link/nl-bugs/spurious-newlink", test_nl_bugs_spuroius_newlink);
+        g_test_add_func("/link/nl-bugs/spurious-dellink", test_nl_bugs_spuroius_dellink);
+
+        g_test_add_vtable("/general/netns/general",
+                          0,
+                          NULL,
+                          _test_netns_setup,
+                          test_netns_general,
+                          _test_netns_teardown);
+        g_test_add_vtable("/general/netns/set-netns",
+                          0,
+                          NULL,
+                          _test_netns_setup,
+                          test_netns_set_netns,
+                          _test_netns_teardown);
+        g_test_add_vtable("/general/netns/push",
+                          0,
+                          NULL,
+                          _test_netns_setup,
+                          test_netns_push,
+                          _test_netns_teardown);
+        g_test_add_vtable("/general/netns/bind-to-path",
+                          0,
+                          NULL,
+                          _test_netns_setup,
+                          test_netns_bind_to_path,
+                          _test_netns_teardown);
+
+        g_test_add_func("/general/netns/mt", test_netns_mt);
+
+        g_test_add_func("/general/sysctl/rename", test_sysctl_rename);
+        g_test_add_func("/general/sysctl/netns-switch", test_sysctl_netns_switch);
+        g_test_add_func("/general/sysctl/set-async", test_sysctl_set_async);
+        g_test_add_func("/general/sysctl/set-async-fail", test_sysctl_set_async_fail);
+
+        g_test_add_func("/link/ethtool/features/get", test_ethtool_features_get);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-nmp-object.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-nmp-object.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..310611ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-nmp-object.c
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <libudev.h>
+#include <linux/pkt_sched.h>
+
+#include "platform/nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-udev-aux/nm-udev-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+struct {
+    GList *udev_devices;
+} global;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_obj_base(void)
+{
+    static const union {
+        GObject   g;
+        NMPObject k;
+    } x = {};
+    static const union {
+        GTypeClass k;
+        NMPClass   c;
+    } l                        = {};
+    static const GObject *   g = &x.g;
+    static const GTypeClass *k = &l.k;
+    static const NMPObject * o = &x.k;
+    static const NMPClass *  c = &l.c;
+
+    NMObjBaseInst * obj;
+    gs_unref_object GCancellable *obj_cancellable = g_cancellable_new();
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_link            = nmp_object_new_link(10);
+
+    g_assert(&g->g_type_instance == (void *) &o->_class);
+    g_assert(&g->g_type_instance.g_class == (void *) &o->_class);
+
+    g_assert(sizeof(o->parent.parent) == sizeof(GTypeInstance));
+
+    g_assert(&c->parent == (void *) c);
+    g_assert(&c->parent.parent.g_type_class == (void *) c);
+    g_assert(&c->parent.parent.g_type == (void *) c);
+    g_assert(&c->parent.parent.g_type == &k->g_type);
+
+    g_assert(sizeof(c->parent.parent) == sizeof(GTypeClass));
+
+    g_assert(&o->parent == (void *) o);
+    g_assert(&o->parent.klass == (void *) &o->_class);
+
+    obj = (NMObjBaseInst *) obj_cancellable;
+    g_assert(!NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID((NMPClass *) obj->klass));
+    g_assert(G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE(obj, G_TYPE_CANCELLABLE));
+
+    obj = (NMObjBaseInst *) obj_link;
+    g_assert(NMP_CLASS_IS_VALID((NMPClass *) obj->klass));
+    g_assert(!G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE(obj, G_TYPE_CANCELLABLE));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_nmp_object_id_equal(const NMPObject *a, const NMPObject *b)
+{
+    gboolean a_b = nmp_object_id_equal(a, b);
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(a_b, FALSE, TRUE) && a_b == nmp_object_id_equal(b, a));
+    return a_b;
+}
+#define nmp_object_id_equal _nmp_object_id_equal
+
+static gboolean
+_nmp_object_equal(const NMPObject *a, const NMPObject *b)
+{
+    gboolean a_b = nmp_object_equal(a, b);
+
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(a_b, FALSE, TRUE) && a_b == nmp_object_equal(b, a));
+    return a_b;
+}
+#define nmp_object_equal _nmp_object_equal
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains(const NMPCache *             cache,
+                                    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry,
+                                    const NMPObject *            obj,
+                                    gboolean                     visible_only,
+                                    gboolean                     contains)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    gboolean         found;
+    guint            i, len;
+    const NMPObject *o;
+
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj) == obj);
+    g_assert(!head_entry
+             || (head_entry->len > 0
+                 && c_list_length(&head_entry->lst_entries_head) == head_entry->len));
+
+    len = head_entry ? head_entry->len : 0;
+
+    found = FALSE;
+    i     = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o) {
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(o));
+        if (obj == o) {
+            if (!visible_only || nmp_object_is_visible(o)) {
+                g_assert(!found);
+                found = TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        i++;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(len == i);
+    g_assert(!!contains == found);
+}
+
+static void
+_assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(const NMPCache * cache,
+                                         gboolean         visible_only,
+                                         const NMPObject *obj,
+                                         gboolean         contains)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+
+    g_assert(cache);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup);
+    _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains(cache, head_entry, obj, visible_only, contains);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+ops_post_check(NMPCache *       cache,
+               NMPCacheOpsType  ops_type,
+               const NMPObject *obj_old,
+               const NMPObject *obj_new,
+               const NMPObject *obj_new_expected,
+               NMPCacheOpsType  expected_ops_type)
+{
+    g_assert(cache);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(expected_ops_type, ==, ops_type);
+
+    switch (ops_type) {
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED:
+        g_assert(!obj_old);
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_new));
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED:
+        g_assert(obj_old != obj_new);
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_old));
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_old));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_old));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_old, obj_new));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_new));
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_old));
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_equal(obj_old, obj_new));
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED:
+        g_assert(!obj_new);
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_old));
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_old));
+        if (obj_new_expected)
+            g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_old));
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED:
+        g_assert(obj_old == obj_new);
+        if (obj_old) {
+            g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_old));
+            g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_old));
+            g_assert(nmp_object_equal(obj_old, obj_new));
+            g_assert(nmp_object_id_equal(obj_new_expected, obj_new));
+        } else
+            g_assert(!obj_new_expected);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_nmp_cache_update_netlink(NMPCache *        cache,
+                          NMPObject *       obj,
+                          const NMPObject **out_obj_old,
+                          const NMPObject **out_obj_new,
+                          NMPCacheOpsType   expected_ops_type)
+{
+    NMPCacheOpsType  ops_type;
+    const NMPObject *obj_prev;
+    const NMPObject *obj_old;
+    const NMPObject *obj_new;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj_new_expected = NULL;
+
+    g_assert(cache);
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    obj_prev         = nmp_cache_lookup_link(cache, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj)->ifindex);
+    obj_new_expected = nmp_object_clone(obj, FALSE);
+    if (obj_prev && obj_prev->_link.udev.device)
+        obj_new_expected->_link.udev.device = udev_device_ref(obj_prev->_link.udev.device);
+    _nmp_object_fixup_link_udev_fields(&obj_new_expected, NULL, nmp_cache_use_udev_get(cache));
+
+    ops_type = nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj, FALSE, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+    ops_post_check(cache,
+                   ops_type,
+                   obj_old,
+                   obj_new,
+                   nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new_expected) ? obj_new_expected : NULL,
+                   expected_ops_type);
+
+    if (out_obj_new)
+        *out_obj_new = obj_new;
+    else
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+    if (out_obj_old)
+        *out_obj_old = obj_old;
+    else
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+}
+
+static const NMPlatformLink pl_link_2 = {
+    .ifindex = 2,
+    .name    = "eth0",
+    .type    = NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET,
+};
+
+static const NMPlatformLink pl_link_3 = {
+    .ifindex = 3,
+    .name    = "wlan0",
+    .type    = NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI,
+};
+
+static void
+test_cache_link(void)
+{
+    NMPCache *                      cache;
+    NMPObject *                     objm1;
+    const NMPObject *               obj_old, *obj_new;
+    NMPObject                       objs1;
+    struct udev_device *            udev_device_2 = g_list_nth_data(global.udev_devices, 0);
+    struct udev_device *            udev_device_3 = g_list_nth_data(global.udev_devices, 0);
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 ops_type;
+    nm_auto_unref_dedup_multi_index NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx = NULL;
+    gboolean                                           use_udev  = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2;
+
+    multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_new();
+
+    cache = nmp_cache_new(multi_idx, use_udev);
+
+    /* if we have a link, and don't set is_in_netlink, adding it has no effect. */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(&objm1->object) == objm1);
+    g_assert(!nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, objm1, &obj_old, &obj_new, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    g_assert(!obj_old);
+    g_assert(!obj_new);
+    g_assert(!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1));
+    g_assert(!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex)));
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+
+    /* Only when setting @is_in_netlink the link is added. */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    objm1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, objm1, &obj_old, &obj_new, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    g_assert(!obj_old);
+    g_assert(obj_new);
+    g_assert(objm1 == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_equal(objm1, obj_new));
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+             == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+    _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+    _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, TRUE);
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+    /* updating the same link with identical value, has no effect. */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    objm1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, objm1, &obj_old, &obj_new, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    g_assert(obj_old);
+    g_assert(obj_new);
+    g_assert(obj_new != objm1);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_equal(objm1, obj_new));
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+             == obj_new);
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+    /* remove the link from netlink */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    g_assert(!nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, objm1, &obj_old, &obj_new, NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    g_assert(obj_old);
+    g_assert(!obj_new);
+    g_assert(!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1));
+    g_assert(!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex)));
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+    if (udev_device_2) {
+        /* now add the link only with aspect UDEV. */
+        ops_type =
+            nmp_cache_update_link_udev(cache, pl_link_2.ifindex, udev_device_2, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+        nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+        g_assert_cmpint(ops_type, ==, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+        g_assert(!obj_old);
+        g_assert(obj_new);
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+            == obj_new);
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, FALSE);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+    }
+
+    /* add it in netlink too. */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    objm1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache,
+                              objm1,
+                              &obj_old,
+                              &obj_new,
+                              udev_device_2 ? NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED : NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    if (udev_device_2) {
+        g_assert(obj_old);
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old));
+    } else
+        g_assert(!obj_old);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_equal(objm1, obj_new));
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+             == obj_new);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+    _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, TRUE);
+    _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+    /* remove again from netlink. */
+    objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_2);
+    objm1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = FALSE;
+    g_assert(!nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+    _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache,
+                              objm1,
+                              &obj_old,
+                              &obj_new,
+                              udev_device_2 ? NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED : NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+    nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+    if (udev_device_2)
+        g_assert(obj_new == objm1);
+    else
+        g_assert(!obj_new);
+    g_assert(obj_old);
+    g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(obj_old));
+    if (udev_device_2) {
+        g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == obj_new);
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+            == obj_new);
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, FALSE);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+    } else {
+        g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == NULL);
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_2.ifindex))
+            == NULL);
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_alive(obj_new));
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+    }
+    nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+    nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+    /* now another link only with aspect UDEV. */
+    if (udev_device_3) {
+        /* now add the link only with aspect UDEV. */
+        ops_type =
+            nmp_cache_update_link_udev(cache, pl_link_3.ifindex, udev_device_3, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+        g_assert_cmpint(ops_type, ==, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+        nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj_new));
+        g_assert(!obj_old);
+        g_assert(!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_3.ifindex))
+            == obj_new);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, FALSE);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink, ==, FALSE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->link.initialized, ==, FALSE);
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+        /* add it in netlink too. */
+        objm1 = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_link_3);
+        objm1->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_alive(objm1));
+        _nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, objm1, &obj_old, &obj_new, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED);
+        nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+        g_assert(obj_old);
+        g_assert(obj_new == objm1);
+        g_assert(nmp_object_equal(objm1, obj_new));
+        g_assert(!obj_old || !nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old));
+        g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, objm1) == obj_new);
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_3.ifindex))
+            == obj_new);
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink, ==, TRUE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->link.initialized, ==, TRUE);
+        nmp_object_unref(objm1);
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+
+        /* remove UDEV. */
+        ops_type = nmp_cache_update_link_udev(cache, pl_link_3.ifindex, NULL, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+        g_assert_cmpint(ops_type, ==, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED);
+        nmtst_assert_nmp_cache_is_consistent(cache);
+        g_assert(obj_old && nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old));
+        g_assert(
+            nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&objs1, pl_link_3.ifindex))
+            == obj_new);
+        g_assert(nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new));
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, TRUE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        _assert_cache_multi_lookup_contains_link(cache, FALSE, obj_new, TRUE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink, ==, TRUE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(obj_new->link.initialized, ==, !nmp_cache_use_udev_get(cache));
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_new);
+        nmp_object_unref(obj_old);
+    }
+
+    nmp_cache_free(cache);
+}
+
+const char noqueue[]  = "noqueue";
+const char fq_codel[] = "fq_codel";
+const char ingress[]  = "ingress";
+
+static const NMPlatformQdisc pl_qdisc_1a = {
+    .ifindex     = 1,
+    .kind        = noqueue,
+    .addr_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+    .handle      = 0,
+    .parent      = TC_H_ROOT,
+    .info        = 0,
+};
+
+static const NMPlatformQdisc pl_qdisc_1b = {
+    .ifindex     = 1,
+    .kind        = fq_codel,
+    .addr_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+    .handle      = 0,
+    .parent      = TC_H_ROOT,
+    .info        = 0,
+};
+
+static const NMPlatformQdisc pl_qdisc_1c = {
+    .ifindex     = 1,
+    .kind        = ingress,
+    .addr_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+    .handle      = TC_H_MAKE(TC_H_INGRESS, 0),
+    .parent      = TC_H_INGRESS,
+    .info        = 0,
+};
+
+static const NMPlatformQdisc pl_qdisc_2 = {
+    .ifindex     = 2,
+    .kind        = fq_codel,
+    .addr_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+    .handle      = 0,
+    .parent      = TC_H_ROOT,
+    .info        = 0,
+};
+
+static void
+test_cache_qdisc(void)
+{
+    NMPCache *                      cache;
+    nm_auto_unref_dedup_multi_index NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                                          lookup;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *                      head_entry;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj1a =
+        nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_qdisc_1a);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj1b =
+        nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_qdisc_1b);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj1c =
+        nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_qdisc_1c);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj2 =
+        nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, (NMPlatformObject *) &pl_qdisc_2);
+
+    multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_new();
+    cache     = nmp_cache_new(multi_idx, nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1a) == NULL);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj1a, FALSE, NULL, NULL) == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1a) == obj1a);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1b) == obj1a);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj2) == NULL);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj1b, FALSE, NULL, NULL) == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1a) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1b) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj2) == NULL);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj1c, FALSE, NULL, NULL) == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1a) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1b) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1c) == obj1c);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj2) == NULL);
+
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj2, FALSE, NULL, NULL) == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1a) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj1b) == obj1b);
+    g_assert(nmp_cache_lookup_obj(cache, obj2) == obj2);
+
+    head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(cache, nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, 1));
+    g_assert(head_entry->len == 2);
+
+    nmp_cache_free(cache);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    int           result;
+    NMUdevClient *udev_client;
+
+    nmtst_init_assert_logging(&argc, &argv, "INFO", "DEFAULT");
+
+    udev_client = nm_udev_client_new(NM_MAKE_STRV("net"), NULL, NULL);
+    {
+        struct udev_enumerate * enumerator;
+        struct udev_list_entry *devices, *l;
+
+        enumerator = nm_udev_client_enumerate_new(udev_client);
+
+        /* Demand that the device is initialized (udev rules ran,
+         * device has a stable name now) in case udev is running
+         * (not in a container). */
+        if (access("/sys", W_OK) == 0)
+            udev_enumerate_add_match_is_initialized(enumerator);
+
+        udev_enumerate_scan_devices(enumerator);
+
+        devices = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(enumerator);
+        for (l = devices; l != NULL; l = udev_list_entry_get_next(l)) {
+            struct udev_device *udevice;
+
+            udevice = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev_enumerate_get_udev(enumerator),
+                                                   udev_list_entry_get_name(l));
+            if (udevice == NULL)
+                continue;
+
+            global.udev_devices = g_list_prepend(global.udev_devices, udevice);
+        }
+        global.udev_devices = g_list_reverse(global.udev_devices);
+
+        udev_enumerate_unref(enumerator);
+    }
+
+    g_test_add_func("/nmp-object/obj-base", test_obj_base);
+    g_test_add_func("/nmp-object/cache_link", test_cache_link);
+    g_test_add_func("/nmp-object/cache_qdisc", test_cache_qdisc);
+
+    result = g_test_run();
+
+    while (global.udev_devices) {
+        udev_device_unref(global.udev_devices->data);
+        global.udev_devices = g_list_delete_link(global.udev_devices, global.udev_devices);
+    }
+
+    nm_udev_client_destroy(udev_client);
+
+    return result;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-platform-general.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-platform-general.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b426cc65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-platform-general.c
@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "platform/nm-linux-platform.h"
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Address, address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Address, address));
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Route, network));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Route, network));
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_init_linux_platform(void)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform = NULL;
+
+    platform = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_link_get_all(void)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *links   = NULL;
+
+    platform = nm_linux_platform_new(TRUE, NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT);
+
+    links = nm_platform_link_get_all(platform, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_nm_platform_link_flags2str(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+        char        buf[NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN + 100];
+        const char *s;
+        const guint flags = ((i == 0) ? ~0u : nmtst_get_rand_uint());
+        gsize       l;
+
+        s = nm_platform_link_flags2str(flags, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        g_assert(s);
+
+        l = strlen(s);
+        if (l > NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN)
+            g_error(
+                "nm_platform_link_flags2str(%x) produced a longer output than %zu chars: \"%s\"",
+                flags,
+                NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN,
+                s);
+        if (flags == ~0u && l != NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN)
+            g_error("nm_platform_link_flags2str(%x) is expected to produce %zu chars, but produced "
+                    "%zu: \"%s\"",
+                    flags,
+                    NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN,
+                    l,
+                    s);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+_address_pretty_sort_cmp(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b, gpointer test_data)
+{
+    const int                   TEST_DATA_I      = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const int                   addr_family      = (TEST_DATA_I == 0 ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+    const int                   IPV6_PREFER_TEMP = (TEST_DATA_I == 2);
+    const NMPlatformIPXAddress *a_a              = a;
+    const NMPlatformIPXAddress *a_b              = b;
+
+    if (addr_family == AF_INET)
+        return nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&a_a->a4, &a_b->a4);
+
+    return nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&a_a->a6, &a_b->a6, IPV6_PREFER_TEMP);
+}
+
+static void
+test_platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp(gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    static const char *const EXPECTED_BUFFER[3] = {
+        [0] = ("5b1aea34648cabfec7c3523f76cf1ce34ca17a9a32f3f0f218424e48836dd1cb504e03d53e1124c5"
+               "0065aeb2e6fbf952902383028e3b47f280f062ea1a7e0b7be218d067530e1b0487b8c3b99f2b8a1a"
+               "8982c42f0000003437c5156e072b2f2f0037c9cfe07c34ddb3980deb14ab7b5af84a034703000000"
+               "883b0f3fd6ed84d6c959e553b887edcd01c2f5d200000043b809d259e499db7d00f1853bdcb0e4bc"
+               "0e2b00b667b7b16d8d1e69c803000000b973972c17a47631c169f11ff9119c400368b6630000007a"
+               "034f43340d01683c0045097aea4a849f060ddf57b24a5be9636360d603000000ad7c499dd538d345"
+               "74c038404923e75d0209e2fc0000004acc807cdce682f80f00315c45ef817264c89a736ed55ed637"
+               "b96c200203000000faf1809becd2506315a6da29b2e94d3a031fe0e900000083a36035fb6297dfa7"
+               "00686b5efd0d53bb6215de4bb6f6f3d031a79028030000008bb836c0a25ea71f5daaed4d99eb2ebe"
+               "033c432f000000bf4ccf30d3aaaf02a4005d7308b67f91bf9d82c856ba942455e8d07c8403000000"
+               "f2abb982b001ec16901f55f960c55c22022099a80000002b4d4647f53b1921af0088e3759a08e7a5"
+               "6663861eea1bf42c12ea3b9503000000fb95e8332fdfff658483a2d039a7bf1402d3481e00000060"
+               "e89f7abdb682380a00eae374835b4a49a2b980b6aba92da6409969aa03000000e00473755d31e5b2"
+               "de252167c1c91b3a02ba0c700000007740318db913a353ed006efc068829c0e66ad0143a0554efb4"
+               "40e55b8b03000000c0cfb2b4386bec092fa5757ecde9348b00c12ebd000000ab667224dae775e5cc"
+               "0041aca2ff0f576767d3648102b61886d149f07403000000153ece68ade15cec25a59273e7519f34"
+               "c4458d70000000f3819aa46fbe1439340033ae6dec0fb124f264af67eed7c9a8ecc8fb1103000000"
+               "fcebbaeb0c56535923f14874042a8aff021f8e5ec3cc13cc36bbe3c9bb0ec36f00e007bb64a2827b"
+               "7cdd38d0314c178e5a06c40b03000000ab90135fa636af4464d210a256be75e0029c44770000004b"
+               "2e69220d6c0fc09c25d6534c809829af4a9df58dbfef186d416f3a1e030000002c932e655203d82a"
+               "3c84c4eb274ed18603780281000000f2235376239daeaacb3cae864b437baaae91921681c2162b9b"
+               "69e66142030000004fda8a3e0b841cf76391dd68269b53ec0244a831000000b78c54dda9ac3bb1b1"
+               "d43e6505621b9a7f0422ae3fc8979ee0416f95e70300000057d6249b652ba98c7dc7f17f666969e4"
+               "023baf7a000000ee0b06fa9e988f80f0de6dc8dfcf2a3ad3bbcc0fa3b314f695111d891d03000000"
+               "cd897619f51f44e644d7cf1d06b2b1150082549e62c12fba5b1cdec48d10bbb13b8313d8cd2a24d3"
+               "4fc812bd2f8a59d90fcc00ac030000005292cd32dc096cd5d8a4c5cf3351ee1c03c2056c00000051"
+               "bbce426cfa4b861cc78592be7b14e7ba9c15acb881ae55f0e5fe7d360300000066a3ae3939762df3"
+               "3a2d55060c78d55100b110fd00000041b9aca07b6e4925dd27943a272c171ed15abbbe1cd911db7b"
+               "86ed271803000000a5edc511c1507a141e0f515638c7ba31027609450000003357ae79989870ccec"
+               "3def0ad92749e016663fe6ee0228c1da82d1595603000000348352d715cf9d411ea012e5307294b6"
+               "0146dac4000000075efee38dd16f8ee4ccd2f50c30706cae3fdcc2f0ee3d5e26bb20413203000000"
+               "862573c2303dd1d65c7b2cffeca6d1adaccae11f0000000f855ebf3b772eb2b1c896c9a7304f6645"
+               "0a5f6abd850b06e3b10123e6030000001dff045298cfee0636674cdefb57b9ae54cfe8f400000038"
+               "1ba2c4396de60f032bc7f34de2959871c0d4c0d4eb720c4ab550c5db03000000f32f4af595d785d5"
+               "c1b5aad487c192f08bd7a09b00000043288cd9bf66ec305a225a0c71b2ce78bb16104c8eaf18c565"
+               "b16c7376030000005219061ab4c5c79489b2cc6a883c146972decb8b000000f5e6d66df46ea13910"
+               "7754dee62c36d2fc70ccc567df7a49b8585287dc03000000cfb18b2b2cb749e2e03e544d0eb4f73e"
+               "75039fcf251b32fc79685b05ddd3aa9ba511d2e40edb4d758fb554158ae5c7c0beb42b3403000000"
+               "895d5f24037d233302ad3b82d639272e0246eadfbd2146bf8cfdb205f90e54b58a6ee136a779f37c"
+               "30d2c5053c40ecaec38b6b8e03000000bea73223e59bf0193432e9fa7a899f2d8ec7e4b89bf5a5d0"
+               "6776e66a9d80ab132e1ac921eb76adbb229df32e561fa80a0fc4676703000000a23eb66e720da9e0"
+               "7ac998b5690807d50217369ee1af4ca5a6a95581af5fd7ceacdca10f47d7b351a36b178aabc78a4a"
+               "1a0dd8c003000000e2815a1a37a52bddd1c2f1018b587eed03bb58f0e9201f17bd99fcf72909ac9e"
+               "7a55299e9bb4fd53bc7417940fcffe3f81cafd6302000000d6732578acd14320aefd4503189f7630"
+               "038e501c0000002b9f3c39f24b0572b100745cb25851429b3bbfb50168dfd04eb62f22ca02000000"
+               "891715df7fc6a902edae579e2e10c7f7022ba0340436242cbeb0248cee3fbc160032d4f28aa28c08"
+               "f80dd50c6712dfb4abba4a32020000008ffe423d01883918039249f398f9b37ea091465100000064"
+               "3722d9b707c0d8a400b7c8307f06b4b29088f20d9ac676d5e4bafc4e02000000fde69eec3af2e6d0"
+               "bd68ab722af14548b29572e504265f6c72923e22594f3f790008ed2e2ebb0771db46a54cadb245ea"
+               "8c3b371502000000710c030690f5f18ea125dbf7d7e93bd6011fa56dfdcfc1155f236c8b9c79a620"
+               "00660bbf024b03ff0a8e27c405e64244e36f90d402000000fd41fe47684b370b6ec6584d64496089"
+               "570968ead4d1ae91c819bb068196d59900de3246e43f5e7945aaf95e2ffa3a119c64ed0402000000"
+               "a660ac824b7fae389861419c50da49bf02092583000000259f9f0251becc987907879cca68fec7bb"
+               "bb5f8edf248b4995d184e82002000000a19cdf6dd1c173f6078a806d329c9b0000bfc972000000f5"
+               "b2cd3dbddc74e26de958e48d2ab8b0313e7f8933e315130f641e447502000000b9b68c08a5e4351e"
+               "a349e1ccf662e058b879a45100000045fcb6a035339d504c9726d80d9c2d89df765b4d9a130257dc"
+               "d1e1b34902000000bcd7be07d78e6222e45aaf61814f703b40125e6b000000cbaaa37b861e6d46da"
+               "fe7d6ec4ac1ea051010911915ddb05f2c43bd794010000005bfe47c6f53a54e01b0c1d89414d94d0"
+               "032d2ec50000000103781b0f294a2b7300421398f4de67e9cee64b38b56e03e01539ce4101000000"
+               "18238487a417f3da01d99dae5f19009601582cab0000005b2363d13edc5aa115005eb914d8fbe9a4"
+               "fdb3d117d76b0de5bd82e9ea010000003d1b91caae8cb60b49ba9be338d856a40267c3d400000064"
+               "9da90bd2fff2f2560046870bd7d5f14870c6d18d6242b356b9ef1b2101000000f90adac616a31dc2"
+               "e46a234558817151008fc9c900000073e64b0bd761fdf274005dca8ce1bd1871ae17bb4515856092"
+               "b4d9e89b010000006855676c277cf1bd017c9148da5892bb0351c3a70000009f3391ce7d3fd48469"
+               "005f0c233dbdd2a97835df1f1782dee86c1de913010000003ee1d76fc1ea76e98c9dfc78997ab53e"
+               "00c21963f5b4cb2454830c68e44ea74b002b83f9b3bee14d861a4c9eeecc89f65408c1b701000000"
+               "d9e1825fa638e1af284a024b7f9e85ff00e050a2000000276e08cb887464b93400c3127c750fabdd"
+               "69121aec129cdc690d58fbcc01000000d0d44ff1e51c35157666c05348e6f50700a8e89800000012"
+               "b900b2061d0c334b009f2dd1cdf64b0f9a60e0e289f08db3fde6b0250100000039dd8f88152a5845"
+               "4d9ca9d20f45dfa702e78604000000fbcd7db68b9ae586da00b4070c50320427c4dd3d031e33f22c"
+               "210aeb09010000007000b96d06992b6a58acd3995b9663d20248f333ef467092818aa77d6732b678"
+               "00844ef5a943825fcd743f59bd14c89b955e1a13010000007acbce3e3bcdf3824f1b134847ff26ba"
+               "009a774900000017ec852d59f3d17232edd86ad6c3103a68843a9aef34983882d3d3878501000000"
+               "5e0dfe491d1ba96742c7b5e02b2271220188b02a06d0dc5504b0595daf37deb499996bfb667f072d"
+               "ec1e5d9cdc8a11f4409bcfb30100000099d90a8543961b2ccd47724a3c460ba80383f4c500000063"
+               "eafb1ac4c0982b283aa9986700b2a2b3ed257b8b0489f48f053ec8ca0100000027335a25a364d101"
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+               "c405cbee5016c252000000000000000000000000000000006e4c699341b95f41d9c1e67743efb54e"
+               "d7ac5f9901000000822a272bec4501a1e27acfee7a8588ffd5a06cae000000000000000000000000"
+               "0000000077a47579dda0b6ead1e1b34901eaedd54f1b134803000000449a774929e86716ec852d59"
+               "f3d17232edd86ad6000000000000000000000000000000027dba1ee7e143fd52599364e13468f80f"
+               "40b26f6603000000badfad0fe8fa8f3c1aad2a82530b7447d9c2f401000000000000000000000000"
+               "000000028147507e1cd59ea1ae6da48b1eba6d16dedea2030100000002a1f8e6f5657f3f9e3eb807"
+               "cbad76451055edb800000000000000000000000000000002d9279fb2b8fcbac6abea74f7a6df7979"
+               "672d2fa501000000e276c5661a64192db44ce7af5eb888e9eb37bb04000000000000000000000000"
+               "00000002641e447514ca565fb9b68c08a5e4351e9f3c39f201000000de745cb25851429b3bbfb501"
+               "68dfd04edf6b35420000000000000000000000000000000218f93e742d08f0550b55726f2292362e"
+               "70ccc56700000000a4c73cf5ffa4ffc8a4bab14874afdf54e6aae816000000000000000000000000"
+               "0000000268baf76ab08940f6fc3bbdc7f6090f75f6989d2d000000006ff7add5df2c93e05459507b"
+               "5d8c6a0f466554d200000000000000000000ffff1785d3ffdbd9a617857ae8126b028c0e3e295354"),
+    };
+    const int   TEST_DATA_I      = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const int   addr_family      = (TEST_DATA_I == 0 ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+    const int   IPV6_PREFER_TEMP = (TEST_DATA_I == 2);
+    const guint N_ADDRESSES      = 100;
+    const gsize ELM_SIZE =
+        addr_family == AF_INET ? sizeof(NMPlatformIP4Address) : sizeof(NMPlatformIP6Address);
+    const gboolean DO_REGENERATE = FALSE;
+    const gboolean PRINT_RESULT  = DO_REGENERATE;
+    const gboolean CHECK_RESULT  = !DO_REGENERATE;
+    gs_free guint8 *addresses    = NULL;
+    gs_free guint64 *rand_map    = NULL;
+    gsize            i, j;
+
+#if !defined(__amd64__)
+    /* The test generates a random array of NMPlatformIPXAddress (by crudely randomizing the memory,
+     * not the structures themself) and then compares the sorted result with the expected output.
+     * The sole purpose is to ensure that the sorting order stays stable.
+     *
+     * This only works on an architecture for which the test was made, otherwise
+     * the expected data does not match (due to different layout of the structures
+     * in memory).
+     *
+     * That's fine. Skip the test. */
+    g_test_skip("skip test on non-amd64 architecture");
+    return;
+#endif
+
+    /*
+     * First we create a list of addresses filled with (stable) random bytes.
+     * We tweak some fields explicitly (stable randomly), so that we cover all
+     * relevant cases.
+     *
+     * Then we sort the list of addresses, and compare that the result is
+     * as our EXPECTED_BUFFER.
+     */
+
+    addresses = g_malloc(ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES);
+    rand_map  = g_malloc(sizeof(rand_map[0]) * N_ADDRESSES);
+    nmtst_stable_rand(258829693, addresses, ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES);
+    nmtst_stable_rand(710086081, rand_map, sizeof(rand_map[0]) * N_ADDRESSES);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < N_ADDRESSES; i++) {
+        NMPlatformIPXAddress *a = (gpointer)(&addresses[i * ELM_SIZE]);
+        guint64               r = rand_map[i];
+        struct in6_addr *     a6;
+
+#define CONSUME_BITS(r, nbits)                        \
+    ({                                                \
+        guint64   _r     = (r);                       \
+        const int _nbits = (nbits);                   \
+                                                      \
+        r >>= (_nbits);                               \
+        (_r & (((((guint64) 1u) << (_nbits)) - 1u))); \
+    })
+
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            if (CONSUME_BITS(r, 1)) {
+                /* randomly create a link-local address or not. */
+                g_assert((NM_IPV4LL_NETWORK & ~NM_IPV4LL_NETMASK) == 0);
+                a->a4.address = (a->a4.address & ~NM_IPV4LL_NETMASK) | NM_IPV4LL_NETWORK;
+            }
+        } else {
+            a6 = &a->a6.address;
+            switch (CONSUME_BITS(r, 4)) {
+            case 0:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[1] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[2] = htonl(0xffff);
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(a6));
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[1] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[2] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[3] = htonl(2);
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(a6));
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[1] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[2] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[3] = 0;
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(a6));
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[1] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[2] = 0;
+                a6->s6_addr32[3] = htonl(1);
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(a6));
+                break;
+            case 4:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = (a6->s6_addr32[0] & ~htonl(0xffc00000)) | htonl(0xfe800000);
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(a6));
+                break;
+            case 6:
+                a6->s6_addr32[0] = (a6->s6_addr32[0] & ~htonl(0xffc00000)) | htonl(0xfec00000);
+                g_assert(IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(a6));
+                break;
+            case 7:
+            case 8:
+            case 9:
+            case 10:
+                break;
+            default:
+                memset(a6, 0, sizeof(*a6));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (CONSUME_BITS(r, 5) != 0) {
+            /* randomly make addr-source the same (so that several addresses compare
+             * equal). */
+            a->a4.addr_source = CONSUME_BITS(r, 2);
+        }
+
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            if (CONSUME_BITS(r, 1)) {
+                /* randomly make the label empty or not. */
+                a->a4.label[0] = '\0';
+            }
+        }
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            if (CONSUME_BITS(r, 2) != 0) {
+                /* randomly make the label empty or not. */
+                a->a4.plen = CONSUME_BITS(r, 2);
+            }
+        }
+        if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+            if (CONSUME_BITS(r, 1)) {
+                a->a4.address = (a->a4.address & ~0xFFFFFFu) | (CONSUME_BITS(r, 2) << 24);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_qsort_with_data(addresses,
+                      N_ADDRESSES,
+                      ELM_SIZE,
+                      _address_pretty_sort_cmp,
+                      (gpointer) test_data);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < N_ADDRESSES; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIPXAddress *a = (gconstpointer)(&addresses[i * ELM_SIZE]);
+
+        for (j = i + 1; j < N_ADDRESSES; j++) {
+            const NMPlatformIPXAddress *b = (gconstpointer)(&addresses[j * ELM_SIZE]);
+            int                         c1;
+            int                         c2;
+
+            if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
+                c1 = nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&a->a4, &b->a4);
+                c2 = nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&b->a4, &a->a4);
+            } else {
+                c1 = nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&a->a6, &b->a6, IPV6_PREFER_TEMP);
+                c2 = nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(&b->a6, &a->a6, IPV6_PREFER_TEMP);
+            }
+
+            g_assert_cmpint(c1, >=, -1);
+            g_assert_cmpint(c1, <=, 1);
+            g_assert_cmpint(c1, ==, -c2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (PRINT_RESULT) {
+        g_print("\n        [%d] = (", TEST_DATA_I);
+        for (i = 0; i < ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES;) {
+            if (i > 0)
+                g_print("\n               ");
+            g_print("\"");
+            for (j = 0; j < 40 && i < ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES; j++, i++)
+                g_print("%02x", addresses[i]);
+            g_print("\"");
+        }
+        g_print("),\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (CHECK_RESULT) {
+        gs_free guint8 *bin_arr = NULL;
+        gsize           bin_len;
+
+        bin_arr = nm_utils_hexstr2bin_alloc(EXPECTED_BUFFER[TEST_DATA_I],
+                                            FALSE,
+                                            FALSE,
+                                            NULL,
+                                            0,
+                                            &bin_len);
+
+        if (bin_len != ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES || memcmp(addresses, bin_arr, bin_len) != 0) {
+            char *addresses_str = nm_utils_bin2hexstr(addresses, ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES, -1);
+
+            g_error(">>> test_platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp() will fail:\n"
+                    ">>> addresses[%zu]: %s\n"
+                    ">>> expected [%zu]: %s\n",
+                    ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES,
+                    addresses_str,
+                    bin_len,
+                    EXPECTED_BUFFER[TEST_DATA_I]);
+        }
+
+        g_assert_cmpmem(addresses, ELM_SIZE * N_ADDRESSES, bin_arr, bin_len);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_assert_logging(&argc, &argv, "WARN", "DEFAULT");
+
+    g_test_add_func("/general/init_linux_platform", test_init_linux_platform);
+    g_test_add_func("/general/link_get_all", test_link_get_all);
+    g_test_add_func("/general/nm_platform_link_flags2str", test_nm_platform_link_flags2str);
+    g_test_add_data_func("/general/platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp/4",
+                         GINT_TO_POINTER(0),
+                         test_platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp);
+    g_test_add_data_func("/general/platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp/6/1",
+                         GINT_TO_POINTER(1),
+                         test_platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp);
+    g_test_add_data_func("/general/platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp/6/2",
+                         GINT_TO_POINTER(2),
+                         test_platform_ip_address_pretty_sort_cmp);
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-route.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-route.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47587865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-route.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1926 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "platform/nmp-rules-manager.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+#define DEVICE_IFINDEX NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX
+#define EX             NMTSTP_ENV1_EX
+
+static void
+_wait_for_ipv4_addr_device_route(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                 gint64      timeout_msec,
+                                 int         ifindex,
+                                 in_addr_t   addr,
+                                 guint8      plen)
+{
+    /* Wait that the addresses gets a device-route. After adding a address,
+     * the device route is not added immediately. It takes a moment... */
+
+    addr = nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(addr, plen);
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(400, {
+        NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+        NMPLookup        lookup;
+        const NMPObject *o;
+
+        nmp_cache_iter_for_each (
+            &iter,
+            nm_platform_lookup(platform,
+                               nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, ifindex)),
+            &o) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o);
+
+            if (r->plen == plen && addr == nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(r->network, plen)
+                && r->metric == 0 && r->scope_inv == nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_LINK)
+                && r->rt_source == NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_RTPROT_KERNEL)
+                return;
+        }
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal(platform,
+                                      (nmtst_wait_end_us - g_get_monotonic_time()) / 1000);
+    });
+}
+
+static void
+_wait_for_ipv6_addr_non_tentative(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                  gint64                 timeout_msec,
+                                  int                    ifindex,
+                                  guint                  addr_n,
+                                  const struct in6_addr *addrs)
+{
+    guint i;
+
+    /* Wait that the addresses become non-tentative.  Dummy interfaces are NOARP
+     * and thus don't do DAD, but the kernel sets the address as tentative for a
+     * small amount of time, which prevents the immediate addition of the route
+     * with RTA_PREFSRC */
+
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(timeout_msec, {
+        gboolean                    should_wait = FALSE;
+        const NMPlatformIP6Address *plt_addr;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < addr_n; i++) {
+            plt_addr = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &addrs[i]);
+            if (!plt_addr || NM_FLAGS_HAS(plt_addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE)) {
+                should_wait = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!should_wait)
+            return;
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal(platform,
+                                      (nmtst_wait_end_us - g_get_monotonic_time()) / 1000);
+    });
+}
+
+static void
+ip4_route_callback(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                   int                       obj_type_i,
+                   int                       ifindex,
+                   const NMPlatformIP4Route *received,
+                   int                       change_type_i,
+                   SignalData *              data)
+{
+    const NMPObjectType              obj_type    = obj_type_i;
+    const NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type = change_type_i;
+    NMPObject                        o_id;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *o_id_p = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NULL);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(obj_type, ==, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED);
+
+    /* run code for initializing the ID only */
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id(&o_id, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received));
+    nmp_object_copy(o_id_p, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received), TRUE);
+    nmp_object_copy(o_id_p, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received), FALSE);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->change_type != change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop)
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s' %dth time.", data->name, data->received_count);
+}
+
+static void
+ip6_route_callback(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                   int                       obj_type_i,
+                   int                       ifindex,
+                   const NMPlatformIP6Route *received,
+                   int                       change_type_i,
+                   SignalData *              data)
+{
+    const NMPObjectType              obj_type    = obj_type_i;
+    const NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type = change_type_i;
+    NMPObject                        o_id;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *o_id_p = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, NULL);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(obj_type, ==, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED);
+
+    /* run code for initializing the ID only */
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id(&o_id, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received));
+    nmp_object_copy(o_id_p, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received), TRUE);
+    nmp_object_copy(o_id_p, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(received), FALSE);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->change_type != change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop)
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s' %dth time.", data->name, data->received_count);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip4_route_metric0(void)
+{
+    int         ifindex       = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    SignalData *route_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                         ip4_route_callback);
+    SignalData *route_changed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                           ip4_route_callback);
+    SignalData *route_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                           ip4_route_callback);
+    in_addr_t   network =
+        nmtst_inet4_from_string("192.0.2.5"); /* from 192.0.2.0/24 (TEST-NET-1) (rfc5737) */
+    int plen   = 32;
+    int metric = 22987;
+    int mss    = 1000;
+
+    /* No routes initially */
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* add the first route */
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         INADDR_ANY,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* Deleting route with metric 0 does nothing */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, 0));
+    ensure_no_signal(route_removed);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* add the second route */
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         INADDR_ANY,
+                         0,
+                         0,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* Delete route with metric 0 */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, 0));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* Delete route with metric 0 again (we expect nothing to happen) */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, 0));
+    ensure_no_signal(route_removed);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    /* Delete the other route */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, metric));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, 0, 0);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+
+    free_signal(route_added);
+    free_signal(route_changed);
+    free_signal(route_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip4_route(void)
+{
+    int                ifindex       = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    SignalData *       route_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                         ip4_route_callback);
+    SignalData *       route_changed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                           ip4_route_callback);
+    SignalData *       route_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                           ip4_route_callback);
+    GPtrArray *        routes;
+    NMPlatformIP4Route rts[3];
+    in_addr_t          network;
+    guint8             plen = 24;
+    in_addr_t          gateway;
+    /* Choose a high metric so that we hopefully don't conflict. */
+    int metric = 22986;
+    int mss    = 1000;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.0.3.0", &network);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET, "198.51.100.1", &gateway);
+
+    /* Add route to gateway */
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         gateway,
+                         32,
+                         INADDR_ANY,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    /* Add route */
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         gateway,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    /* Add route again */
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         gateway,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signals(route_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    /* Add default route */
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, 0, 0, metric, 0);
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         0,
+                         0,
+                         gateway,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 1, DEVICE_NAME, 0, 0, metric, 0);
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    /* Add default route again */
+    nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         0,
+                         0,
+                         gateway,
+                         0,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signals(route_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    /* Test route listing */
+    routes = nmtstp_ip4_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    memset(rts, 0, sizeof(rts));
+    rts[0].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[0].network   = gateway;
+    rts[0].plen      = 32;
+    rts[0].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[0].gateway   = INADDR_ANY;
+    rts[0].metric    = metric;
+    rts[0].mss       = mss;
+    rts[0].scope_inv = nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_LINK);
+    rts[1].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[1].network   = network;
+    rts[1].plen      = plen;
+    rts[1].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[1].gateway   = gateway;
+    rts[1].metric    = metric;
+    rts[1].mss       = mss;
+    rts[1].scope_inv = nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+    rts[2].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[2].network   = 0;
+    rts[2].plen      = 0;
+    rts[2].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[2].gateway   = gateway;
+    rts[2].metric    = metric;
+    rts[2].mss       = mss;
+    rts[2].scope_inv = nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes->len, ==, 3);
+    nmtst_platform_ip4_routes_equal_aptr((const NMPObject *const *) routes->pdata,
+                                         rts,
+                                         routes->len,
+                                         TRUE);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(routes);
+
+    /* Remove route */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, metric));
+    nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(NULL, 0, DEVICE_NAME, network, plen, metric, 0);
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    /* Remove route again */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, metric));
+
+    /* Remove default route */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, 0, 0, metric));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    /* Remove route to gateway */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, gateway, 32, metric));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    free_signal(route_added);
+    free_signal(route_changed);
+    free_signal(route_removed);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip6_route(void)
+{
+    int                ifindex       = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    SignalData *       route_added   = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                                         ip6_route_callback);
+    SignalData *       route_changed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                                           ip6_route_callback);
+    SignalData *       route_removed = add_signal(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED,
+                                           ip6_route_callback);
+    GPtrArray *        routes;
+    NMPlatformIP6Route rts[3];
+    struct in6_addr    network;
+    guint8             plen = 64;
+    struct in6_addr    gateway, pref_src;
+    /* Choose a high metric so that we hopefully don't conflict. */
+    const int metric = 22987;
+    int       mss    = 1000;
+
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8:a:b:0:0:0:0", &network);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8:c:d:1:2:3:4", &gateway);
+    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::42", &pref_src);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                         ifindex,
+                                         pref_src,
+                                         128,
+                                         in6addr_any,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                         NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                         0));
+    accept_signals(route_added, 0, 3);
+
+    _wait_for_ipv6_addr_non_tentative(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 200, ifindex, 1, &pref_src);
+
+    /* Add route to gateway */
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         gateway,
+                         128,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signals(route_added, 0, 3);
+
+    /* Add route */
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &network, plen, metric, NULL, 0));
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         gateway,
+                         pref_src,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    g_assert(nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &network, plen, metric, NULL, 0));
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    /* Add route again */
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         network,
+                         plen,
+                         gateway,
+                         pref_src,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signals(route_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    /* Add default route */
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &in6addr_any, 0, metric, NULL, 0));
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         0,
+                         gateway,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    g_assert(nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &in6addr_any, 0, metric, NULL, 0));
+    accept_signal(route_added);
+
+    /* Add default route again */
+    nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                         ifindex,
+                         NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         0,
+                         gateway,
+                         in6addr_any,
+                         metric,
+                         mss);
+    accept_signals(route_changed, 0, 1);
+
+    /* Test route listing */
+    routes = nmtstp_ip6_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex);
+    memset(rts, 0, sizeof(rts));
+    rts[0].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[0].network   = gateway;
+    rts[0].plen      = 128;
+    rts[0].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[0].gateway   = in6addr_any;
+    rts[0].pref_src  = in6addr_any;
+    rts[0].metric    = metric;
+    rts[0].mss       = mss;
+    rts[1].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[1].network   = network;
+    rts[1].plen      = plen;
+    rts[1].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[1].gateway   = gateway;
+    rts[1].pref_src  = pref_src;
+    rts[1].metric    = metric;
+    rts[1].mss       = mss;
+    rts[2].rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER);
+    rts[2].network   = in6addr_any;
+    rts[2].plen      = 0;
+    rts[2].ifindex   = ifindex;
+    rts[2].gateway   = gateway;
+    rts[2].pref_src  = in6addr_any;
+    rts[2].metric    = metric;
+    rts[2].mss       = mss;
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes->len, ==, 3);
+    nmtst_platform_ip6_routes_equal_aptr((const NMPObject *const *) routes->pdata,
+                                         rts,
+                                         routes->len,
+                                         TRUE);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(routes);
+
+    /* Remove route */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, metric));
+    g_assert(!nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, &network, plen, metric, NULL, 0));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    /* Remove route again */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, network, plen, metric));
+
+    /* Remove default route */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, in6addr_any, 0, metric));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    /* Remove route to gateway */
+    g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, gateway, 128, metric));
+    accept_signal(route_removed);
+
+    free_signal(route_added);
+    free_signal(route_changed);
+    free_signal(route_removed);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_ip4_route_get(void)
+{
+    int            ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    in_addr_t      a;
+    int            result;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip route add 1.2.3.0/24 dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 10);
+        if (nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                 ifindex,
+                                 nmtst_inet4_from_string("1.2.3.0"),
+                                 24,
+                                 0,
+                                 0))
+            break;
+    });
+
+    a      = nmtst_inet4_from_string("1.2.3.1");
+    result = nm_platform_ip_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                      AF_INET,
+                                      &a,
+                                      nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2 ? 0 : ifindex,
+                                      &route);
+
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(result));
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(route));
+    g_assert(route->parent._ref_count == 1);
+    r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(route);
+    g_assert(NM_FLAGS_HAS(r->r_rtm_flags, RTM_F_CLONED));
+    g_assert(r->ifindex == ifindex);
+    g_assert(r->network == a);
+    g_assert(r->plen == 32);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip route flush dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip4_zero_gateway(void)
+{
+    int ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip route add 1.2.3.1/32 via 0.0.0.0 dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip route add 1.2.3.2/32 dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 10);
+        if (nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                 ifindex,
+                                 nmtst_inet4_from_string("1.2.3.1"),
+                                 32,
+                                 0,
+                                 0)
+            && nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                    ifindex,
+                                    nmtst_inet4_from_string("1.2.3.2"),
+                                    32,
+                                    0,
+                                    0))
+            break;
+    });
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip route flush dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip4_route_options(gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    const int         TEST_IDX = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const int         IFINDEX  = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes = NULL;
+#define RTS_MAX 3
+    NMPlatformIP4Route   rts_add[RTS_MAX] = {};
+    NMPlatformIP4Route   rts_cmp[RTS_MAX] = {};
+    NMPlatformIP4Address addr[1]          = {};
+    guint                i;
+    guint                rts_n  = 0;
+    guint                addr_n = 0;
+
+    switch (TEST_IDX) {
+    case 1:
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP4Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+            .network   = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.16.1.0"),
+            .plen      = 24,
+            .metric    = 20,
+            .tos       = 0x28,
+            .window    = 10000,
+            .cwnd      = 16,
+            .initcwnd  = 30,
+            .initrwnd  = 50,
+            .mtu       = 1350,
+            .lock_cwnd = TRUE,
+        });
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        addr[addr_n++]   = ((NMPlatformIP4Address){
+            .ifindex      = IFINDEX,
+            .address      = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.16.1.5"),
+            .peer_address = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.16.1.5"),
+            .plen         = 24,
+            .lifetime     = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .preferred    = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .n_ifa_flags  = 0,
+        });
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP4Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+            .network   = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.17.1.0"),
+            .gateway   = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.16.1.1"),
+            .plen      = 24,
+            .metric    = 20,
+        });
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP4Route){
+            .ifindex     = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source   = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+            .network     = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.19.1.0"),
+            .gateway     = nmtst_inet4_from_string("172.18.1.1"),
+            .r_rtm_flags = RTNH_F_ONLINK,
+            .plen        = 24,
+            .metric      = 20,
+        });
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+        break;
+    }
+    g_assert(rts_n <= G_N_ELEMENTS(rts_add));
+    g_assert(addr_n <= G_N_ELEMENTS(addr));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < addr_n; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Address *a = &addr[i];
+
+        g_assert(a->ifindex == IFINDEX);
+        g_assert(nm_platform_ip4_address_add(
+            NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+            a->ifindex,
+            a->address,
+            a->plen,
+            a->peer_address,
+            nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_create(a->address, a->plen),
+            a->lifetime,
+            a->preferred,
+            a->n_ifa_flags,
+            a->label));
+        if (a->peer_address == a->address)
+            _wait_for_ipv4_addr_device_route(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 200, a->ifindex, a->address, a->plen);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++)
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_ip4_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &rts_add[i])));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++) {
+        rts_cmp[i] = rts_add[i];
+        nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(AF_INET, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(&rts_cmp[i]));
+    }
+
+    routes = nmtstp_ip4_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFINDEX);
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes->len, ==, rts_n);
+    nmtst_platform_ip4_routes_equal_aptr((const NMPObject *const *) routes->pdata,
+                                         rts_cmp,
+                                         routes->len,
+                                         TRUE);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++) {
+        g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                  IFINDEX,
+                                                  rts_add[i].network,
+                                                  rts_add[i].plen,
+                                                  rts_add[i].metric));
+    }
+#undef RTS_MAX
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip6_route_get(void)
+{
+    int                    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    const struct in6_addr *a;
+    int                    result;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r;
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -6 route add fd01:abcd::/64 via fe80::99 dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    NMTST_WAIT_ASSERT(100, {
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 10);
+        if (nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                 ifindex,
+                                 nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01:abcd::"),
+                                 64,
+                                 NM_PLATFORM_ROUTE_METRIC_DEFAULT_IP6,
+                                 NULL,
+                                 0))
+            break;
+    });
+
+    a      = nmtst_inet6_from_string("fd01:abcd::42");
+    result = nm_platform_ip_route_get(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                      AF_INET6,
+                                      a,
+                                      nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2 ? 0 : ifindex,
+                                      &route);
+
+    g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(result));
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(route));
+    g_assert(route->parent._ref_count == 1);
+    r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(route);
+    g_assert(r->ifindex == ifindex);
+    nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&r->network, "fd01:abcd::42");
+    g_assert_cmpint(r->plen, ==, 128);
+    nmtst_assert_ip6_address(&r->gateway, "fe80::99");
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -6 route flush dev %s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 50);
+}
+
+static void
+test_ip6_route_options(gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    const int         TEST_IDX = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const int         IFINDEX  = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes = NULL;
+#define RTS_MAX 3
+    NMPlatformIP6Route   rts_add[RTS_MAX]             = {};
+    NMPlatformIP6Route   rts_cmp[RTS_MAX]             = {};
+    NMPlatformIP6Address addr[1]                      = {};
+    struct in6_addr      addr_in6[G_N_ELEMENTS(addr)] = {};
+    guint                rts_n                        = 0;
+    guint                addr_n                       = 0;
+    guint                i;
+
+    switch (TEST_IDX) {
+    case 1:
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+            .network   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2001:db8:a:b:0:0:0:0"),
+            .plen      = 64,
+            .gateway   = in6addr_any,
+            .metric    = 1024,
+            .window    = 20000,
+            .cwnd      = 8,
+            .initcwnd  = 22,
+            .initrwnd  = 33,
+            .mtu       = 1300,
+            .lock_mtu  = TRUE,
+        });
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        addr[addr_n++]   = ((NMPlatformIP6Address){
+            .ifindex      = IFINDEX,
+            .address      = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2000::2"),
+            .plen         = 128,
+            .peer_address = in6addr_any,
+            .lifetime     = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .preferred    = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .n_ifa_flags  = 0,
+        });
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER,
+            .network   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("1010::1"),
+            .plen      = 128,
+            .gateway   = in6addr_any,
+            .metric    = 256,
+            .pref_src  = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2000::2"),
+        });
+        break;
+    case 3:
+        addr[addr_n++]   = ((NMPlatformIP6Address){
+            .ifindex      = IFINDEX,
+            .address      = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2001:db8:8086::5"),
+            .plen         = 128,
+            .peer_address = in6addr_any,
+            .lifetime     = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .preferred    = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+            .n_ifa_flags  = 0,
+        });
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER),
+            .network   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2001:db8:8086::"),
+            .plen      = 110,
+            .metric    = 10021,
+            .mss       = 0,
+        });
+        rts_add[rts_n++] = ((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+            .ifindex   = IFINDEX,
+            .rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER),
+            .network   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2001:db8:abad:c0de::"),
+            .plen      = 64,
+            .gateway   = *nmtst_inet6_from_string("2001:db8:8086::1"),
+            .metric    = 21,
+            .mss       = 0,
+        });
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+    g_assert(rts_n <= G_N_ELEMENTS(rts_add));
+    g_assert(addr_n <= G_N_ELEMENTS(addr));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < addr_n; i++) {
+        g_assert(addr[i].ifindex == IFINDEX);
+        addr_in6[i] = addr[i].address;
+        g_assert(nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                             IFINDEX,
+                                             addr[i].address,
+                                             addr[i].plen,
+                                             addr[i].peer_address,
+                                             addr[i].lifetime,
+                                             addr[i].preferred,
+                                             addr[i].n_ifa_flags));
+    }
+    _wait_for_ipv6_addr_non_tentative(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 400, IFINDEX, addr_n, addr_in6);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++)
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_ip6_route_add(NM_PLATFORM_GET, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &rts_add[i])));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++) {
+        rts_cmp[i] = rts_add[i];
+        nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(AF_INET6, NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(&rts_cmp[i]));
+    }
+
+    routes = nmtstp_ip6_route_get_all(NM_PLATFORM_GET, IFINDEX);
+    g_assert_cmpint(routes->len, ==, rts_n);
+    nmtst_platform_ip6_routes_equal_aptr((const NMPObject *const *) routes->pdata,
+                                         rts_cmp,
+                                         routes->len,
+                                         TRUE);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < rts_n; i++) {
+        g_assert(nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                                  IFINDEX,
+                                                  rts_add[i].network,
+                                                  rts_add[i].plen,
+                                                  rts_add[i].metric));
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < addr_n; i++) {
+        nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NM_PLATFORM_GET, EX, IFINDEX, rts_add[i].network, rts_add[i].plen);
+    }
+#undef RTS_MAX
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+test_ip(gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    const int             TEST_IDX = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const int             IFINDEX  = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    guint                 i, j, k;
+    const NMPlatformLink *l;
+    char                  ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    char                  ifname2[IFNAMSIZ];
+    char                  s1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    NMPlatform *          platform = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    const int             EX_      = -1;
+    struct {
+        int ifindex;
+    } iface_data[10] = {
+        {0},
+    };
+    int   order_idx[G_N_ELEMENTS(iface_data)] = {0};
+    guint order_len;
+    guint try;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(iface_data); i++) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(ifname, "v%02u", i);
+        nm_sprintf_buf(ifname2, "w%02u", i);
+
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, ifname));
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, ifname2));
+        l                     = nmtstp_link_veth_add(platform, EX_, ifname, ifname2);
+        iface_data[i].ifindex = l->ifindex;
+
+        nmtstp_link_set_updown(platform, EX_, iface_data[i].ifindex, TRUE);
+        nmtstp_link_set_updown(platform,
+                               EX_,
+                               nmtstp_link_get(platform, -1, ifname2)->ifindex,
+                               TRUE);
+
+        nm_sprintf_buf(s1, "192.168.7.%d", 100 + i);
+        nmtstp_ip4_address_add(platform,
+                               EX_,
+                               iface_data[i].ifindex,
+                               nmtst_inet4_from_string(s1),
+                               24,
+                               nmtst_inet4_from_string(s1),
+                               3600,
+                               3600,
+                               0,
+                               NULL);
+    }
+
+    order_len = 0;
+    for (try = 0; try < 5 * G_N_ELEMENTS(order_idx); try++) {
+        NMPObject                    o;
+        NMPlatformIP4Route *         r;
+        guint                        idx;
+        const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+        NMPLookup                    lookup;
+
+        nmp_object_stackinit(&o, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NULL);
+        r          = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(&o);
+        r->network = nmtst_inet4_from_string("192.168.9.0");
+        r->plen    = 24;
+        r->metric  = 109;
+
+        if (order_len == 0
+            || (order_len < G_N_ELEMENTS(order_idx) && nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2)) {
+again_find_idx:
+            idx = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % G_N_ELEMENTS(iface_data);
+            for (i = 0; i < order_len; i++) {
+                if (order_idx[i] == idx)
+                    goto again_find_idx;
+            }
+            order_idx[order_len++] = idx;
+
+            r->ifindex = iface_data[idx].ifindex;
+            g_assert(
+                NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_ip4_route_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND, r)));
+        } else {
+            i   = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % order_len;
+            idx = order_idx[i];
+            for (i++; i < order_len; i++)
+                order_idx[i - 1] = order_idx[i];
+            order_len--;
+
+            r->ifindex = iface_data[idx].ifindex;
+            g_assert(nm_platform_object_delete(platform, &o));
+        }
+
+        head_entry =
+            nm_platform_lookup(platform,
+                               nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE));
+        for (j = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(iface_data); j++) {
+            gboolean         has;
+            NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+            const NMPObject *o_cached;
+
+            has = FALSE;
+            for (k = 0; k < order_len; k++) {
+                if (order_idx[k] == j) {
+                    g_assert(!has);
+                    has = TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+
+            nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o_cached) {
+                const NMPlatformIP4Route *r_cached = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o_cached);
+
+                if (r_cached->ifindex != iface_data[j].ifindex || r_cached->metric != 109)
+                    continue;
+
+                g_assert(has);
+                has = FALSE;
+            }
+            g_assert(!has);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(iface_data); i++)
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_delete(platform, iface_data[i].ifindex));
+
+    (void) TEST_IDX;
+    (void) IFINDEX;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP   13
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN 14
+#define FRA_L3MDEV             19
+#define FRA_UID_RANGE          20
+#define FRA_PROTOCOL           21
+#define FRA_IP_PROTO           22
+#define FRA_SPORT_RANGE        23
+#define FRA_DPORT_RANGE        24
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_rule_find_by_priority(NMPlatform *platform, guint32 priority)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMPObject *            o;
+    const NMPObject *            obj = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o)->priority != priority)
+            continue;
+        g_assert(!obj);
+        obj = o;
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_rule_check_kernel_support_one(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *rr)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                             r;
+
+    g_assert(!_rule_find_by_priority(platform, rr->priority));
+
+    r = nm_platform_routing_rule_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, rr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_ref(_rule_find_by_priority(platform, rr->priority));
+    g_assert(obj);
+
+    r = nm_platform_object_delete(platform, obj);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, TRUE);
+
+    g_assert(!_rule_find_by_priority(platform, rr->priority));
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_rule_check_kernel_support(NMPlatform *platform, int attribute)
+{
+    static int support[] = {
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP]   = 0,
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN] = 0,
+        [FRA_L3MDEV]             = 0,
+        [FRA_UID_RANGE]          = 0,
+        [FRA_PROTOCOL]           = 0,
+        [FRA_IP_PROTO]           = 0,
+        [FRA_SPORT_RANGE]        = 0,
+        [FRA_DPORT_RANGE]        = 0,
+    };
+    const guint32 PROBE_PRORITY = 12033;
+    gboolean      sup;
+    int           i;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+
+    if (attribute == -1) {
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(support); i++) {
+            if (support[i] < 0) {
+                /* indicate that some test was skipped. */
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(attribute >= 0 && attribute < G_N_ELEMENTS(support));
+
+    if (support[attribute] != 0)
+        return support[attribute] >= 0;
+
+    switch (attribute) {
+    case FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family              = AF_INET,
+            .priority                 = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .suppress_ifgroup_inverse = ~((guint32) 1245),
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->suppress_prefixlen_inverse
+              == rr.suppress_ifgroup_inverse;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family                = AF_INET,
+            .priority                   = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .suppress_prefixlen_inverse = ~((guint32) 1245),
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->suppress_prefixlen_inverse
+              == rr.suppress_prefixlen_inverse;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_L3MDEV:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family = AF_INET,
+            .priority    = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .l3mdev      = TRUE,
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->l3mdev != 0;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_UID_RANGE:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family = AF_INET,
+            .priority    = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .uid_range =
+                {
+                    .start = 0,
+                    .end   = 0,
+                },
+            .uid_range_has = TRUE,
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->uid_range_has;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_PROTOCOL:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family = AF_INET,
+            .priority    = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .protocol    = 30,
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->protocol == 30;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_IP_PROTO:
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+        const NMPlatformRoutingRule     rr  = {
+            .addr_family = AF_INET,
+            .priority    = PROBE_PRORITY,
+            .ip_proto    = 30,
+        };
+
+        obj = _rule_check_kernel_support_one(platform, &rr);
+
+        sup = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->ip_proto == 30;
+        break;
+    }
+    case FRA_SPORT_RANGE:
+    case FRA_DPORT_RANGE:
+        /* these were added at the same time as FRA_IP_PROTO. */
+        sup = _rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_IP_PROTO);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    support[attribute] = sup ? 1 : -1;
+
+    _LOGD("kernel support for routing rule attribute #%d %s",
+          attribute,
+          sup ? "detected" : "not detected");
+    return sup;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_platform_has_routing_rule(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPObject *o;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platform));
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+    g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+
+    o = nm_platform_lookup_obj(platform, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, obj);
+    if (o)
+        g_assert(nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj),
+                                              NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o),
+                                              NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+                 == 0);
+
+    return o;
+}
+
+static guint32
+_rr_rand_choose_u32(guint32 p)
+{
+    /* mostly, we just return zero. We want that each rule only has few
+     * fields set -- having most fields at zero. */
+    if ((p % 10000u) < 7500u)
+        return 0;
+
+    /* give 0xFFFFFFFFu extra probability. */
+    if ((p % 10000u) < 8250u)
+        return 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+
+    /* choose a small number. */
+    if ((p % 10000u) < 9125u)
+        return (~p) % 10;
+
+    /* finally, full random number. */
+    return ~p;
+}
+
+#define _rr_rand_choose_u8(p) ((guint8) _rr_rand_choose_u32((p)))
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_rule_create_random(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMPObject *            obj;
+    NMPlatformRoutingRule *rr;
+    guint32                p;
+    int                    addr_size;
+    guint                  i;
+    char                   saddr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    static struct {
+        guint32 uid;
+        guint32 euid;
+        bool    initialized;
+    } uids;
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(!uids.initialized)) {
+        uids.uid         = getuid();
+        uids.euid        = geteuid();
+        uids.initialized = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, NULL);
+    rr  = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj);
+
+    rr->addr_family = nmtst_rand_select(AF_INET, AF_INET6);
+
+    addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(rr->addr_family);
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 50)
+        rr->priority = 10000 + ((~p) % 20u);
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 40)
+        nm_sprintf_buf(rr->iifname, "t-iif-%u", (~p) % 20);
+    else if ((p % 1000u) < 80)
+        nm_sprintf_buf(rr->iifname, "%s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 40)
+        nm_sprintf_buf(rr->oifname, "t-oif-%d", (~p) % 20);
+    else if ((p % 1000u) < 80)
+        nm_sprintf_buf(rr->oifname, "%s", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        NMIPAddr *p_addr = i ? &rr->src : &rr->dst;
+        guint8 *  p_len  = i ? &rr->src_len : &rr->dst_len;
+
+        p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+        if ((p % 1000u) < 100) {
+            /* if we set src_len/dst_len to zero, the src/dst is actually ignored.
+             *
+             * For fuzzying, still set the address. It shall have no further effect.
+             * */
+            *p_len = (~p) % (addr_size * 8 + 1);
+            p      = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+            if ((p % 3u) == 0) {
+                if (rr->addr_family == AF_INET)
+                    p_addr->addr4 =
+                        nmtst_inet4_from_string(nm_sprintf_buf(saddr, "192.192.5.%u", (~p) % 256u));
+                else
+                    p_addr->addr6 = *nmtst_inet6_from_string(
+                        nm_sprintf_buf(saddr, "1:2:3:4::f:%02x", (~p) % 256u));
+            } else if ((p % 3u) == 1)
+                nmtst_rand_buf(NULL, p_addr, addr_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 50)
+        rr->tun_id = 10000 + ((~p) % 20);
+
+again_action:
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 500)
+        rr->action = FR_ACT_UNSPEC;
+    else if ((p % 1000u) < 750)
+        rr->action = (~p) % 12u;
+    else
+        rr->action = (~p) % 0x100u;
+
+    rr->priority = _rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    if (rr->action == FR_ACT_GOTO && rr->priority == G_MAXINT32)
+        goto again_action;
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 10000u) < 100)
+        rr->goto_target = rr->priority + 1;
+    else
+        rr->goto_target = _rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+    if (rr->action == FR_ACT_GOTO && rr->goto_target <= rr->priority)
+        goto again_action;
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+    if ((p % 1000u) < 25) {
+        if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_L3MDEV)) {
+            rr->l3mdev = TRUE;
+            rr->table  = RT_TABLE_UNSPEC;
+        }
+    }
+
+again_table:
+    if (!rr->l3mdev) {
+        p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+        if ((p % 1000u) < 700)
+            rr->table = RT_TABLE_UNSPEC;
+        else if ((p % 1000u) < 850)
+            rr->table = RT_TABLE_MAIN;
+        else
+            rr->table = 10000 + ((~p) % 10);
+        if (rr->action == FR_ACT_TO_TBL && rr->table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC)
+            goto again_table;
+    }
+
+    rr->fwmark = _rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+    rr->fwmask = _rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    rr->flow = _rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_PROTOCOL))
+        rr->protocol = _rr_rand_choose_u8(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+#define IPTOS_TOS_MASK 0x1E
+
+again_tos:
+    rr->tos = _rr_rand_choose_u8(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+    if (rr->addr_family == AF_INET && rr->tos & ~IPTOS_TOS_MASK)
+        goto again_tos;
+
+    if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_IP_PROTO))
+        rr->ip_proto = _rr_rand_choose_u8(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN))
+        rr->suppress_prefixlen_inverse = ~_rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP))
+        rr->suppress_ifgroup_inverse = ~_rr_rand_choose_u32(nmtst_get_rand_uint32());
+
+    if (_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+        p                 = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+        rr->uid_range_has = (p % 10000u) < 200;
+    }
+
+again_uid_range:
+    rr->uid_range.start = nmtst_rand_select(0u, uids.uid, uids.euid);
+    rr->uid_range.end   = nmtst_rand_select(0u, uids.uid, uids.euid);
+    if (rr->uid_range_has) {
+        if (rr->uid_range.end < rr->uid_range.start)
+            NM_SWAP(&rr->uid_range.start, &rr->uid_range.end);
+        if (rr->uid_range.start == ((guint32) -1) || rr->uid_range.end == ((guint32) -1))
+            goto again_uid_range;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        NMFibRulePortRange *range     = i ? &rr->sport_range : &rr->dport_range;
+        int                 attribute = i ? FRA_SPORT_RANGE : FRA_DPORT_RANGE;
+
+        if (!_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, attribute))
+            continue;
+
+        p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+        if ((p % 10000u) < 300) {
+            while (range->start == 0) {
+                p            = p ^ nmtst_get_rand_uint32();
+                range->start = nmtst_rand_select(1u, 0xFFFEu, ((p) % 0xFFFEu) + 1);
+                range->end =
+                    nmtst_rand_select(1u, 0xFFFEu, ((p >> 16) % 0xFFFEu) + 1, range->start);
+                if (range->end < range->start)
+                    NM_SWAP(&range->start, &range->end);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    p = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 1000u;
+    if (p < 100)
+        rr->flags |= FIB_RULE_INVERT;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_rule_fuzzy_equal(const NMPObject *obj, const NMPObject *obj_comp, int op_type)
+{
+    const NMPlatformRoutingRule *rr    = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj);
+    NMPlatformRoutingRule        rr_co = *NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_comp);
+
+    switch (op_type) {
+    case RTM_NEWRULE:
+        /* when adding rules with RTM_NEWRULE, kernel checks whether an existing
+         * rule already exists and may fail with EEXIST. This check has issues
+         * and reject legitimate rules (rh#1686075).
+         *
+         * Work around that. */
+        if (rr->src_len == 0)
+            rr_co.src_len = 0;
+        if (rr->dst_len == 0)
+            rr_co.dst_len = 0;
+        if (rr->flow == 0)
+            rr_co.flow = 0;
+        if (rr->tos == 0)
+            rr_co.tos = 0;
+        rr_co.suppress_prefixlen_inverse = rr->suppress_prefixlen_inverse;
+        rr_co.suppress_ifgroup_inverse   = rr->suppress_ifgroup_inverse;
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(rr->flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT))
+            rr_co.flags &= ~((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+        else
+            rr_co.flags |= ((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+        break;
+    case RTM_DELRULE:
+        /* when deleting a rule with RTM_DELRULE, kernel tries to find the
+         * candidate to delete. It might delete the wrong rule (rh#1685816). */
+        if (rr->action == FR_ACT_UNSPEC)
+            rr_co.action = FR_ACT_UNSPEC;
+        if (rr->iifname[0] == '\0')
+            rr_co.iifname[0] = '\0';
+        if (rr->oifname[0] == '\0')
+            rr_co.oifname[0] = '\0';
+        if (rr->src_len == 0)
+            rr_co.src_len = 0;
+        if (rr->dst_len == 0)
+            rr_co.dst_len = 0;
+        if (rr->tun_id == 0)
+            rr_co.tun_id = 0;
+        if (rr->fwmark == 0)
+            rr_co.fwmark = 0;
+        if (rr->fwmask == 0)
+            rr_co.fwmask = 0;
+        if (rr->flow == 0)
+            rr_co.flow = 0;
+        if (rr->protocol == 0)
+            rr_co.protocol = 0;
+        if (rr->table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC)
+            rr_co.table = RT_TABLE_UNSPEC;
+        if (rr->l3mdev == 0)
+            rr_co.l3mdev = 0;
+        if (rr->tos == 0)
+            rr_co.tos = 0;
+        if (rr->ip_proto == 0)
+            rr_co.ip_proto = 0;
+        rr_co.suppress_prefixlen_inverse = rr->suppress_prefixlen_inverse;
+        if (rr->suppress_ifgroup_inverse == 0)
+            rr_co.suppress_ifgroup_inverse = 0;
+        if (!rr->uid_range_has)
+            rr_co.uid_range_has = FALSE;
+        if (rr->sport_range.start == 0 && rr->sport_range.end == 0) {
+            rr_co.sport_range.start = 0;
+            rr_co.sport_range.end   = 0;
+        }
+        if (rr->dport_range.start == 0 && rr->dport_range.end == 0) {
+            rr_co.dport_range.start = 0;
+            rr_co.dport_range.end   = 0;
+        }
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(rr->flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT))
+            rr_co.flags &= ~((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+        else
+            rr_co.flags |= ((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(rr, &rr_co, NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID) == 0;
+}
+
+static void
+test_rule(gconstpointer test_data)
+{
+    const int         TEST_IDX                = GPOINTER_TO_INT(test_data);
+    const gboolean    TEST_SYNC               = (TEST_IDX == 4);
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs         = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs_initial = NULL;
+    NMPlatform *                 platform     = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    guint                        i, j, n;
+    int                          r;
+    gboolean                     had_an_issue_exist = FALSE;
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    objs_initial = nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all(platform, AF_UNSPEC);
+    g_assert(objs_initial);
+    g_assert_cmpint(objs_initial->len, ==, 5);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("ip rule add table 766");
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    for (i = 6; i > 0; i--) {
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs_extern = NULL;
+        const NMPObject *            obj;
+
+        objs_extern = nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_all(platform, AF_UNSPEC);
+
+        g_assert(objs_extern);
+        g_assert_cmpint(objs_extern->len, ==, i);
+
+        if (TEST_IDX != 1)
+            nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, objs_extern->pdata, NULL, sizeof(gpointer), objs_extern->len);
+
+        obj = objs_extern->pdata[0];
+
+        r = nm_platform_object_delete(platform, obj);
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, TRUE);
+
+        g_assert(!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj));
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC), ==, 0);
+
+#define RR(...)                                  \
+    nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, \
+                   (const NMPlatformObject *) &((NMPlatformRoutingRule){__VA_ARGS__}))
+
+    objs = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET, .priority = 10, ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(
+        objs,
+        RR(.addr_family = AF_INET, .priority = 400, .action = FR_ACT_GOTO, .goto_target = 10000, ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET6, ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs,
+                    RR(.addr_family = AF_INET6, .action = FR_ACT_TO_TBL, .table = RT_TABLE_MAIN, ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET6, .priority = 30, ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET6, .priority = 50, .iifname = "t-iif-1", ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET6, .priority = 50, .iifname = "t-oif-1", ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET, .priority = 50, .iifname = "t-oif-2", ));
+
+    g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET, .priority = 51, .iifname = DEVICE_NAME, ));
+
+    if (TEST_IDX == 1) {
+        g_ptr_array_add(objs, RR(.addr_family = AF_INET, .table = 10000, ));
+    }
+
+    if (TEST_IDX != 1) {
+        nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, objs->pdata, NULL, sizeof(gpointer), objs->len);
+        g_ptr_array_set_size(objs, nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (objs->len + 1));
+    }
+
+    n = (TEST_IDX != 1) ? nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 50u : 0u;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *o   = NULL;
+        guint                           try = 0;
+
+again:
+        o = _rule_create_random(platform);
+        for (j = 0; j < objs->len; j++) {
+            if (nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o),
+                                             NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs->pdata[j]),
+                                             NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID)
+                == 0) {
+                try++;
+                g_assert(try < 200);
+                nm_clear_pointer(&o, nmp_object_unref);
+                goto again;
+            }
+        }
+        g_ptr_array_add(objs, (gpointer) g_steal_pointer(&o));
+    }
+
+    if (TEST_IDX != 1)
+        nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, objs->pdata, NULL, sizeof(gpointer), objs->len);
+
+    if (TEST_SYNC) {
+        gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *unique_priorities = g_hash_table_new(NULL, NULL);
+        nm_auto_unref_rules_manager NMPRulesManager *rules_manager =
+            nmp_rules_manager_new(platform);
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *objs_sync  = NULL;
+        gconstpointer                USER_TAG_1 = &platform;
+        gconstpointer                USER_TAG_2 = &unique_priorities;
+
+        objs_sync = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+        /* ensure that priorities are unique. Otherwise, it confuses the test, because
+         * kernel may wrongly be unable to add/delete routes based on a wrong match
+         * (rh#1685816, rh#1685816). */
+        for (i = 0; i < objs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *obj  = objs->pdata[i];
+            guint32          prio = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->priority;
+
+            if (!NM_IN_SET(prio, 0, 32766, 32767)
+                && !g_hash_table_contains(unique_priorities, GUINT_TO_POINTER(prio))) {
+                g_hash_table_add(unique_priorities, GUINT_TO_POINTER(prio));
+                g_ptr_array_add(objs_sync, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(obj));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < objs_sync->len; i++) {
+            nmp_rules_manager_track(rules_manager,
+                                    NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                    1,
+                                    USER_TAG_1,
+                                    NULL);
+            if (nmtst_get_rand_bool()) {
+                /* this has no effect, because a negative priority (of same absolute value)
+                 * has lower priority than the positive priority above. */
+                nmp_rules_manager_track(rules_manager,
+                                        NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                        -1,
+                                        USER_TAG_2,
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+            if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % objs_sync->len == 0) {
+                nmp_rules_manager_sync(rules_manager, FALSE);
+                g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                                ==,
+                                i + 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        nmp_rules_manager_sync(rules_manager, FALSE);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                        ==,
+                        objs_sync->len);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < objs_sync->len; i++) {
+            switch (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 3) {
+            case 0:
+                nmp_rules_manager_untrack(rules_manager,
+                                          NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                          USER_TAG_1);
+                nmp_rules_manager_untrack(rules_manager,
+                                          NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                          USER_TAG_1);
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                nmp_rules_manager_track(rules_manager,
+                                        NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                        -1,
+                                        USER_TAG_1,
+                                        NULL);
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                nmp_rules_manager_track(rules_manager,
+                                        NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(objs_sync->pdata[i]),
+                                        -2,
+                                        USER_TAG_2,
+                                        NULL);
+                break;
+            }
+            if (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % objs_sync->len == 0) {
+                nmp_rules_manager_sync(rules_manager, FALSE);
+                g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                                ==,
+                                objs_sync->len - i - 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        nmp_rules_manager_sync(rules_manager, FALSE);
+
+    } else {
+        for (i = 0; i < objs->len;) {
+            const NMPObject *obj = objs->pdata[i];
+
+            for (j = 0; j < objs->len; j++)
+                g_assert((j < i) == (!!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, objs->pdata[j])));
+
+            r = nm_platform_routing_rule_add(platform,
+                                             NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD,
+                                             NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj));
+
+            if (r == -EEXIST) {
+                g_assert(!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj));
+                /* this should not happen, but there are bugs in kernel (rh#1686075). */
+                for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+                    const NMPObject *obj2 = objs->pdata[j];
+
+                    g_assert(_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj2));
+
+                    if (_rule_fuzzy_equal(obj, obj2, RTM_NEWRULE)) {
+                        r = 0;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r == 0) {
+                    /* OK, the rule is shadowed by another rule, and kernel does not allow
+                     * us to add this one (rh#1686075). Drop this from the test. */
+                    g_ptr_array_remove_index(objs, i);
+                    had_an_issue_exist = TRUE;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (r != 0) {
+                NMPLookup                    lookup;
+                const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+                NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+                const NMPObject *            o;
+
+                g_print(">>> failing... errno=%d, rule=%s\n",
+                        r,
+                        nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+
+                nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+                head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup);
+                nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &o) {
+                    char ch = ' ';
+
+                    if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o)->addr_family
+                            == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->addr_family
+                        && NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(o)->priority
+                               == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj)->priority)
+                        ch = '*';
+                    g_print(">>> existing rule: %c %s\n",
+                            ch,
+                            nmp_object_to_string(o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+                }
+
+                nmtstp_run_command_check("ip rule");
+                nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -6 rule");
+                g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+            }
+
+            g_assert(_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj));
+
+            g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                            ==,
+                            i + 1);
+
+            i++;
+        }
+
+        if (TEST_IDX != 1)
+            nmtst_rand_perm(NULL, objs->pdata, NULL, sizeof(gpointer), objs->len);
+
+        if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip rule");
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip -6 rule");
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < objs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *obj = objs->pdata[i];
+            const NMPObject *obj2;
+
+            for (j = 0; j < objs->len; j++)
+                g_assert((j < i) == (!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, objs->pdata[j])));
+
+            g_assert(_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj));
+
+            r = nm_platform_object_delete(platform, obj);
+            g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, TRUE);
+
+            obj2 = _platform_has_routing_rule(platform, obj);
+
+            if (obj2) {
+                guint k;
+
+                /* When deleting a rule, kernel does a fuzzy match, ignoring for example:
+                 *  - action, if it is FR_ACT_UNSPEC
+                 *  - iifname,oifname if it is unspecified
+                 * rh#1685816
+                 *
+                 * That means, we may have deleted the wrong rule. Which one? */
+                k = i;
+                for (j = i + 1; j < objs->len; j++) {
+                    if (!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, objs->pdata[j])) {
+                        g_assert_cmpint(k, ==, i);
+                        k = j;
+                    }
+                }
+                g_assert_cmpint(k, >, i);
+
+                if (!_rule_fuzzy_equal(obj, objs->pdata[k], RTM_DELRULE)) {
+                    g_print(">>> failing...\n");
+                    g_print(">>> no fuzzy match between: %s\n",
+                            nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+                    g_print(
+                        ">>>                    and: %s\n",
+                        nmp_object_to_string(objs->pdata[k], NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+                    g_assert_not_reached();
+                }
+
+                objs->pdata[i] = objs->pdata[k];
+                objs->pdata[k] = (gpointer) obj;
+                obj2           = NULL;
+            }
+
+            g_assert(!obj2);
+
+            g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                            ==,
+                            objs->len - i - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC), ==, 0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < objs_initial->len; i++) {
+        const NMPObject *obj = objs_initial->pdata[i];
+
+        for (j = 0; j < objs_initial->len; j++)
+            g_assert((j < i) == (!!_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, objs_initial->pdata[j])));
+
+        r = nm_platform_routing_rule_add(platform,
+                                         NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD,
+                                         NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj));
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    }
+    for (j = 0; j < objs_initial->len; j++)
+        g_assert(_platform_has_routing_rule(platform, objs_initial->pdata[j]));
+    g_assert_cmpint(nmtstp_platform_routing_rules_get_count(platform, AF_UNSPEC),
+                    ==,
+                    objs_initial->len);
+
+    /* the tests passed as good as we could (as good as we implemented workarounds for them).
+     * Still, with this kernel, not all features were fully tested. Mark the test as skipped. */
+    if (had_an_issue_exist)
+        g_test_skip("adding a rule failed with EEXIST although it should not (rh#1686075)");
+    else if (!_rule_check_kernel_support(platform, -1))
+        g_test_skip("some kernel features were not available and skipped for the test");
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func = SETUP;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(argc, argv, NULL, "ALL");
+}
+
+void
+_nmtstp_setup_tests(void)
+{
+#define add_test_func(testpath, test_func) nmtstp_env1_add_test_func(testpath, test_func, TRUE)
+#define add_test_func_data(testpath, test_func, arg) \
+    nmtstp_env1_add_test_func_data(testpath, test_func, arg, TRUE)
+    add_test_func("/route/ip4", test_ip4_route);
+    add_test_func("/route/ip6", test_ip6_route);
+    add_test_func("/route/ip4_metric0", test_ip4_route_metric0);
+    add_test_func_data("/route/ip4_options/1", test_ip4_route_options, GINT_TO_POINTER(1));
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        add_test_func_data("/route/ip4_options/2", test_ip4_route_options, GINT_TO_POINTER(2));
+    add_test_func_data("/route/ip6_options/1", test_ip6_route_options, GINT_TO_POINTER(1));
+    add_test_func_data("/route/ip6_options/2", test_ip6_route_options, GINT_TO_POINTER(2));
+    add_test_func_data("/route/ip6_options/3", test_ip6_route_options, GINT_TO_POINTER(3));
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        add_test_func_data("/route/ip/1", test_ip, GINT_TO_POINTER(1));
+        add_test_func("/route/ip4_route_get", test_ip4_route_get);
+        add_test_func("/route/ip6_route_get", test_ip6_route_get);
+        add_test_func("/route/ip4_zero_gateway", test_ip4_zero_gateway);
+    }
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        add_test_func_data("/route/rule/1", test_rule, GINT_TO_POINTER(1));
+        add_test_func_data("/route/rule/2", test_rule, GINT_TO_POINTER(2));
+        add_test_func_data("/route/rule/3", test_rule, GINT_TO_POINTER(3));
+        add_test_func_data("/route/rule/4", test_rule, GINT_TO_POINTER(4));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-tc.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-tc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d15c3d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-tc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include <linux/pkt_sched.h>
+
+#include "nm-test-utils-core.h"
+#include "platform/nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+static NMPObject *
+qdisc_new(int ifindex, const char *kind, guint32 parent)
+{
+    NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj        = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, NULL);
+    obj->qdisc = (NMPlatformQdisc){
+        .ifindex = ifindex,
+        .kind    = kind,
+        .parent  = parent,
+    };
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static GPtrArray *
+qdiscs_lookup(int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    return nm_platform_lookup_clone(NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+                                    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, ifindex),
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+test_qdisc1(void)
+{
+    int               ifindex;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *known = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat  = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj;
+    NMPlatformQdisc *            qdisc;
+
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command("tc qdisc del dev %s root", DEVICE_NAME);
+    nmtstp_run_command_check("tc qdisc add dev %s root sfq", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 0);
+
+    known = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, qdisc_new(ifindex, "fq_codel", TC_H_ROOT));
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, qdisc_new(ifindex, "ingress", TC_H_INGRESS));
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, known));
+    plat = qdiscs_lookup(ifindex);
+    g_assert(plat);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plat->len, ==, 2);
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[0];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_ROOT);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "fq_codel");
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[1];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_INGRESS);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "ingress");
+}
+
+static void
+test_qdisc_fq_codel(void)
+{
+    int               ifindex;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *known = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat  = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj;
+    NMPlatformQdisc *            qdisc;
+
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command("tc qdisc del dev %s root", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 0);
+
+    known                       = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    obj                         = qdisc_new(ifindex, "fq_codel", TC_H_ROOT);
+    obj->qdisc.handle           = TC_H_MAKE(0x8142 << 16, 0);
+    obj->qdisc.fq_codel.limit   = 2048;
+    obj->qdisc.fq_codel.flows   = 64;
+    obj->qdisc.fq_codel.quantum = 1000;
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, obj);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, known));
+    plat = qdiscs_lookup(ifindex);
+    g_assert(plat);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plat->len, ==, 1);
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[0];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "fq_codel");
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->handle, ==, TC_H_MAKE(0x8142 << 16, 0));
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_ROOT);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->fq_codel.limit, ==, 2048);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->fq_codel.flows, ==, 64);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->fq_codel.quantum, ==, 1000);
+}
+
+static void
+test_qdisc_sfq(void)
+{
+    int               ifindex;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *known = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat  = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj;
+    NMPlatformQdisc *            qdisc;
+
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command("tc qdisc del dev %s root", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 0);
+
+    known             = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    obj               = qdisc_new(ifindex, "sfq", TC_H_ROOT);
+    obj->qdisc.handle = TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0);
+    obj->qdisc.sfq.perturb_period = 10;
+    obj->qdisc.sfq.quantum        = 1540;
+    obj->qdisc.sfq.flows          = 256;
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, obj);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, known));
+    plat = qdiscs_lookup(ifindex);
+    g_assert(plat);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plat->len, ==, 1);
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[0];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "sfq");
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->handle, ==, TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0));
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_ROOT);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->sfq.perturb_period, ==, 10);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->sfq.quantum, ==, 1540);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->sfq.flows, ==, 256);
+}
+
+static void
+test_qdisc_tbf(void)
+{
+    int               ifindex;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *known = NULL;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat  = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj;
+    NMPlatformQdisc *            qdisc;
+
+    ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, DEVICE_NAME);
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+
+    nmtstp_run_command("tc qdisc del dev %s root", DEVICE_NAME);
+
+    nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NM_PLATFORM_GET, 0);
+
+    known                = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+    obj                  = qdisc_new(ifindex, "tbf", TC_H_ROOT);
+    obj->qdisc.handle    = TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0);
+    obj->qdisc.tbf.rate  = 1000000;
+    obj->qdisc.tbf.burst = 2000;
+    obj->qdisc.tbf.limit = 3000;
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, obj);
+
+    obj               = qdisc_new(ifindex, "sfq", TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0));
+    obj->qdisc.handle = TC_H_MAKE(0x8005 << 16, 0);
+    g_ptr_array_add(known, obj);
+
+    g_assert(nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex, known));
+    plat = qdiscs_lookup(ifindex);
+    g_assert(plat);
+    g_assert_cmpint(plat->len, ==, 2);
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[0];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "tbf");
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->handle, ==, TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0));
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_ROOT);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->tbf.rate, ==, 1000000);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->tbf.burst, ==, 2000);
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->tbf.limit, ==, 3000);
+
+    obj   = plat->pdata[1];
+    qdisc = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(qdisc->kind, ==, "sfq");
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->parent, ==, TC_H_MAKE(0x8143 << 16, 0));
+    g_assert_cmpint(qdisc->handle, ==, TC_H_MAKE(0x8005 << 16, 0));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTstpSetupFunc const _nmtstp_setup_platform_func = SETUP;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_init_tests(int *argc, char ***argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_with_logging(argc, argv, NULL, "ALL");
+}
+
+void
+_nmtstp_setup_tests(void)
+{
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test()) {
+        nmtstp_env1_add_test_func("/link/qdisc/1", test_qdisc1, TRUE);
+        nmtstp_env1_add_test_func("/link/qdisc/fq_codel", test_qdisc_fq_codel, TRUE);
+        nmtstp_env1_add_test_func("/link/qdisc/sfq", test_qdisc_sfq, TRUE);
+        nmtstp_env1_add_test_func("/link/qdisc/tbf", test_qdisc_tbf, TRUE);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.c b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad067248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.c
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 - 2008 Novell, Inc.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h"
+
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/nl80211.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-private.h"
+#include "platform/nm-platform.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "wifi-nl80211"
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)                                                             \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                       \
+    {                                                                                  \
+        char        _ifname_buf[IFNAMSIZ];                                             \
+        const char *_ifname =                                                          \
+            self ? nmp_utils_if_indextoname(self->parent.ifindex, _ifname_buf) : NULL; \
+                                                                                       \
+        nm_log((level),                                                                \
+               _NMLOG_DOMAIN,                                                          \
+               _ifname ?: NULL,                                                        \
+               NULL,                                                                   \
+               "%s%s%s%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                        \
+               _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME,                                                     \
+               NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(_ifname, " (", _ifname, ")", "")                    \
+                   _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));                                 \
+    }                                                                                  \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMWifiUtils     parent;
+    struct nl_sock *nl_sock;
+    guint32 *       freqs;
+    int             id;
+    int             num_freqs;
+    int             phy;
+    bool            can_wowlan : 1;
+} NMWifiUtilsNl80211;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMWifiUtilsClass parent;
+} NMWifiUtilsNl80211Class;
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMWifiUtilsNl80211, nm_wifi_utils_nl80211, NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS)
+
+static int
+ack_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = 1;
+    return NL_STOP;
+}
+
+static int
+finish_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = 1;
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static int
+error_handler(struct sockaddr_nl *nla, struct nlmsgerr *err, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = err->error;
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl80211_alloc_msg(int id, int ifindex, int phy, guint32 cmd, guint32 flags)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+    genlmsg_put(msg, 0, 0, id, 0, flags, cmd, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX, ifindex);
+    if (phy != -1)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY, phy);
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+nl80211_alloc_msg(NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self, guint32 cmd, guint32 flags)
+{
+    return _nl80211_alloc_msg(self->id, self->parent.ifindex, self->phy, cmd, flags);
+}
+
+static int
+nl80211_send_and_recv(NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self,
+                      struct nl_msg *     msg,
+                      int (*valid_handler)(struct nl_msg *, void *),
+                      void *valid_data)
+{
+    int                err;
+    int                done = 0;
+    const struct nl_cb cb   = {
+        .err_cb     = error_handler,
+        .err_arg    = &done,
+        .finish_cb  = finish_handler,
+        .finish_arg = &done,
+        .ack_cb     = ack_handler,
+        .ack_arg    = &done,
+        .valid_cb   = valid_handler,
+        .valid_arg  = valid_data,
+    };
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(msg != NULL, -ENOMEM);
+
+    err = nl_send_auto(self->nl_sock, msg);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Loop until one of our NL callbacks says we're done; on success
+     * done will be 1, on error it will be < 0.
+     */
+    while (!done) {
+        err = nl_recvmsgs(self->nl_sock, &cb);
+        if (err < 0 && err != -EAGAIN) {
+            /* Kernel scan list can change while we are dumping it, as new scan
+             * results from H/W can arrive. BSS info is assured to be consistent
+             * and we don't need consistent view of whole scan list. Hence do
+             * not warn on DUMP_INTR error for get scan command.
+             */
+            if (err == -NME_NL_DUMP_INTR
+                && genlmsg_hdr(nlmsg_hdr(msg))->cmd == NL80211_CMD_GET_SCAN)
+                break;
+
+            _LOGW("nl_recvmsgs() error: (%d) %s", err, nm_strerror(err));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (err >= 0 && done < 0)
+        err = done;
+    return err;
+}
+
+static void
+dispose(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self = NM_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211(object);
+
+    nm_clear_g_free(&self->freqs);
+}
+
+struct nl80211_iface_info {
+    NM80211Mode mode;
+    uint32_t    freq;
+};
+
+static int
+nl80211_iface_info_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    struct nl80211_iface_info *info = arg;
+    struct genlmsghdr *        gnlh = nlmsg_data(nlmsg_hdr(msg));
+    struct nlattr *            tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+
+    if (nla_parse_arr(tb, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0), genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), NULL) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (!tb[NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE])
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    switch (nla_get_u32(tb[NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE])) {
+    case NL80211_IFTYPE_ADHOC:
+        info->mode = NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC;
+        break;
+    case NL80211_IFTYPE_AP:
+        info->mode = NM_802_11_MODE_AP;
+        break;
+    case NL80211_IFTYPE_STATION:
+        info->mode = NM_802_11_MODE_INFRA;
+        break;
+    case NL80211_IFTYPE_MESH_POINT:
+        info->mode = NM_802_11_MODE_MESH;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ] != NULL)
+        info->freq = nla_get_u32(tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ]);
+
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_nl80211_get_mode(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *      self       = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    struct nl80211_iface_info iface_info = {
+        .mode = NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN,
+    };
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_INTERFACE, 0);
+
+    if (nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_iface_info_handler, &iface_info) < 0)
+        return NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN;
+
+    return iface_info.mode;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_set_mode(NMWifiUtils *data, const NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_SET_INTERFACE, 0);
+
+    switch (mode) {
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_INFRA:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE, NL80211_IFTYPE_STATION);
+        break;
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE, NL80211_IFTYPE_ADHOC);
+        break;
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_AP:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE, NL80211_IFTYPE_AP);
+        break;
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_MESH:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE, NL80211_IFTYPE_MESH_POINT);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_set_powersave(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_SET_POWER_SAVE, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg,
+                NL80211_ATTR_PS_STATE,
+                powersave == 1 ? NL80211_PS_ENABLED : NL80211_PS_DISABLED);
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static int
+nl80211_get_wake_on_wlan_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan *wowl = arg;
+    struct nlattr *              attrs[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+    struct nlattr *              trig[NUM_NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG];
+    struct genlmsghdr *          gnlh = nlmsg_data(nlmsg_hdr(msg));
+
+    nla_parse_arr(attrs, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0), genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), NULL);
+
+    if (!attrs[NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS])
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    nla_parse_arr(trig,
+                  nla_data(attrs[NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS]),
+                  nla_len(attrs[NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS]),
+                  NULL);
+
+    *wowl = NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_NONE;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_ANY])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_ANY;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_DISCONNECT])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_DISCONNECT;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_MAGIC_PKT])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_MAGIC;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_GTK_REKEY_FAILURE])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_GTK_REKEY_FAILURE;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_EAP_IDENT_REQUEST])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_EAP_IDENTITY_REQUEST;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_4WAY_HANDSHAKE])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_4WAY_HANDSHAKE;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_RFKILL_RELEASE])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_RFKILL_RELEASE;
+    if (trig[NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_TCP_CONNECTION])
+        *wowl |= NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_TCP;
+
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+wifi_nl80211_get_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan  wowl = NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_WOWLAN, 0);
+
+    nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_get_wake_on_wlan_handler, &wowl);
+
+    return wowl;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_set_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              triggers;
+    int                          err;
+
+    if (wowl == NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_SET_WOWLAN, 0);
+
+    triggers = nla_nest_start(msg, NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS);
+    if (!triggers)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_ANY))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_ANY);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_DISCONNECT))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_DISCONNECT);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_MAGIC))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_MAGIC_PKT);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_GTK_REKEY_FAILURE))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_GTK_REKEY_FAILURE);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_EAP_IDENTITY_REQUEST))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_EAP_IDENT_REQUEST);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_4WAY_HANDSHAKE))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_4WAY_HANDSHAKE);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(wowl, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_RFKILL_RELEASE))
+        NLA_PUT_FLAG(msg, NL80211_WOWLAN_TRIG_RFKILL_RELEASE);
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, triggers);
+
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_nl80211_get_freq(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self       = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    struct nl80211_iface_info    iface_info = {};
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg        = NULL;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_INTERFACE, 0);
+
+    if (nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_iface_info_handler, &iface_info) < 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    return iface_info.freq;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_nl80211_find_freq(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    int                 i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < self->num_freqs; i++) {
+        while (*freqs) {
+            if (self->freqs[i] == *freqs)
+                return *freqs;
+            freqs++;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* @divisor: pass what value @xbm should be divided by to get dBm */
+static guint32
+nl80211_xbm_to_percent(gint32 xbm, guint32 divisor)
+{
+#define NOISE_FLOOR_DBM -90
+#define SIGNAL_MAX_DBM  -20
+
+    xbm /= divisor;
+    xbm = CLAMP(xbm, NOISE_FLOOR_DBM, SIGNAL_MAX_DBM);
+
+    return 100
+           - 70
+                 * (((float) SIGNAL_MAX_DBM - (float) xbm)
+                    / ((float) SIGNAL_MAX_DBM - (float) NOISE_FLOOR_DBM));
+}
+
+struct nl80211_station_info {
+    gboolean valid;
+    guint8   bssid[ETH_ALEN];
+    guint32  txrate;
+    gboolean txrate_valid;
+    guint8   signal;
+    gboolean signal_valid;
+};
+
+static int
+nl80211_station_dump_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy stats_policy[] = {
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_INACTIVE_TIME]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_RX_BYTES]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_TX_BYTES]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_RX_PACKETS]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_TX_PACKETS]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_SIGNAL]            = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_TX_BITRATE]        = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_LLID]              = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_PLID]              = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_PLINK_STATE]       = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_STA_FLAGS]         = {.minlen = sizeof(struct nl80211_sta_flag_update)},
+        [NL80211_STA_INFO_BEACON_SIGNAL_AVG] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    static const struct nla_policy rate_policy[] = {
+        [NL80211_RATE_INFO_BITRATE]      = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [NL80211_RATE_INFO_MCS]          = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [NL80211_RATE_INFO_40_MHZ_WIDTH] = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+        [NL80211_RATE_INFO_SHORT_GI]     = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *              rinfo[G_N_ELEMENTS(rate_policy)];
+    struct nlattr *              sinfo[G_N_ELEMENTS(stats_policy)];
+    struct nl80211_station_info *info = arg;
+    struct nlattr *              tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+    struct genlmsghdr *          gnlh = nlmsg_data(nlmsg_hdr(msg));
+
+    if (nla_parse_arr(tb, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0), genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), NULL) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAC] == NULL)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_STA_INFO] == NULL)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(sinfo, tb[NL80211_ATTR_STA_INFO], stats_policy))
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_STA_FLAGS] != NULL) {
+        const struct nl80211_sta_flag_update *flags = nla_data(sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_STA_FLAGS]);
+
+        if (flags->mask & ~flags->set & (1 << NL80211_STA_FLAG_ASSOCIATED))
+            return NL_SKIP;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(info->bssid, nla_data(tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAC]), ETH_ALEN);
+    info->valid = TRUE;
+
+    if (sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_TX_BITRATE] != NULL
+        && !nla_parse_nested_arr(rinfo, sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_TX_BITRATE], rate_policy)
+        && rinfo[NL80211_RATE_INFO_BITRATE] != NULL) {
+        /* convert from nl80211's units of 100kbps to NM's kbps */
+        info->txrate       = nla_get_u16(rinfo[NL80211_RATE_INFO_BITRATE]) * 100;
+        info->txrate_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_SIGNAL] != NULL) {
+        info->signal =
+            nl80211_xbm_to_percent((gint8) nla_get_u8(sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_SIGNAL]), 1);
+        info->signal_valid = TRUE;
+    } else if (sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_BEACON_SIGNAL_AVG] != NULL) {
+        /* Fall back to beacon signal strength */
+        info->signal =
+            nl80211_xbm_to_percent((gint8) nla_get_u8(sinfo[NL80211_STA_INFO_BEACON_SIGNAL_AVG]),
+                                   1);
+        info->signal_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_get_station(NMWifiUtils *data,
+                         NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                         int *        out_quality,
+                         guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self     = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg      = NULL;
+    struct nl80211_station_info  sta_info = {};
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_STATION, NLM_F_DUMP);
+
+    nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_station_dump_handler, &sta_info);
+
+    if (!sta_info.valid || (out_quality && !sta_info.signal_valid)
+        || (out_rate && !sta_info.txrate_valid))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (out_bssid)
+        memcpy(out_bssid, sta_info.bssid, ETH_ALEN);
+
+    if (out_quality)
+        *out_quality = sta_info.signal;
+
+    if (out_rate)
+        *out_rate = sta_info.txrate;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_indicate_addressing_running(NMWifiUtils *data, gboolean running)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self,
+                            running ? 98 /* NL80211_CMD_CRIT_PROTOCOL_START */
+                                    : 99 /* NL80211_CMD_CRIT_PROTOCOL_STOP */,
+                            0);
+    /* Despite the DHCP name, we're using this for any type of IP addressing,
+     * DHCPv4, DHCPv6, and IPv6 SLAAC.
+     */
+    NLA_PUT_U16(msg, 179 /* NL80211_ATTR_CRIT_PROT_ID */, 1 /* NL80211_CRIT_PROTO_DHCP */);
+    if (running) {
+        /* Give DHCP 5 seconds to complete */
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, 180 /* NL80211_ATTR_MAX_CRIT_PROT_DURATION */, 5000);
+    }
+
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+struct nl80211_device_info {
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self;
+    int                 phy;
+    guint32 *           freqs;
+    int                 num_freqs;
+    guint32             freq;
+    guint32             caps;
+    gboolean            can_scan;
+    gboolean            can_scan_ssid;
+    gboolean            supported;
+    gboolean            success;
+    gboolean            can_wowlan;
+};
+
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_USE_GROUP 0x000FAC00
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_WEP40     0x000FAC01
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_TKIP      0x000FAC02
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_CCMP      0x000FAC04
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_WEP104    0x000FAC05
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_AES_CMAC  0x000FAC06
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_GCMP      0x000FAC08
+#define WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_SMS4      0x00147201
+
+static int
+nl80211_wiphy_info_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy freq_policy[] = {
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_DISABLED] = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+#ifdef NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IR
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IR] = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+#else
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_PASSIVE_SCAN] = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IBSS]      = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+#endif
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_RADAR]        = {.type = NLA_FLAG},
+        [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_MAX_TX_POWER] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *             tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+    struct genlmsghdr *         gnlh = nlmsg_data(nlmsg_hdr(msg));
+    struct nl80211_device_info *info = arg;
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *        self = info->self;
+    struct nlattr *             tb_band[NL80211_BAND_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+    struct nlattr *             tb_freq[G_N_ELEMENTS(freq_policy)];
+    struct nlattr *             nl_band;
+    struct nlattr *             nl_freq;
+    int                         rem_freq;
+    int                         rem_band;
+    int                         freq_idx;
+
+#ifdef NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IR
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_PASSIVE_SCAN == NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IR
+                         && NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IBSS == NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IR);
+#else
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_PASSIVE_SCAN != NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IBSS);
+#endif
+
+    if (nla_parse_arr(tb, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0), genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), NULL) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY] == NULL || tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_BANDS] == NULL)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    info->phy = nla_get_u32(tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY]);
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ])
+        info->freq = nla_get_u32(tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ]);
+    else
+        info->freq = 0;
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCAN_SSIDS]) {
+        info->can_scan_ssid = nla_get_u8(tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCAN_SSIDS]) > 0;
+    } else {
+        /* old kernel that only had mac80211, so assume it can */
+        info->can_scan_ssid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS]) {
+        struct nlattr *nl_cmd;
+        int            i;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (nl_cmd, tb[NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS], i) {
+            switch (nla_get_u32(nl_cmd)) {
+            case NL80211_CMD_TRIGGER_SCAN:
+                info->can_scan = TRUE;
+                break;
+            case NL80211_CMD_CONNECT:
+            case NL80211_CMD_AUTHENTICATE:
+                /* Only devices that support CONNECT or AUTH actually support
+                 * 802.11, unlike say ipw2x00 (up to at least kernel 3.4) which
+                 * has minimal info support, but no actual command support.
+                 * This check mirrors what wpa_supplicant does to determine
+                 * whether or not to use the nl80211 driver.
+                 */
+                info->supported = TRUE;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Find number of supported frequencies */
+    info->num_freqs = 0;
+
+    nla_for_each_nested (nl_band, tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_BANDS], rem_band) {
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb_band, nl_band, NULL) < 0)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (nl_freq, tb_band[NL80211_BAND_ATTR_FREQS], rem_freq) {
+            if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb_freq, nl_freq, freq_policy) < 0)
+                continue;
+
+            if (!tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ])
+                continue;
+
+            info->num_freqs++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Read supported frequencies */
+    info->freqs = g_malloc0(sizeof(guint32) * info->num_freqs);
+
+    freq_idx = 0;
+    nla_for_each_nested (nl_band, tb[NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_BANDS], rem_band) {
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb_band, nl_band, NULL) < 0)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (nl_freq, tb_band[NL80211_BAND_ATTR_FREQS], rem_freq) {
+            if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb_freq, nl_freq, freq_policy) < 0)
+                continue;
+
+            if (!tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ])
+                continue;
+
+            info->freqs[freq_idx] = nla_get_u32(tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ]);
+
+            info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_VALID;
+
+            if (info->freqs[freq_idx] > 2400 && info->freqs[freq_idx] < 2500)
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_2GHZ;
+            if (info->freqs[freq_idx] > 4900 && info->freqs[freq_idx] < 6000)
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_5GHZ;
+
+            freq_idx++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Read security/encryption support */
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES]) {
+        guint32 *ciphers = nla_data(tb[NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES]);
+        guint    i, num;
+
+        num = nla_len(tb[NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES]) / sizeof(guint32);
+        for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            switch (ciphers[i]) {
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_WEP40:
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP40;
+                break;
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_WEP104:
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP104;
+                break;
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_TKIP:
+                info->caps |= (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA);
+                break;
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_CCMP:
+                info->caps |= (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN);
+                break;
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_AES_CMAC:
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_GCMP:
+            case WLAN_CIPHER_SUITE_SMS4:
+                break;
+            default:
+                _LOGD("don't know the meaning of NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITE %#8.8x.", ciphers[i]);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_IFTYPES]) {
+        struct nlattr *nl_mode;
+        int            i;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (nl_mode, tb[NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_IFTYPES], i) {
+            switch (nla_type(nl_mode)) {
+            case NL80211_IFTYPE_AP:
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_AP;
+                break;
+            case NL80211_IFTYPE_ADHOC:
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_ADHOC;
+                break;
+            case NL80211_IFTYPE_MESH_POINT:
+                info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_MESH;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS_SUPPORTED])
+        info->can_wowlan = TRUE;
+
+    if (tb[NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_IBSS_RSN])
+        info->caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_IBSS_RSN;
+
+    info->success = TRUE;
+
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_nl80211_get_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self        = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg         = NULL;
+    struct nl80211_device_info   device_info = {.self = self};
+    int                          i;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_WIPHY, 0);
+
+    if (nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_wiphy_info_handler, &device_info) < 0) {
+        _LOGW("NL80211_CMD_GET_WIPHY request failed");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < self->num_freqs; i++) {
+        if (device_info.freq == self->freqs[i])
+            return i + 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_set_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 channel)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    if (channel > self->num_freqs)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_SET_WIPHY, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ, self->freqs[channel - 1]);
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_nl80211_set_mesh_ssid(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *         self = (NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *) data;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg  = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_SET_INTERFACE, 0);
+    NLA_PUT(msg, NL80211_ATTR_MESH_ID, len, ssid);
+    err = nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_init(NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self)
+{}
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_class_init(NMWifiUtilsNl80211Class *klass)
+{
+    GObjectClass *    object_class     = G_OBJECT_CLASS(klass);
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *wifi_utils_class = NM_WIFI_UTILS_CLASS(klass);
+
+    object_class->dispose = dispose;
+
+    wifi_utils_class->get_mode                    = wifi_nl80211_get_mode;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mode                    = wifi_nl80211_set_mode;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_powersave               = wifi_nl80211_set_powersave;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_nl80211_get_wake_on_wlan,
+    wifi_utils_class->set_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_nl80211_set_wake_on_wlan,
+    wifi_utils_class->get_freq                    = wifi_nl80211_get_freq;
+    wifi_utils_class->find_freq                   = wifi_nl80211_find_freq;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_station                 = wifi_nl80211_get_station;
+    wifi_utils_class->indicate_addressing_running = wifi_nl80211_indicate_addressing_running;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_mesh_channel            = wifi_nl80211_get_mesh_channel;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mesh_channel            = wifi_nl80211_set_mesh_channel;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mesh_ssid               = wifi_nl80211_set_mesh_ssid;
+}
+
+NMWifiUtils *
+nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMWifiUtilsNl80211 *self        = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *       msg         = NULL;
+    struct nl80211_device_info          device_info = {};
+
+    if (!genl)
+        return NULL;
+
+    self = g_object_new(NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211, NULL);
+
+    self->parent.ifindex = ifindex;
+    self->nl_sock        = genl;
+
+    self->id = genl_ctrl_resolve(self->nl_sock, "nl80211");
+    if (self->id < 0) {
+        _LOGD("genl_ctrl_resolve: failed to resolve \"nl80211\"");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    self->phy = -1;
+
+    msg = nl80211_alloc_msg(self, NL80211_CMD_GET_WIPHY, 0);
+
+    device_info.self = self;
+    if (nl80211_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl80211_wiphy_info_handler, &device_info) < 0) {
+        _LOGD("NL80211_CMD_GET_WIPHY request failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!device_info.success) {
+        _LOGD("NL80211_CMD_GET_WIPHY request indicated failure");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!device_info.supported) {
+        _LOGD("driver does not fully support nl80211, falling back to WEXT");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!device_info.can_scan_ssid) {
+        _LOGE("driver does not support SSID scans");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (device_info.num_freqs == 0 || device_info.freqs == NULL) {
+        _LOGE("driver reports no supported frequencies");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (device_info.caps == 0) {
+        _LOGE("driver doesn't report support of any encryption");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    self->phy         = device_info.phy;
+    self->freqs       = device_info.freqs;
+    self->num_freqs   = device_info.num_freqs;
+    self->parent.caps = device_info.caps;
+    self->can_wowlan  = device_info.can_wowlan;
+
+    _LOGD("using nl80211 for Wi-Fi device control");
+    return (NMWifiUtils *) g_steal_pointer(&self);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37c32ed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_H__
+#define __WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_H__
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+
+#define NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211 (nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_get_type())
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211, NMWifiUtilsNl80211))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211, NMWifiUtilsNl80211Class))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_NL80211, NMWifiUtilsNl80211Class))
+
+GType nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_get_type(void);
+
+NMWifiUtils *nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl);
+
+#endif /* __WIFI_UTILS_NL80211_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-private.h b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-private.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ed57453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-private.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __WIFI_UTILS_PRIVATE_H__
+#define __WIFI_UTILS_PRIVATE_H__
+
+#include "nm-dbus-interface.h"
+#include "nm-wifi-utils.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    GObjectClass parent;
+
+    NM80211Mode (*get_mode)(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+    gboolean (*set_mode)(NMWifiUtils *data, const NM80211Mode mode);
+
+    /* Set power saving mode on an interface */
+    gboolean (*set_powersave)(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 powersave);
+
+    /* Get WakeOnWLAN configuration on an interface */
+    NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan (*get_wake_on_wlan)(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+    /* Set WakeOnWLAN mode on an interface */
+    gboolean (*set_wake_on_wlan)(NMWifiUtils *data, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl);
+
+    /* Return current frequency in MHz (really associated BSS frequency) */
+    guint32 (*get_freq)(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+    /* Return first supported frequency in the zero-terminated list */
+    guint32 (*find_freq)(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint32 *freqs);
+
+    /*
+     * @out_bssid: must be NULL or an ETH_ALEN-byte buffer
+     * @out_quality: receives signal strength percentage 0 - 100% for the current BSSID, if not NULL
+     * @out_rate: receives current bitrate in Kbps if not NULL
+     *
+     * Returns %TRUE on succcess, %FALSE on errors or if not associated.
+     */
+    gboolean (*get_station)(NMWifiUtils *data,
+                            NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                            int *        out_quality,
+                            guint32 *    out_rate);
+
+    /* OLPC Mesh-only functions */
+
+    guint32 (*get_mesh_channel)(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+    /* channel == 0 means "auto channel" */
+    gboolean (*set_mesh_channel)(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 channel);
+
+    /* ssid == NULL means "auto SSID" */
+    gboolean (*set_mesh_ssid)(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len);
+
+    gboolean (*indicate_addressing_running)(NMWifiUtils *data, gboolean running);
+} NMWifiUtilsClass;
+
+struct NMWifiUtils {
+    GObject parent;
+
+    int                      ifindex;
+    NMDeviceWifiCapabilities caps;
+};
+
+#endif /* __WIFI_UTILS_PRIVATE_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.c b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a44fcf62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.c
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 - 2008 Novell, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-wext.h"
+
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/* Hacks necessary to #include wireless.h; yay for WEXT */
+#ifndef __user
+    #define __user
+#endif
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <linux/wireless.h>
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-private.h"
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMWifiUtils       parent;
+    int               fd;
+    struct iw_quality max_qual;
+    gint8             num_freqs;
+    guint32           freqs[IW_MAX_FREQUENCIES];
+} NMWifiUtilsWext;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMWifiUtilsClass parent;
+} NMWifiUtilsWextClass;
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMWifiUtilsWext, nm_wifi_utils_wext, NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS)
+
+/* Until a new wireless-tools comes out that has the defs and the structure,
+ * need to copy them here.
+ */
+/* Scan capability flags - in (struct iw_range *)->scan_capa */
+#define NM_IW_SCAN_CAPA_NONE  0x00
+#define NM_IW_SCAN_CAPA_ESSID 0x01
+
+struct iw_range_with_scan_capa {
+    guint32 throughput;
+    guint32 min_nwid;
+    guint32 max_nwid;
+    guint16 old_num_channels;
+    guint8  old_num_frequency;
+
+    guint8 scan_capa;
+    /* don't need the rest... */
+};
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "wifi-wext"
+#define _NMLOG(level, domain, ...)                                    \
+    G_STMT_START                                                      \
+    {                                                                 \
+        nm_log((level),                                               \
+               (domain),                                              \
+               NULL,                                                  \
+               NULL,                                                  \
+               "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),             \
+               _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__)); \
+    }                                                                 \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static guint32
+iw_freq_to_uint32(const struct iw_freq *freq)
+{
+    if (freq->e == 0) {
+        /* Some drivers report channel not frequency.  Convert to a
+         * frequency; but this assumes that the device is in b/g mode.
+         */
+        if ((freq->m >= 1) && (freq->m <= 13))
+            return 2407 + (5 * freq->m);
+        else if (freq->m == 14)
+            return 2484;
+    }
+    return (guint32)((((double) freq->m) * nm_utils_exp10(freq->e)) / 1000000.0);
+}
+
+static void
+dispose(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = NM_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT(object);
+
+    wext->fd = nm_close(wext->fd);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+get_ifname(int ifindex, char *buffer, const char *op)
+{
+    int errsv;
+
+    if (!nmp_utils_if_indextoname(ifindex, buffer)) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "error getting interface name for ifindex %d, operation '%s': %s (%d)",
+              ifindex,
+              op,
+              nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+              errsv);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_wext_get_mode_ifname(NMWifiUtils *data, const char *ifname)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    int              errsv;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWMODE, &wrq) < 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        if (errsv != ENODEV) {
+            _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "(%s): error %d getting card mode", ifname, errsv);
+        }
+        return NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    switch (wrq.u.mode) {
+    case IW_MODE_ADHOC:
+        return NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC;
+    case IW_MODE_MASTER:
+        return NM_802_11_MODE_AP;
+    case IW_MODE_INFRA:
+    case IW_MODE_AUTO: /* hack for WEXT devices reporting IW_MODE_AUTO */
+        return NM_802_11_MODE_INFRA;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_wext_get_mode(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "get-mode"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return wifi_wext_get_mode_ifname(data, ifname);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_set_mode(NMWifiUtils *data, const NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "set-mode"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (wifi_wext_get_mode_ifname(data, ifname) == mode)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    switch (mode) {
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC:
+        wrq.u.mode = IW_MODE_ADHOC;
+        break;
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_AP:
+        wrq.u.mode = IW_MODE_MASTER;
+        break;
+    case NM_802_11_MODE_INFRA:
+        wrq.u.mode = IW_MODE_INFRA;
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_warn_if_reached();
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCSIWMODE, &wrq) < 0) {
+        if (errno != ENODEV) {
+            _LOGE(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "(%s): error setting mode %d", ifname, mode);
+        }
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_set_powersave(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "set-powersave"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    if (powersave == 1) {
+        wrq.u.power.flags = IW_POWER_ALL_R;
+    } else
+        wrq.u.power.disabled = 1;
+
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCSIWPOWER, &wrq) < 0) {
+        if (errno != ENODEV) {
+            _LOGE(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+                  "(%s): error setting powersave %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                  ifname,
+                  powersave);
+        }
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_wext_get_freq(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "get-freq"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWFREQ, &wrq) < 0) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): error getting frequency: %s",
+              ifname,
+              nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return iw_freq_to_uint32(&wrq.u.freq);
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_wext_find_freq(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    int              i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < wext->num_freqs; i++) {
+        while (*freqs) {
+            if (wext->freqs[i] == *freqs)
+                return *freqs;
+            freqs++;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_get_bssid(NMWifiUtils *data, NMEtherAddr *out_bssid)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "get-bssid"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(wrq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWAP, &wrq) < 0) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): error getting associated BSSID: %s",
+              ifname,
+              nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    memcpy(out_bssid, &(wrq.u.ap_addr.sa_data), ETH_ALEN);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_wext_get_rate(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    int              err;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "get-rate"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(wrq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    err = ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWRATE, &wrq);
+    return ((err == 0) ? wrq.u.bitrate.value / 1000 : 0);
+}
+
+static int
+wext_qual_to_percent(const struct iw_quality *qual, const struct iw_quality *max_qual)
+{
+    int percent       = -1;
+    int level_percent = -1;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(qual != NULL, -1);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(max_qual != NULL, -1);
+
+    /* Magically convert the many different WEXT quality representations to a percentage */
+
+    _LOGD(LOGD_WIFI,
+          "QL: qual %d/%u/0x%X, level %d/%u/0x%X, noise %d/%u/0x%X, updated: 0x%X  ** MAX: qual "
+          "%d/%u/0x%X, level %d/%u/0x%X, noise %d/%u/0x%X, updated: 0x%X",
+          (__s8) qual->qual,
+          qual->qual,
+          qual->qual,
+          (__s8) qual->level,
+          qual->level,
+          qual->level,
+          (__s8) qual->noise,
+          qual->noise,
+          qual->noise,
+          qual->updated,
+          (__s8) max_qual->qual,
+          max_qual->qual,
+          max_qual->qual,
+          (__s8) max_qual->level,
+          max_qual->level,
+          max_qual->level,
+          (__s8) max_qual->noise,
+          max_qual->noise,
+          max_qual->noise,
+          max_qual->updated);
+
+    /* Try using the card's idea of the signal quality first as long as it tells us what the max quality is.
+     * Drivers that fill in quality values MUST treat them as percentages, ie the "Link Quality" MUST be
+     * bounded by 0 and max_qual->qual, and MUST change in a linear fashion.  Within those bounds, drivers
+     * are free to use whatever they want to calculate "Link Quality".
+     */
+    if ((max_qual->qual != 0) && !(max_qual->updated & IW_QUAL_QUAL_INVALID)
+        && !(qual->updated & IW_QUAL_QUAL_INVALID))
+        percent = (int) (100 * ((double) qual->qual / (double) max_qual->qual));
+
+    /* If the driver doesn't specify a complete and valid quality, we have two options:
+     *
+     * 1) dBm: driver must specify max_qual->level = 0, and have valid values for
+     *        qual->level and (qual->noise OR max_qual->noise)
+     * 2) raw RSSI: driver must specify max_qual->level > 0, and have valid values for
+     *        qual->level and max_qual->level
+     *
+     * This is the WEXT spec.  If this interpretation is wrong, I'll fix it.  Otherwise,
+     * If drivers don't conform to it, they are wrong and need to be fixed.
+     */
+
+    if ((max_qual->level == 0)
+        && !(max_qual->updated & IW_QUAL_LEVEL_INVALID) /* Valid max_qual->level == 0 */
+        && !(qual->updated & IW_QUAL_LEVEL_INVALID)     /* Must have valid qual->level */
+        && (((max_qual->noise > 0)
+             && !(max_qual->updated & IW_QUAL_NOISE_INVALID)) /* Must have valid max_qual->noise */
+            || ((qual->noise > 0)
+                && !(qual->updated & IW_QUAL_NOISE_INVALID))) /*    OR valid qual->noise */
+    ) {
+/* Absolute power values (dBm) */
+
+/* Reasonable fallbacks for dumb drivers that don't specify either level. */
+#define FALLBACK_NOISE_FLOOR_DBM -90
+#define FALLBACK_SIGNAL_MAX_DBM  -20
+        int max_level = FALLBACK_SIGNAL_MAX_DBM;
+        int noise     = FALLBACK_NOISE_FLOOR_DBM;
+        int level     = qual->level - 0x100;
+
+        level = CLAMP(level, FALLBACK_NOISE_FLOOR_DBM, FALLBACK_SIGNAL_MAX_DBM);
+
+        if ((qual->noise > 0) && !(qual->updated & IW_QUAL_NOISE_INVALID))
+            noise = qual->noise - 0x100;
+        else if ((max_qual->noise > 0) && !(max_qual->updated & IW_QUAL_NOISE_INVALID))
+            noise = max_qual->noise - 0x100;
+        noise = CLAMP(noise, FALLBACK_NOISE_FLOOR_DBM, FALLBACK_SIGNAL_MAX_DBM - 1);
+
+        /* A sort of signal-to-noise ratio calculation */
+        level_percent = (int) (100
+                               - 70
+                                     * (((double) max_level - (double) level)
+                                        / ((double) max_level - (double) noise)));
+        _LOGD(LOGD_WIFI,
+              "QL1: level_percent is %d.  max_level %d, level %d, noise_floor %d.",
+              level_percent,
+              max_level,
+              level,
+              noise);
+    } else if ((max_qual->level != 0)
+               && !(max_qual->updated
+                    & IW_QUAL_LEVEL_INVALID) /* Valid max_qual->level as upper bound */
+               && !(qual->updated & IW_QUAL_LEVEL_INVALID)) {
+        /* Relative power values (RSSI) */
+
+        int level = qual->level;
+
+        /* Signal level is relavtive (0 -> max_qual->level) */
+        level         = CLAMP(level, 0, max_qual->level);
+        level_percent = (int) (100 * ((double) level / (double) max_qual->level));
+        _LOGD(LOGD_WIFI,
+              "QL2: level_percent is %d.  max_level %d, level %d.",
+              level_percent,
+              max_qual->level,
+              level);
+    } else if (percent == -1) {
+        _LOGD(LOGD_WIFI,
+              "QL: Could not get quality %% value from driver.  Driver is probably buggy.");
+    }
+
+    /* If the quality percent was 0 or doesn't exist, then try to use signal levels instead */
+    if ((percent < 1) && (level_percent >= 0))
+        percent = level_percent;
+
+    _LOGD(LOGD_WIFI, "QL: Final quality percent is %d (%d).", percent, CLAMP(percent, 0, 100));
+    return (CLAMP(percent, 0, 100));
+}
+
+static int
+wifi_wext_get_qual(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *    wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq         wrq;
+    struct iw_statistics stats;
+    char                 ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "get-qual"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&stats, 0, sizeof(stats));
+    wrq.u.data.pointer = &stats;
+    wrq.u.data.length  = sizeof(stats);
+    wrq.u.data.flags   = 1; /* Clear updated flag */
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWSTATS, &wrq) < 0) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): error getting signal strength: %s",
+              ifname,
+              nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return wext_qual_to_percent(&stats.qual, &wext->max_qual);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_get_station(NMWifiUtils *data,
+                      NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                      int *        out_quality,
+                      guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    NMEtherAddr local_addr;
+
+    if (!out_bssid && !out_quality && !out_rate) {
+        /* hm, the caller requested no parameter at all?
+         * Don't simply return TRUE, but at least check that
+         * we can successfully fetch the bssid. */
+        out_bssid = &local_addr;
+    }
+
+    if (out_bssid) {
+        if (!wifi_wext_get_bssid(data, out_bssid))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (out_quality) {
+        *out_quality = wifi_wext_get_qual(data);
+        if (*out_quality < 0)
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (out_rate) {
+        *out_rate = wifi_wext_get_rate(data);
+        if (*out_rate == 0)
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+/* OLPC Mesh-only functions */
+
+static guint32
+wifi_wext_get_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    guint32          freq;
+    int              i;
+
+    freq = nm_wifi_utils_get_freq(data);
+    for (i = 0; i < wext->num_freqs; i++) {
+        if (freq == wext->freqs[i])
+            return i + 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_set_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 channel)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "set-mesh-channel"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+
+    if (channel > 0) {
+        wrq.u.freq.flags = IW_FREQ_FIXED;
+        wrq.u.freq.e     = 0;
+        wrq.u.freq.m     = channel;
+    }
+
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCSIWFREQ, &wrq) < 0) {
+        _LOGE(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI | LOGD_OLPC,
+              "(%s): error setting channel to %d: %s",
+              ifname,
+              channel,
+              nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_wext_set_mesh_ssid(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *wext = (NMWifiUtilsWext *) data;
+    struct iwreq     wrq;
+    char             buf[IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1];
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    int              errsv;
+
+    if (!get_ifname(data->ifindex, ifname, "set-mesh-ssid"))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+    memcpy(buf, ssid, MIN(sizeof(buf) - 1, len));
+
+    wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) buf;
+    wrq.u.essid.length  = len;
+    wrq.u.essid.flags   = (len > 0) ? 1 : 0; /* 1=enable SSID, 0=disable/any */
+
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCSIWESSID, &wrq) == 0)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    errsv = errno;
+    if (errsv != ENODEV) {
+        gs_free char *ssid_str = NULL;
+
+        _LOGE(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI | LOGD_OLPC,
+              "(%s): error setting SSID to %s: %s",
+              ifname,
+              (ssid_str = _nm_utils_ssid_to_string_arr(ssid, len)),
+              nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+wext_can_scan_ifname(NMWifiUtilsWext *wext, const char *ifname)
+{
+    struct iwreq wrq;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCSIWSCAN, &wrq) < 0) {
+        if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP)
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wext_get_range_ifname(NMWifiUtilsWext *wext,
+                      const char *     ifname,
+                      struct iw_range *range,
+                      guint32 *        response_len)
+{
+    int          i       = 26;
+    gboolean     success = FALSE;
+    struct iwreq wrq;
+    int          errsv;
+
+    memset(&wrq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(wrq.ifr_name, ifname);
+    wrq.u.data.pointer = (caddr_t) range;
+    wrq.u.data.length  = sizeof(struct iw_range);
+
+    /* Need to give some drivers time to recover after suspend/resume
+     * (ex ipw3945 takes a few seconds to talk to its regulatory daemon;
+     * see rh bz#362421)
+     */
+    while (i-- > 0) {
+        if (ioctl(wext->fd, SIOCGIWRANGE, &wrq) == 0) {
+            if (response_len)
+                *response_len = wrq.u.data.length;
+            success = TRUE;
+            break;
+        } else {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv != EAGAIN) {
+                _LOGE(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+                      "(%s): couldn't get driver range information (%d).",
+                      ifname,
+                      errsv);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        g_usleep(G_USEC_PER_SEC / 4);
+    }
+
+    if (i <= 0) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): driver took too long to respond to IWRANGE query.",
+              ifname);
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+#define WPA_CAPS                                                                              \
+    (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA \
+     | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN)
+
+static guint32
+wext_get_caps(NMWifiUtilsWext *wext, const char *ifname, struct iw_range *range)
+{
+    guint32 caps = NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_NONE;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(wext != NULL, NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_NONE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(range != NULL, NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_NONE);
+
+    /* All drivers should support WEP by default */
+    caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP40 | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_WEP104;
+
+    if (range->enc_capa & IW_ENC_CAPA_CIPHER_TKIP)
+        caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP;
+
+    if (range->enc_capa & IW_ENC_CAPA_CIPHER_CCMP)
+        caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP;
+
+    if (range->enc_capa & IW_ENC_CAPA_WPA)
+        caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA;
+
+    if (range->enc_capa & IW_ENC_CAPA_WPA2)
+        caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN;
+
+    /* Check for cipher support but not WPA support */
+    if ((caps & (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP))
+        && !(caps & (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN))) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_WIFI,
+              "%s: device supports WPA ciphers but not WPA protocol; WPA unavailable.",
+              ifname);
+        caps &= ~WPA_CAPS;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for WPA support but not cipher support */
+    if ((caps & (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_WPA | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_RSN))
+        && !(caps & (NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_TKIP | NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_CIPHER_CCMP))) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_WIFI,
+              "%s: device supports WPA protocol but not WPA ciphers; WPA unavailable.",
+              ifname);
+        caps &= ~WPA_CAPS;
+    }
+
+    /* There's no way to detect Ad-Hoc/AP mode support with WEXT
+     * (other than actually trying to do it), so just assume that
+     * Ad-Hoc is supported and AP isn't.
+     */
+    caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_ADHOC;
+
+    return caps;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_wext_init(NMWifiUtilsWext *self)
+{}
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_wext_class_init(NMWifiUtilsWextClass *klass)
+{
+    GObjectClass *    object_class     = G_OBJECT_CLASS(klass);
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *wifi_utils_class = NM_WIFI_UTILS_CLASS(klass);
+
+    object_class->dispose = dispose;
+
+    wifi_utils_class->get_mode         = wifi_wext_get_mode;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mode         = wifi_wext_set_mode;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_powersave    = wifi_wext_set_powersave;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_freq         = wifi_wext_get_freq;
+    wifi_utils_class->find_freq        = wifi_wext_find_freq;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_station      = wifi_wext_get_station;
+    wifi_utils_class->get_mesh_channel = wifi_wext_get_mesh_channel;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mesh_channel = wifi_wext_set_mesh_channel;
+    wifi_utils_class->set_mesh_ssid    = wifi_wext_set_mesh_ssid;
+}
+
+NMWifiUtils *
+nm_wifi_utils_wext_new(int ifindex, gboolean check_scan)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsWext *               wext;
+    struct iw_range                 range;
+    guint32                         response_len = 0;
+    struct iw_range_with_scan_capa *scan_capa_range;
+    int                             i;
+    gboolean                        freq_valid = FALSE, has_5ghz = FALSE, has_2ghz = FALSE;
+    char                            ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    if (!nmp_utils_if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname)) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "can't determine interface name for ifindex %d", ifindex);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    wext = g_object_new(NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT, NULL);
+
+    wext->parent.ifindex = ifindex;
+    wext->fd             = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    if (wext->fd < 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    memset(&range, 0, sizeof(struct iw_range));
+    if (wext_get_range_ifname(wext, ifname, &range, &response_len) == FALSE) {
+        _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "(%s): driver WEXT range request failed", ifname);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if ((response_len < 300) || (range.we_version_compiled < 21)) {
+        _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): driver WEXT version too old (got %d, expected >= 21)",
+              ifname,
+              range.we_version_compiled);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    wext->max_qual.qual    = range.max_qual.qual;
+    wext->max_qual.level   = range.max_qual.level;
+    wext->max_qual.noise   = range.max_qual.noise;
+    wext->max_qual.updated = range.max_qual.updated;
+
+    wext->num_freqs = MIN(range.num_frequency, IW_MAX_FREQUENCIES);
+    for (i = 0; i < wext->num_freqs; i++) {
+        wext->freqs[i] = iw_freq_to_uint32(&range.freq[i]);
+        freq_valid     = TRUE;
+        if (wext->freqs[i] > 2400 && wext->freqs[i] < 2500)
+            has_2ghz = TRUE;
+        else if (wext->freqs[i] > 4900 && wext->freqs[i] < 6000)
+            has_5ghz = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for scanning capability; cards that can't scan are not supported */
+    if (check_scan && (wext_can_scan_ifname(wext, ifname) == FALSE)) {
+        _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "(%s): drivers that cannot scan are unsupported", ifname);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for the ability to scan specific SSIDs.  Until the scan_capa
+     * field gets added to wireless-tools, need to work around that by casting
+     * to the custom structure.
+     */
+    scan_capa_range = (struct iw_range_with_scan_capa *) &range;
+    if (scan_capa_range->scan_capa & NM_IW_SCAN_CAPA_ESSID) {
+        _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): driver supports SSID scans (scan_capa 0x%02X).",
+              ifname,
+              scan_capa_range->scan_capa);
+    } else {
+        _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI,
+              "(%s): driver does not support SSID scans (scan_capa 0x%02X).",
+              ifname,
+              scan_capa_range->scan_capa);
+    }
+
+    wext->parent.caps = wext_get_caps(wext, ifname, &range);
+    if (freq_valid)
+        wext->parent.caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_VALID;
+    if (has_2ghz)
+        wext->parent.caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_2GHZ;
+    if (has_5ghz)
+        wext->parent.caps |= NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_FREQ_5GHZ;
+
+    _LOGI(LOGD_PLATFORM | LOGD_WIFI, "(%s): using WEXT for Wi-Fi device control", ifname);
+
+    return (NMWifiUtils *) wext;
+
+error:
+    g_object_unref(wext);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_wext_is_wifi(const char *iface)
+{
+    int          fd;
+    struct iwreq iwr;
+    gboolean     is_wifi = FALSE;
+
+    /* performing an ioctl on a non-existing name may cause the automatic
+     * loading of kernel modules, which should be avoided.
+     *
+     * Usually, we should thus make sure that an interface with this name
+     * exists.
+     *
+     * Note that wifi_wext_is_wifi() has only one caller which just verified
+     * that an interface with this name exists.
+     */
+
+    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        nm_utils_ifname_cpy(iwr.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, iface);
+        if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIWNAME, &iwr) == 0)
+            is_wifi = TRUE;
+        nm_close(fd);
+    }
+    return is_wifi;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6f3453c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_H__
+#define __WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_H__
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils.h"
+
+#define NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT (nm_wifi_utils_wext_get_type())
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT, NMWifiUtilsWext))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT, NMWifiUtilsWextClass))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS_WEXT, NMWifiUtilsWextClass))
+
+GType nm_wifi_utils_wext_get_type(void);
+
+NMWifiUtils *nm_wifi_utils_wext_new(int ifindex, gboolean check_scan);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_wext_is_wifi(const char *iface);
+
+#endif /* __WIFI_UTILS_WEXT_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.c b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49ae1811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.c
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 - 2008 Novell, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils.h"
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-private.h"
+#include "nm-wifi-utils-nl80211.h"
+#if HAVE_WEXT
+    #include "nm-wifi-utils-wext.h"
+#endif
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+
+G_DEFINE_ABSTRACT_TYPE(NMWifiUtils, nm_wifi_utils, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_init(NMWifiUtils *self)
+{}
+
+static void
+nm_wifi_utils_class_init(NMWifiUtilsClass *klass)
+{}
+
+NMWifiUtils *
+nm_wifi_utils_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl, gboolean check_scan)
+{
+    NMWifiUtils *ret;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    ret = nm_wifi_utils_nl80211_new(ifindex, genl);
+
+#if HAVE_WEXT
+    if (ret == NULL)
+        ret = nm_wifi_utils_wext_new(ifindex, check_scan);
+#endif
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+NMDeviceWifiCapabilities
+nm_wifi_utils_get_caps(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, NM_WIFI_DEVICE_CAP_NONE);
+
+    return data->caps;
+}
+
+NM80211Mode
+nm_wifi_utils_get_mode(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+    return NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data)->get_mode(data);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_set_mode(NMWifiUtils *data, const NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail((mode == NM_802_11_MODE_INFRA) || (mode == NM_802_11_MODE_AP)
+                             || (mode == NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC) || (mode == NM_802_11_MODE_MESH),
+                         FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+
+    /* nl80211 probably doesn't need this */
+    return klass->set_mode ? klass->set_mode(data, mode) : TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_set_powersave(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    return klass->set_powersave ? klass->set_powersave(data, powersave) : TRUE;
+}
+
+NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+
+    return klass->get_wake_on_wlan ? klass->get_wake_on_wlan(data)
+                                   : NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_set_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    return klass->set_wake_on_wlan ? klass->set_wake_on_wlan(data, wowl) : FALSE;
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_wifi_utils_get_freq(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, 0);
+    return NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data)->get_freq(data);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_wifi_utils_find_freq(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(freqs != NULL, 0);
+    return NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data)->find_freq(data, freqs);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_get_station(NMWifiUtils *data,
+                          NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                          int *        out_quality,
+                          guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data)->get_station(data, out_bssid, out_quality, out_rate);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_is_wifi(int dirfd, const char *ifname)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(dirfd >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (faccessat(dirfd, "phy80211", F_OK, 0) == 0)
+        return TRUE;
+#if HAVE_WEXT
+    if (nm_wifi_utils_wext_is_wifi(ifname))
+        return TRUE;
+#endif
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/* OLPC Mesh-only functions */
+
+guint32
+nm_wifi_utils_get_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(klass->get_mesh_channel != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->get_mesh_channel(data);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 channel)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(channel <= 13, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(klass->set_mesh_channel != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->set_mesh_channel(data, channel);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_ssid(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(klass->set_mesh_ssid != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->set_mesh_ssid(data, ssid, len);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wifi_utils_indicate_addressing_running(NMWifiUtils *data, gboolean running)
+{
+    NMWifiUtilsClass *klass;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(data != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    klass = NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(data);
+    return klass->indicate_addressing_running ? klass->indicate_addressing_running(data, running)
+                                              : FALSE;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a252e43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 - 2008 Novell, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __WIFI_UTILS_H__
+#define __WIFI_UTILS_H__
+
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+
+#include "nm-dbus-interface.h"
+#include "nm-setting-wireless.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+
+typedef struct NMWifiUtils NMWifiUtils;
+
+#define NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS (nm_wifi_utils_get_type())
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS, NMWifiUtils))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS, NMWifiUtilsClass))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS(obj)         (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS))
+#define NM_IS_WIFI_UTILS_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS))
+#define NM_WIFI_UTILS_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_WIFI_UTILS, NMWifiUtilsClass))
+
+GType nm_wifi_utils_get_type(void);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_is_wifi(int dirfd, const char *ifname);
+
+NMWifiUtils *nm_wifi_utils_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl, gboolean check_scan);
+
+NMDeviceWifiCapabilities nm_wifi_utils_get_caps(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+NM80211Mode nm_wifi_utils_get_mode(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_set_mode(NMWifiUtils *data, const NM80211Mode mode);
+
+/* Returns frequency in MHz */
+guint32 nm_wifi_utils_get_freq(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+/* Return the first supported frequency in the zero-terminated list.
+ * Frequencies are specified in MHz. */
+guint32 nm_wifi_utils_find_freq(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint32 *freqs);
+
+/*
+ * @out_bssid: must be NULL or an ETH_ALEN-byte buffer
+ * @out_quality: receives signal quality in 0 - 100% range if not NULL
+ * @out_rate: receives current bitrate in Kbps if not NULL
+ *
+ * Returns %TRUE on succcess.
+ */
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_get_station(NMWifiUtils *data,
+                                   NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                                   int *        out_quality,
+                                   guint32 *    out_rate);
+
+/* Tells the driver DHCP or SLAAC is running */
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_indicate_addressing_running(NMWifiUtils *data, gboolean running);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_set_powersave(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 powersave);
+
+NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_set_wake_on_wlan(NMWifiUtils *data, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl);
+
+/* OLPC Mesh-only functions */
+guint32 nm_wifi_utils_get_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_channel(NMWifiUtils *data, guint32 channel);
+
+gboolean nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_ssid(NMWifiUtils *data, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len);
+
+#endif /* __WIFI_UTILS_H__ */
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.c b/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efb19979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.c
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-wpan-utils.h"
+
+#include <linux/if.h>
+
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+#include "platform/linux/nl802154.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "wpan-nl802154"
+#define _NMLOG(level, domain, ...)                                                                \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                  \
+    {                                                                                             \
+        char        _ifname_buf[IFNAMSIZ];                                                        \
+        const char *_ifname = self ? nmp_utils_if_indextoname(self->ifindex, _ifname_buf) : NULL; \
+                                                                                                  \
+        nm_log((level),                                                                           \
+               (domain),                                                                          \
+               _ifname ?: NULL,                                                                   \
+               NULL,                                                                              \
+               "%s%s%s%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                                   \
+               _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME,                                                                \
+               NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(_ifname, " (", _ifname, ")", "")                               \
+                   _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));                                            \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct NMWpanUtils {
+    GObject         parent;
+    int             ifindex;
+    struct nl_sock *nl_sock;
+    int             id;
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    GObjectClass parent;
+} NMWpanUtilsClass;
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMWpanUtils, nm_wpan_utils, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+ack_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = 1;
+    return NL_STOP;
+}
+
+static int
+finish_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = 1;
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static int
+error_handler(struct sockaddr_nl *nla, struct nlmsgerr *err, void *arg)
+{
+    int *done = arg;
+    *done     = err->error;
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl802154_alloc_msg(int id, int ifindex, guint32 cmd, guint32 flags)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+    genlmsg_put(msg, 0, 0, id, 0, flags, cmd, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL802154_ATTR_IFINDEX, ifindex);
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+nl802154_alloc_msg(NMWpanUtils *self, guint32 cmd, guint32 flags)
+{
+    return _nl802154_alloc_msg(self->id, self->ifindex, cmd, flags);
+}
+
+static int
+nl802154_send_and_recv(NMWpanUtils *  self,
+                       struct nl_msg *msg,
+                       int (*valid_handler)(struct nl_msg *, void *),
+                       void *valid_data)
+{
+    int                err;
+    int                done = 0;
+    const struct nl_cb cb   = {
+        .err_cb     = error_handler,
+        .err_arg    = &done,
+        .finish_cb  = finish_handler,
+        .finish_arg = &done,
+        .ack_cb     = ack_handler,
+        .ack_arg    = &done,
+        .valid_cb   = valid_handler,
+        .valid_arg  = valid_data,
+    };
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(msg != NULL, -ENOMEM);
+
+    err = nl_send_auto(self->nl_sock, msg);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Loop until one of our NL callbacks says we're done; on success
+     * done will be 1, on error it will be < 0.
+     */
+    while (!done) {
+        err = nl_recvmsgs(self->nl_sock, &cb);
+        if (err < 0 && err != -EAGAIN) {
+            _LOGW(LOGD_PLATFORM, "nl_recvmsgs() error: (%d) %s", err, nm_strerror(err));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (err >= 0 && done < 0)
+        err = done;
+    return err;
+}
+
+struct nl802154_interface {
+    guint16 pan_id;
+    guint16 short_addr;
+
+    gboolean valid;
+};
+
+static int
+nl802154_get_interface_handler(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy nl802154_policy[] = {
+        [NL802154_ATTR_PAN_ID]     = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [NL802154_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *            tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(nl802154_policy)];
+    struct nl802154_interface *info = arg;
+    struct genlmsghdr *        gnlh = nlmsg_data(nlmsg_hdr(msg));
+
+    if (nla_parse_arr(tb, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0), genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), nl802154_policy) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[NL802154_ATTR_PAN_ID])
+        info->pan_id = le16toh(nla_get_u16(tb[NL802154_ATTR_PAN_ID]));
+
+    if (tb[NL802154_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR])
+        info->short_addr = le16toh(nla_get_u16(tb[NL802154_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR]));
+
+    info->valid = TRUE;
+
+    return NL_SKIP;
+}
+
+static void
+nl802154_get_interface(NMWpanUtils *self, struct nl802154_interface *interface)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    memset(interface, 0, sizeof(*interface));
+
+    msg = nl802154_alloc_msg(self, NL802154_CMD_GET_INTERFACE, 0);
+
+    nl802154_send_and_recv(self, msg, nl802154_get_interface_handler, interface);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+guint16
+nm_wpan_utils_get_pan_id(NMWpanUtils *self)
+{
+    struct nl802154_interface interface;
+
+    nl802154_get_interface(self, &interface);
+
+    return interface.pan_id;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wpan_utils_set_pan_id(NMWpanUtils *self, guint16 pan_id)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(self != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    msg = nl802154_alloc_msg(self, NL802154_CMD_SET_PAN_ID, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U16(msg, NL802154_ATTR_PAN_ID, htole16(pan_id));
+    err = nl802154_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+guint16
+nm_wpan_utils_get_short_addr(NMWpanUtils *self)
+{
+    struct nl802154_interface interface;
+
+    nl802154_get_interface(self, &interface);
+
+    return interface.short_addr;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wpan_utils_set_short_addr(NMWpanUtils *self, guint16 short_addr)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(self != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    msg = nl802154_alloc_msg(self, NL802154_CMD_SET_SHORT_ADDR, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U16(msg, NL802154_ATTR_SHORT_ADDR, htole16(short_addr));
+    err = nl802154_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_wpan_utils_set_channel(NMWpanUtils *self, guint8 page, guint8 channel)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    int                          err;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(self != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    msg = nl802154_alloc_msg(self, NL802154_CMD_SET_CHANNEL, 0);
+    NLA_PUT_U8(msg, NL802154_ATTR_PAGE, page);
+    NLA_PUT_U8(msg, NL802154_ATTR_CHANNEL, channel);
+    err = nl802154_send_and_recv(self, msg, NULL, NULL);
+    return err >= 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_wpan_utils_init(NMWpanUtils *self)
+{}
+
+static void
+nm_wpan_utils_class_init(NMWpanUtilsClass *klass)
+{}
+
+NMWpanUtils *
+nm_wpan_utils_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl, gboolean check_scan)
+{
+    NMWpanUtils *self;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    if (!genl)
+        return NULL;
+
+    self          = g_object_new(NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS, NULL);
+    self->ifindex = ifindex;
+    self->nl_sock = genl;
+    self->id      = genl_ctrl_resolve(genl, "nl802154");
+
+    if (self->id < 0) {
+        _LOGD(LOGD_PLATFORM, "genl_ctrl_resolve: failed to resolve \"nl802154\"");
+        g_object_unref(self);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h b/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..940c2c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __WPAN_UTILS_H__
+#define __WPAN_UTILS_H__
+
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+
+#include "nm-dbus-interface.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+
+typedef struct NMWpanUtils NMWpanUtils;
+
+#define NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS (nm_wpan_utils_get_type())
+#define NM_WPAN_UTILS(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS, NMWpanUtils))
+#define NM_WPAN_UTILS_CLASS(klass) \
+    (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS, NMWpanUtilsClass))
+#define NM_IS_WPAN_UTILS(obj)         (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS))
+#define NM_IS_WPAN_UTILS_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS))
+#define NM_WPAN_UTILS_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    (G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_CLASS((obj), NM_TYPE_WPAN_UTILS, NMWpanUtilsClass))
+
+GType nm_wpan_utils_get_type(void);
+
+NMWpanUtils *nm_wpan_utils_new(int ifindex, struct nl_sock *genl, gboolean check_scan);
+
+guint16  nm_wpan_utils_get_pan_id(NMWpanUtils *self);
+gboolean nm_wpan_utils_set_pan_id(NMWpanUtils *self, guint16 pan_id);
+
+guint16  nm_wpan_utils_get_short_addr(NMWpanUtils *self);
+gboolean nm_wpan_utils_set_short_addr(NMWpanUtils *self, guint16 short_addr);
+
+gboolean nm_wpan_utils_set_channel(NMWpanUtils *self, guint8 page, guint8 channel);
+
+#endif /* __WPAN_UTILS_H__ */