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-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c2731
1 files changed, 2731 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87e5329a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/tests/test-common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2731 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "test-common.h"
+
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+
+#include "n-acd/src/n-acd.h"
+
+#define SIGNAL_DATA_FMT "'%s-%s' ifindex %d%s%s%s (%d times received)"
+#define SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data)                                                                     \
+    (data)->name, nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string((data)->change_type), (data)->ifindex, \
+        (data)->ifname ? " ifname '" : "", (data)->ifname ?: "", (data)->ifname ? "'" : "",       \
+        (data)->received_count
+
+int NMTSTP_ENV1_IFINDEX = -1;
+int NMTSTP_ENV1_EX      = -1;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_setup_platform(void)
+{
+    g_assert(_nmtstp_setup_platform_func);
+    _nmtstp_setup_platform_func();
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_is_root_test(void)
+{
+    g_assert(_nmtstp_setup_platform_func);
+    return _nmtstp_setup_platform_func == nm_linux_platform_setup;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_is_sysfs_writable(void)
+{
+    return !nmtstp_is_root_test() || (access("/sys/devices", W_OK) == 0);
+}
+
+static void
+_init_platform(NMPlatform **platform, gboolean external_command)
+{
+    g_assert(platform);
+    if (!*platform)
+        *platform = NM_PLATFORM_GET;
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(*platform));
+
+    if (external_command)
+        g_assert(NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(*platform));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static GArray *
+_ipx_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPObjectType obj_type)
+{
+    NMPLookup lookup;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS));
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, obj_type, ifindex);
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_to_array(nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup),
+                                     obj_type,
+                                     FALSE /*addresses are always visible. */);
+}
+
+GArray *
+nmtstp_platform_ip4_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return _ipx_address_get_all(self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+GArray *
+nmtstp_platform_ip6_address_get_all(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return _ipx_address_get_all(self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIPAddress *
+nmtstp_platform_ip_address_find(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int addr_family, gconstpointer addr)
+{
+    const int                  IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMPlatformIPAddress *found   = NULL;
+    NMDedupMultiIter           iter;
+    const NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPLookup                  lookup;
+
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex >= 0);
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4), ifindex);
+    nm_platform_iter_obj_for_each (&iter, self, &lookup, &obj) {
+        const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj);
+
+        g_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_ADDR_FAMILY(obj) == addr_family);
+        g_assert(ifindex <= 0 || a->ifindex == ifindex);
+
+        if (memcmp(addr, a->address_ptr, nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family)) != 0)
+            continue;
+
+        g_assert(!found);
+        found = a;
+    }
+
+    if (!IS_IPv4 && ifindex > 0)
+        g_assert(found
+                 == (const NMPlatformIPAddress *) nm_platform_ip6_address_get(self, ifindex, addr));
+
+    return found;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMIPAddr addr;
+    int      addr_family;
+    bool     found : 1;
+} IPAddressesAssertData;
+
+void
+_nmtstp_platform_ip_addresses_assert(const char *       filename,
+                                     int                lineno,
+                                     NMPlatform *       self,
+                                     int                ifindex,
+                                     gboolean           force_exact_4,
+                                     gboolean           force_exact_6,
+                                     gboolean           ignore_ll6,
+                                     guint              addrs_len,
+                                     const char *const *addrs)
+{
+    gs_free IPAddressesAssertData *addrs_bin = NULL;
+    int                            IS_IPv4;
+    guint                          i;
+
+    g_assert(filename);
+    g_assert(lineno >= 0);
+    g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    g_assert(ifindex >= 0);
+
+    addrs_bin = g_new(IPAddressesAssertData, addrs_len);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < addrs_len; i++) {
+        const char *addrstr = addrs[i];
+        int         addr_family;
+        NMIPAddr    a;
+
+        if (!addrstr) {
+            addr_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+            a           = nm_ip_addr_zero;
+        } else if (inet_pton(AF_INET, addrstr, &a) == 1)
+            addr_family = AF_INET;
+        else if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, addrstr, &a) == 1)
+            addr_family = AF_INET6;
+        else
+            g_error("%s:%d: invalid IP address in argument: %s", filename, lineno, addrstr);
+
+        addrs_bin[i] = (IPAddressesAssertData){
+            .addr_family = addr_family,
+            .addr        = a,
+            .found       = FALSE,
+        };
+    }
+
+    for (IS_IPv4 = 1; IS_IPv4 >= 0; IS_IPv4--) {
+        const int         addr_family           = IS_IPv4 ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_addrs = NULL;
+        NMPLookup                    lookup;
+        guint                        j;
+
+        plat_addrs = nm_platform_lookup_clone(
+            self,
+            nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4), ifindex),
+            NULL,
+            NULL);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < addrs_len; i++) {
+            IPAddressesAssertData *addr_bin = &addrs_bin[i];
+
+            if (addr_bin->addr_family != addr_family)
+                continue;
+
+            g_assert(!addr_bin->found);
+            for (j = 0; j < nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs);) {
+                const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(plat_addrs->pdata[j]);
+
+                if (memcmp(&addr_bin->addr,
+                           a->address_ptr,
+                           nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family))
+                    != 0) {
+                    j++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                g_assert(!addr_bin->found);
+                addr_bin->found = TRUE;
+                g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(plat_addrs, j);
+            }
+
+            if (!addr_bin->found) {
+                char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+                g_error("%s:%d: IPv%c address %s was not found on ifindex %d",
+                        filename,
+                        lineno,
+                        nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_bin->addr_family),
+                        nm_utils_inet_ntop(addr_bin->addr_family, &addr_bin->addr, sbuf),
+                        ifindex);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!IS_IPv4 && ignore_ll6 && nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs) > 0) {
+            /* we prune all remaining, non-matching IPv6 link local addresses. */
+            for (j = 0; j < nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs);) {
+                const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(plat_addrs->pdata[j]);
+
+                if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(a->address_ptr)) {
+                    j++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(plat_addrs, j);
+            }
+        }
+        if ((IS_IPv4 ? force_exact_4 : force_exact_6) && nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addrs) > 0) {
+            char sbuf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+
+            g_error("%s:%d: %u IPv%c addresses found on ifindex %d that should not be there (one "
+                    "is %s)",
+                    filename,
+                    lineno,
+                    plat_addrs->len,
+                    nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+                    ifindex,
+                    nmp_object_to_string(plat_addrs->pdata[0],
+                                         NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                         sbuf,
+                                         sizeof(sbuf)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_platform_ip4_route_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                                 int         ifindex,
+                                 in_addr_t   network,
+                                 guint8      plen,
+                                 guint32     metric)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_for_each (
+        &iter,
+        nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, ifindex)) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(iter.current->obj);
+
+        if (r->ifindex != ifindex || r->network != network || r->plen != plen
+            || r->metric != metric) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        return nm_platform_object_delete(platform, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(r));
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_platform_ip6_route_delete(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                                 int             ifindex,
+                                 struct in6_addr network,
+                                 guint8          plen,
+                                 guint32         metric)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_for_each (
+        &iter,
+        nm_platform_lookup_object(platform, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, ifindex)) {
+        const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(iter.current->obj);
+
+        if (r->ifindex != ifindex || !IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&r->network, &network) || r->plen != plen
+            || r->metric != metric) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        return nm_platform_object_delete(platform, NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(r));
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+SignalData *
+add_signal_full(const char *               name,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                GCallback                  callback,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                const char *               ifname)
+{
+    SignalData *data = g_new0(SignalData, 1);
+
+    data->name           = name;
+    data->change_type    = change_type;
+    data->received_count = 0;
+    data->handler_id     = g_signal_connect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, name, callback, data);
+    data->ifindex        = ifindex;
+    data->ifname         = ifname;
+
+    g_assert(data->handler_id > 0);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+void
+_accept_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal one time: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count != 1)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal one "
+                "time: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    data->received_count = 0;
+}
+
+void
+_accept_signals(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data, int min, int max)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal [%d,%d] times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          min,
+          max,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count < min || data->received_count > max)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal [%d,%d] "
+                "times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                min,
+                max,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    data->received_count = 0;
+}
+
+void
+_ensure_no_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): Accepting signal 0 times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count > 0)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to accept signal 0 "
+                "times: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+}
+
+void
+_accept_or_wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): accept-or-wait signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count == 0) {
+        data->loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+        g_main_loop_run(data->loop);
+        nm_clear_pointer(&data->loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+    }
+
+    _accept_signal(file, line, func, data);
+}
+
+void
+_wait_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): wait signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to wait for signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+
+    data->loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+    g_main_loop_run(data->loop);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&data->loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+
+    _accept_signal(file, line, func, data);
+}
+
+void
+_free_signal(const char *file, int line, const char *func, SignalData *data)
+{
+    _LOGD("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): free signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+          file,
+          line,
+          func,
+          SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+    if (data->received_count != 0)
+        g_error("NMPlatformSignalAssert: %s:%d, %s(): failure to free non-accepted "
+                "signal: " SIGNAL_DATA_FMT,
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                SIGNAL_DATA_ARG(data));
+
+    g_signal_handler_disconnect(NM_PLATFORM_GET, data->handler_id);
+    g_free(data);
+}
+
+void
+link_callback(NMPlatform *    platform,
+              int             obj_type_i,
+              int             ifindex,
+              NMPlatformLink *received,
+              int             change_type_i,
+              SignalData *    data)
+{
+    const NMPObjectType              obj_type    = obj_type_i;
+    const NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type = change_type_i;
+    NMPLookup                        lookup;
+    NMDedupMultiIter                 iter;
+    const NMPlatformLink *           cached;
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(obj_type, ==, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    g_assert(received);
+    g_assert_cmpint(received->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+    g_assert(data && data->name);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(data->name, ==, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED);
+
+    if (data->ifindex && data->ifindex != received->ifindex)
+        return;
+    if (data->ifname
+        && g_strcmp0(data->ifname, nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex)) != 0)
+        return;
+    if (change_type != data->change_type)
+        return;
+
+    if (data->loop) {
+        _LOGD("Quitting main loop.");
+        g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+    }
+
+    data->received_count++;
+    _LOGD("Received signal '%s-%s' ifindex %d ifname '%s' %dth time.",
+          data->name,
+          nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(data->change_type),
+          ifindex,
+          received->name,
+          data->received_count);
+
+    if (change_type == NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+        g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+    else
+        g_assert(nm_platform_link_get_name(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifindex));
+
+    /* Check the data */
+    g_assert(received->ifindex > 0);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &cached) {
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(cached)))
+            continue;
+        if (cached->ifindex == received->ifindex) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(nm_platform_link_cmp(cached, received), ==, 0);
+            g_assert(!memcmp(cached, received, sizeof(*cached)));
+            if (data->change_type == NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+                g_error("Deleted link still found in the local cache.");
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (data->change_type != NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED)
+        g_error("Added/changed link not found in the local cache.");
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+_ip4_route_get(NMPlatform *platform,
+               int         ifindex,
+               guint32     network,
+               int         plen,
+               guint32     metric,
+               guint8      tos,
+               guint *     out_c_exists)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter          iter;
+    NMPLookup                 lookup;
+    const NMPObject *         o = NULL;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip4_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, tos);
+
+    c = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &o) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o)->ifindex != ifindex && ifindex > 0)
+            continue;
+        if (!r)
+            r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o);
+        c++;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_c_exists, c);
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+_nmtstp_assert_ip4_route_exists(const char *file,
+                                guint       line,
+                                const char *func,
+                                NMPlatform *platform,
+                                int         c_exists,
+                                const char *ifname,
+                                guint32     network,
+                                int         plen,
+                                guint32     metric,
+                                guint8      tos)
+{
+    int                       ifindex;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP4Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    ifindex = -1;
+    if (ifname) {
+        ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(platform, ifname);
+        g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    }
+
+    r = _ip4_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, tos, &c);
+
+    if (c != c_exists && c_exists != -1) {
+        char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        g_error("[%s:%u] %s(): The ip4 route %s/%d metric %u tos %u shall exist %u times, but "
+                "platform has it %u times",
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(network, sbuf),
+                plen,
+                metric,
+                tos,
+                c_exists,
+                c);
+    }
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Route *
+nmtstp_ip4_route_get(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     int         ifindex,
+                     guint32     network,
+                     int         plen,
+                     guint32     metric,
+                     guint8      tos)
+{
+    return _ip4_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, tos, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+_ip6_route_get(NMPlatform *           platform,
+               int                    ifindex,
+               const struct in6_addr *network,
+               guint                  plen,
+               guint32                metric,
+               const struct in6_addr *src,
+               guint8                 src_plen,
+               guint *                out_c_exists)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter          iter;
+    NMPLookup                 lookup;
+    const NMPObject *         o = NULL;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_ip6_route_by_weak_id(&lookup, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen);
+
+    c = 0;
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nm_platform_lookup(platform, &lookup), &o) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o)->ifindex != ifindex && ifindex > 0)
+            continue;
+        if (!r)
+            r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o);
+        c++;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_c_exists, c);
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+_nmtstp_assert_ip6_route_exists(const char *           file,
+                                guint                  line,
+                                const char *           func,
+                                NMPlatform *           platform,
+                                int                    c_exists,
+                                const char *           ifname,
+                                const struct in6_addr *network,
+                                guint                  plen,
+                                guint32                metric,
+                                const struct in6_addr *src,
+                                guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    int                       ifindex;
+    guint                     c;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *r = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    ifindex = -1;
+    if (ifname) {
+        ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(platform, ifname);
+        g_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    }
+
+    r = _ip6_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen, &c);
+
+    if (c != c_exists && c_exists != -1) {
+        char s_src[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char s_network[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        g_error("[%s:%u] %s(): The ip6 route %s/%d metric %u src %s/%d shall exist %u times, but "
+                "platform has it %u times",
+                file,
+                line,
+                func,
+                _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(network, s_network),
+                plen,
+                metric,
+                _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(src, s_src),
+                src_plen,
+                c_exists,
+                c);
+    }
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Route *
+nmtstp_ip6_route_get(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                     int                    ifindex,
+                     const struct in6_addr *network,
+                     guint                  plen,
+                     guint32                metric,
+                     const struct in6_addr *src,
+                     guint8                 src_plen)
+{
+    return _ip6_route_get(platform, ifindex, network, plen, metric, src, src_plen, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nmtstp_run_command(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    int           result;
+    gs_free char *command = NULL;
+    va_list       ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    command = g_strdup_vprintf(format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    _LOGD("Running command: %s", command);
+    result = system(command);
+    _LOGD("Command finished: result=%d", result);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    GMainLoop *loop;
+    guint      signal_counts;
+    guint      id;
+} WaitForSignalData;
+
+static void
+_wait_for_signal_cb(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                    int             obj_type_i,
+                    int             ifindex,
+                    NMPlatformLink *plink,
+                    int             change_type_i,
+                    gpointer        user_data)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData *data = user_data;
+
+    data->signal_counts++;
+    nm_clear_g_source(&data->id);
+    g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_wait_for_signal_timeout(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData *data = user_data;
+
+    g_assert(data->id);
+    data->id = 0;
+    g_main_loop_quit(data->loop);
+    return G_SOURCE_REMOVE;
+}
+
+guint
+nmtstp_wait_for_signal(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    WaitForSignalData data = {0};
+    gulong            id_link, id_ip4_address, id_ip6_address, id_ip4_route, id_ip6_route;
+    gulong            id_qdisc, id_tfilter;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    data.loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
+
+    id_link        = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                               NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,
+                               G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                               &data);
+    id_ip4_address = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                      G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                      &data);
+    id_ip6_address = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                      NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+                                      G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                      &data);
+    id_ip4_route   = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                    G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                    &data);
+    id_ip6_route   = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,
+                                    G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                    &data);
+    id_qdisc       = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED,
+                                G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                &data);
+    id_tfilter     = g_signal_connect(platform,
+                                  NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED,
+                                  G_CALLBACK(_wait_for_signal_cb),
+                                  &data);
+
+    /* if timeout_msec is negative, it means the wait-time already expired.
+     * Maybe, we should do nothing and return right away, without even
+     * processing events from platform. However, that inconsistency (of not
+     * processing events from mainloop) is inconvenient.
+     *
+     * It's better that on the return of nmtstp_wait_for_signal(), we always
+     * have no events pending. So, a negative timeout is treated the same as
+     * a zero timeout: we check whether there are any events pending in platform,
+     * and quite the mainloop immediately afterwards. But we always check. */
+
+    data.id = g_timeout_add(CLAMP(timeout_msec, 0, G_MAXUINT32), _wait_for_signal_timeout, &data);
+
+    g_main_loop_run(data.loop);
+
+    g_assert(!data.id);
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_link));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip4_address));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip6_address));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip4_route));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_ip6_route));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_tfilter));
+    g_assert(nm_clear_g_signal_handler(platform, &id_qdisc));
+
+    nm_clear_pointer(&data.loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+
+    /* return the number of signals, or 0 if timeout was reached .*/
+    return data.signal_counts;
+}
+
+guint
+nmtstp_wait_for_signal_until(NMPlatform *platform, gint64 until_ms)
+{
+    gint64 now;
+    guint  signal_counts;
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+        if (until_ms < now)
+            return 0;
+
+        signal_counts = nmtstp_wait_for_signal(platform, until_ms - now);
+        if (signal_counts)
+            return signal_counts;
+    }
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_wait_for_link(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     const char *ifname,
+                     NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                     gint64      timeout_msec)
+{
+    return nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(
+        platform,
+        ifname,
+        expected_link_type,
+        timeout_msec ? nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + timeout_msec : 0);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_wait_for_link_until(NMPlatform *platform,
+                           const char *ifname,
+                           NMLinkType  expected_link_type,
+                           gint64      until_ms)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    gint64                now;
+    gboolean              waited_once = FALSE;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, ifname);
+        if (plink && (expected_link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE || plink->type == expected_link_type))
+            return plink;
+
+        if (until_ms == 0) {
+            /* don't wait, don't even poll the socket. */
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (waited_once && until_ms < now) {
+            /* timeout reached (+ we already waited for a signal at least once). */
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        waited_once = TRUE;
+        /* regardless of whether timeout is already reached, we poll the netlink
+         * socket a bit. */
+        nmtstp_wait_for_signal(platform, until_ms - now);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nmtstp_run_command_check_external_global(void)
+{
+    if (!nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        return FALSE;
+    switch (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 3) {
+    case 0:
+        return -1;
+    case 1:
+        return FALSE;
+    default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_run_command_check_external(int external_command)
+{
+    if (external_command != -1) {
+        g_assert(NM_IN_SET(external_command, FALSE, TRUE));
+        g_assert(!external_command || nmtstp_is_root_test());
+        return !!external_command;
+    }
+    if (!nmtstp_is_root_test())
+        return FALSE;
+    return (nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) == 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF 2
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                 gint64                     now,
+                                 guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                 guint32                    expected_preferred)
+{
+    gint64 offset;
+    int    i;
+
+    g_assert(addr);
+
+    if (now == -1)
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    g_assert(now > 0);
+
+    g_assert(expected_preferred <= expected_lifetime);
+
+    if (expected_lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+        && expected_preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        return addr->timestamp == 0 && addr->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+               && addr->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    }
+
+    if (addr->timestamp == 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    offset = (gint64) now - addr->timestamp;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        guint32 lft = i ? expected_lifetime : expected_preferred;
+        guint32 adr = i ? addr->lifetime : addr->preferred;
+
+        if (lft == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+            if (adr != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+                return FALSE;
+        } else {
+            if (((gint64) adr) - offset <= ((gint64) lft) - CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF
+                || ((gint64) adr) - offset >= ((gint64) lft) + CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF)
+                return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip_address_assert_lifetime(const NMPlatformIPAddress *addr,
+                                  gint64                     now,
+                                  guint32                    expected_lifetime,
+                                  guint32                    expected_preferred)
+{
+    gint64 n = now;
+    gint64 offset;
+    int    i;
+
+    g_assert(addr);
+
+    if (now == -1)
+        now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    g_assert(now > 0);
+
+    g_assert(expected_preferred <= expected_lifetime);
+
+    if (expected_lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+        && expected_preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, ==, 0);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->lifetime, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        g_assert_cmpint(addr->preferred, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, >, 0);
+    g_assert_cmpint(addr->timestamp, <=, now);
+
+    offset = (gint64) now - addr->timestamp;
+    g_assert_cmpint(offset, >=, 0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        guint32 lft = i ? expected_lifetime : expected_preferred;
+        guint32 adr = i ? addr->lifetime : addr->preferred;
+
+        if (lft == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr, ==, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        else {
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr - offset, <=, lft + CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF);
+            g_assert_cmpint(adr - offset, >=, lft - CHECK_LIFETIME_MAX_DIFF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_assert(nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime(addr, n, expected_lifetime, expected_preferred));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_ip_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                gboolean        external_command,
+                gboolean        is_v4,
+                int             ifindex,
+                const NMIPAddr *address,
+                int             plen,
+                const NMIPAddr *peer_address,
+                guint32         lifetime,
+                guint32         preferred,
+                guint32         flags,
+                const char *    label)
+{
+    gint64 end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *  ifname;
+        gs_free char *s_valid     = NULL;
+        gs_free char *s_preferred = NULL;
+        gs_free char *s_label     = NULL;
+        char          b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char          b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            s_valid = g_strdup_printf(" valid_lft %d", lifetime);
+        if (preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+            s_preferred = g_strdup_printf(" preferred_lft %d", preferred);
+        if (label)
+            s_label = g_strdup_printf("%s:%s", ifname, label);
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            char s_peer[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 50];
+
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+
+            if (peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4 || nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % 2) {
+                /* If the peer is the same as the local address, we can omit it. The result should be identical */
+                nm_sprintf_buf(s_peer, " peer %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address->addr4, b2));
+            } else
+                s_peer[0] = '\0';
+
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip address change %s%s/%d dev %s%s%s%s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address->addr4, b1),
+                                     s_peer,
+                                     plen,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     s_valid ?: "",
+                                     s_preferred ?: "",
+                                     s_label ?: "");
+        } else {
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+
+            /* flags not implemented (yet) */
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+            nmtstp_run_command_check("ip address change %s%s%s/%d dev %s%s%s%s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address->addr6, b1),
+                                     !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6) ? " peer " : "",
+                                     !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6)
+                                         ? _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&peer_address->addr6, b2)
+                                         : "",
+                                     plen,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     s_valid ?: "",
+                                     s_preferred ?: "",
+                                     s_label ?: "");
+        }
+    } else {
+        gboolean success;
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nm_platform_ip4_address_add(platform,
+                                                  ifindex,
+                                                  address->addr4,
+                                                  plen,
+                                                  peer_address->addr4,
+                                                  0u,
+                                                  lifetime,
+                                                  preferred,
+                                                  flags,
+                                                  label);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+            success = nm_platform_ip6_address_add(platform,
+                                                  ifindex,
+                                                  address->addr6,
+                                                  plen,
+                                                  peer_address->addr6,
+                                                  lifetime,
+                                                  preferred,
+                                                  flags);
+        }
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we see the address. */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 500;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+            a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                            ifindex,
+                                            address->addr4,
+                                            plen,
+                                            peer_address->addr4);
+            if (a && a->peer_address == peer_address->addr4
+                && nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a,
+                                                    -1,
+                                                    lifetime,
+                                                    preferred)
+                && strcmp(a->label, label ?: "") == 0)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+            g_assert(label == NULL);
+            g_assert(flags == 0);
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+            if (a
+                && !memcmp(nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(a),
+                           (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_address->addr6)
+                            || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&address->addr6, &peer_address->addr6))
+                               ? &address->addr6
+                               : &peer_address->addr6,
+                           sizeof(struct in6_addr))
+                && nmtstp_ip_address_check_lifetime((NMPlatformIPAddress *) a,
+                                                    -1,
+                                                    lifetime,
+                                                    preferred))
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                       gboolean    external_command,
+                       int         ifindex,
+                       in_addr_t   address,
+                       int         plen,
+                       in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                       guint32     lifetime,
+                       guint32     preferred,
+                       guint32     flags,
+                       const char *label)
+{
+    _ip_address_add(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    TRUE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address,
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    flags,
+                    label);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       gboolean        external_command,
+                       int             ifindex,
+                       struct in6_addr address,
+                       int             plen,
+                       struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                       guint32         lifetime,
+                       guint32         preferred,
+                       guint32         flags)
+{
+    _ip_address_add(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    FALSE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address,
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    flags,
+                    NULL);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                     int              ifindex,
+                     NMIPConfigSource source,
+                     in_addr_t        network,
+                     guint8           plen,
+                     in_addr_t        gateway,
+                     in_addr_t        pref_src,
+                     guint32          metric,
+                     guint32          mss)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP4Route route = {};
+
+    route.ifindex   = ifindex;
+    route.rt_source = source;
+    route.network   = network;
+    route.plen      = plen;
+    route.gateway   = gateway;
+    route.pref_src  = pref_src;
+    route.metric    = metric;
+    route.mss       = mss;
+
+    g_assert(
+        NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_ip4_route_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &route)));
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                     int              ifindex,
+                     NMIPConfigSource source,
+                     struct in6_addr  network,
+                     guint8           plen,
+                     struct in6_addr  gateway,
+                     struct in6_addr  pref_src,
+                     guint32          metric,
+                     guint32          mss)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP6Route route = {};
+
+    route.ifindex   = ifindex;
+    route.rt_source = source;
+    route.network   = network;
+    route.plen      = plen;
+    route.gateway   = gateway;
+    route.pref_src  = pref_src;
+    route.metric    = metric;
+    route.mss       = mss;
+
+    g_assert(
+        NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_ip6_route_add(platform, NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, &route)));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_ip_address_del(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                gboolean        external_command,
+                gboolean        is_v4,
+                int             ifindex,
+                const NMIPAddr *address,
+                int             plen,
+                const NMIPAddr *peer_address)
+{
+    gint64 end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *ifname;
+        char        b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char        b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        int         success;
+        gboolean    had_address;
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4)
+            had_address = !!nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                                        ifindex,
+                                                        address->addr4,
+                                                        plen,
+                                                        peer_address->addr4);
+        else
+            had_address = !!nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nmtstp_run_command("ip address delete %s%s%s/%d dev %s",
+                                         _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address->addr4, b1),
+                                         peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4 ? " peer " : "",
+                                         peer_address->addr4 != address->addr4
+                                             ? _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address->addr4, b2)
+                                             : "",
+                                         plen,
+                                         ifname);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(!peer_address);
+            success = nmtstp_run_command("ip address delete %s/%d dev %s",
+                                         _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address->addr6, b1),
+                                         plen,
+                                         ifname);
+        }
+        g_assert(success == 0 || !had_address);
+    } else {
+        gboolean success;
+
+        if (is_v4) {
+            success = nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(platform,
+                                                     ifindex,
+                                                     address->addr4,
+                                                     plen,
+                                                     peer_address->addr4);
+        } else {
+            g_assert(!peer_address);
+            success = nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(platform, ifindex, address->addr6, plen);
+        }
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        if (is_v4) {
+            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip4_address_get(platform,
+                                            ifindex,
+                                            address->addr4,
+                                            plen,
+                                            peer_address->addr4);
+            if (!a)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+            a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(platform, ifindex, &address->addr6);
+            if (!a)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip4_address_del(NMPlatform *platform,
+                       gboolean    external_command,
+                       int         ifindex,
+                       in_addr_t   address,
+                       int         plen,
+                       in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    _ip_address_del(platform,
+                    external_command,
+                    TRUE,
+                    ifindex,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &address,
+                    plen,
+                    (NMIPAddr *) &peer_address);
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_ip6_address_del(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       gboolean        external_command,
+                       int             ifindex,
+                       struct in6_addr address,
+                       int             plen)
+{
+    _ip_address_del(platform, external_command, FALSE, ifindex, (NMIPAddr *) &address, plen, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, type)                               \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                            \
+    {                                                                                       \
+        const NMPlatformLink *_pllink = (pllink);                                           \
+                                                                                            \
+        if ((success)) {                                                                    \
+            g_assert(_pllink);                                                              \
+            g_assert(_pllink                                                                \
+                     == nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform, _pllink->ifindex, (name), (type))); \
+        } else {                                                                            \
+            g_assert(!_pllink);                                                             \
+            g_assert(!nmtstp_link_get(platform, 0, (name)));                                \
+        }                                                                                   \
+    }                                                                                       \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *     pllink = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformLnkBridge *ll     = NULL;
+    int                        r      = 0;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        char sbuf_gfw[100];
+        char sbuf_mhm[100];
+        char sbuf_mlmc[100];
+        char sbuf_mlmi[100];
+        char sbuf_mmi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqii[100];
+        char sbuf_msqc[100];
+        char sbuf_msqi[100];
+        char sbuf_mqri[100];
+
+        r = nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip link add %s type bridge "
+            "forward_delay %u "
+            "hello_time %u "
+            "max_age %u "
+            "ageing_time %u "
+            "stp_state %d "
+            "priority %u "
+            "vlan_protocol %u "
+            "vlan_stats_enabled %d "
+            "%s" /* group_fwd_mask */
+            "group_address " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR " "
+            "mcast_snooping %d "
+            "mcast_router %u "
+            "mcast_query_use_ifaddr %d "
+            "mcast_querier %d "
+            "%s" /* mcast_hash_max */
+            "%s" /* mcast_last_member_count */
+            "%s" /* mcast_startup_query_count */
+            "%s" /* mcast_last_member_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_membership_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_querier_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_query_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_query_response_interval */
+            "%s" /* mcast_startup_query_interval */
+            "",
+            name,
+            lnk->forward_delay,
+            lnk->hello_time,
+            lnk->max_age,
+            lnk->ageing_time,
+            (int) lnk->stp_state,
+            lnk->priority,
+            lnk->vlan_protocol,
+            (int) lnk->vlan_stats_enabled,
+            lnk->group_fwd_mask != 0
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_gfw, "group_fwd_mask %#x ", lnk->group_fwd_mask)
+                : "",
+            NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(&lnk->group_addr),
+            (int) lnk->mcast_snooping,
+            lnk->mcast_router,
+            (int) lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+            (int) lnk->mcast_querier,
+            lnk->mcast_hash_max != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_HASH_MAX_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mhm, "mcast_hash_max %u ", lnk->mcast_hash_max)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_last_member_count != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_COUNT_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mlmc,
+                                 "mcast_last_member_count %u ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_last_member_count)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_startup_query_count != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_COUNT_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_msqc,
+                                 "mcast_startup_query_count %u ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_startup_query_count)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_last_member_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mlmi,
+                                 "mcast_last_member_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_last_member_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_membership_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mmi,
+                                 "mcast_membership_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_membership_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_querier_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqi,
+                                 "mcast_querier_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_querier_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_query_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqii,
+                                 "mcast_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_query_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_query_response_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_mqri,
+                                 "mcast_query_response_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_query_response_interval)
+                : "",
+            lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval != NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF
+                ? nm_sprintf_buf(sbuf_msqi,
+                                 "mcast_startup_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " ",
+                                 lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval)
+                : "");
+        if (r == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI(
+                "Adding bridge device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_bridge_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, 0, lnk, &pllink);
+    }
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, r == 0, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE);
+
+    ll = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LNK_BRIDGE(NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(pllink)->_link.netlink.lnk);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->forward_delay, ==, ll->forward_delay);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->hello_time, ==, ll->hello_time);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->max_age, ==, ll->max_age);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->ageing_time, ==, ll->ageing_time);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->stp_state, ==, ll->stp_state);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->priority, ==, ll->priority);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->vlan_stats_enabled, ==, ll->vlan_stats_enabled);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->group_fwd_mask, ==, ll->group_fwd_mask);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_snooping, ==, ll->mcast_snooping);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_router, ==, ll->mcast_router);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr, ==, ll->mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_querier, ==, ll->mcast_querier);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_hash_max, ==, ll->mcast_hash_max);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_last_member_count, ==, ll->mcast_last_member_count);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_startup_query_count, ==, ll->mcast_startup_query_count);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_last_member_interval, ==, ll->mcast_last_member_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_membership_interval, ==, ll->mcast_membership_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_querier_interval, ==, ll->mcast_querier_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_interval, ==, ll->mcast_query_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_query_response_interval, ==, ll->mcast_query_response_interval);
+    g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval, ==, ll->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_veth_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     gboolean    external_command,
+                     const char *name,
+                     const char *peer)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink  = NULL;
+    gboolean              success = FALSE;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add dev %s type veth peer name %s", name, peer);
+        if (success) {
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, 100);
+            nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, peer, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, 10);
+        } else {
+            /* iproute2 might fail in copr. See below.
+             * We accept that and try our platform implementation instead. */
+            _LOGI("iproute2 failed to add veth device. Retry with platform code.");
+            external_command = FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!external_command) {
+        int try_count = 0;
+        int r;
+
+again:
+        r = nm_platform_link_veth_add(platform, name, peer, &pllink);
+        if (r == -EPERM && try_count++ < 5) {
+            /* in copr (mock with Fedora 33 builders), this randomly fails with EPERM.
+             * Very odd. Try to work around by retrying. */
+            _LOGI("netlink failuer EPERM to add veth device. Retry.");
+            goto again;
+        }
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(success);
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_dummy_add(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, const char *name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type dummy", name);
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_dummy_add(platform, name, &pllink));
+
+    g_assert(success);
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_gre_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    NMLinkType            link_type;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+    link_type        = lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        char *        obj, *type;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        obj  = lnk->is_tap ? "link" : "tunnel";
+        type = lnk->is_tap ? "type gretap" : "mode gre";
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip %s add %s %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+                                      obj,
+                                      name,
+                                      type,
+                                      dev ?: "",
+                                      _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+                                      _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+                                      lnk->ttl,
+                                      lnk->tos,
+                                      lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, link_type, 100);
+    } else
+        success =
+            NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_gre_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ip6tnl_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  encap[20];
+    char                  tclass[20];
+    gboolean              encap_ignore;
+    gboolean              tclass_inherit;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(!lnk->is_gre);
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        const char *  mode;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        switch (lnk->proto) {
+        case IPPROTO_IPIP:
+            mode = "ipip6";
+            break;
+        case IPPROTO_IPV6:
+            mode = "ip6ip6";
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        encap_ignore   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_IGN_ENCAP_LIMIT);
+        tclass_inherit = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS);
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip -6 tunnel add %s mode %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tclass %s encaplimit %s "
+            "flowlabel %x",
+            name,
+            mode,
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            tclass_inherit ? "inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(tclass, "%02x", lnk->tclass),
+            encap_ignore ? "none" : nm_sprintf_buf(encap, "%u", lnk->encap_limit),
+            lnk->flow_label);
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_ip6tnl_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ip6gre_add(NMPlatform *               platform,
+                       gboolean                   external_command,
+                       const char *               name,
+                       const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  tclass[20];
+    gboolean              tclass_inherit;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(lnk->is_gre);
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        tclass_inherit = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->flags, IP6_TNL_F_USE_ORIG_TCLASS);
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip link add %s type %s %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tclass %s flowlabel %x",
+            name,
+            lnk->is_tap ? "ip6gretap" : "ip6gre",
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            tclass_inherit ? "inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(tclass, "%02x", lnk->tclass),
+            lnk->flow_label);
+        if (success) {
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform,
+                                                 name,
+                                                 lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP
+                                                             : NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+                                                 100);
+        }
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_ip6gre_add(platform, name, NULL, 0, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform,
+                   success,
+                   pllink,
+                   name,
+                   lnk->is_tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_ipip_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+                     gboolean                 external_command,
+                     const char *             name,
+                     const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip tunnel add %s mode ipip %s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+            name,
+            dev,
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+            lnk->ttl,
+            lnk->tos,
+            lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_ipip_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_macvlan_add(NMPlatform *                platform,
+                        gboolean                    external_command,
+                        const char *                name,
+                        int                         parent,
+                        const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    NMLinkType            link_type;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    link_type = lnk->tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN;
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *dev;
+        char *      modes[] = {
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_BRIDGE]   = "bridge",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_VEPA]     = "vepa",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_PRIVATE]  = "private",
+            [MACVLAN_MODE_PASSTHRU] = "passthru",
+        };
+
+        dev = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, parent);
+        g_assert(dev);
+        g_assert_cmpint(lnk->mode, <, G_N_ELEMENTS(modes));
+
+        success = !nmtstp_run_command("ip link add name %s link %s type %s mode %s %s",
+                                      name,
+                                      dev,
+                                      lnk->tap ? "macvtap" : "macvlan",
+                                      modes[lnk->mode],
+                                      lnk->no_promisc ? "nopromisc" : "");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, link_type, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(
+            nm_platform_link_macvlan_add(platform, name, parent, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_sit_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    gboolean              success;
+    char                  b1[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                  b2[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *dev = "";
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex) {
+            const char *parent_name;
+
+            parent_name = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex);
+            g_assert(parent_name);
+            dev = nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " dev %s", parent_name);
+        }
+
+        success =
+            !nmtstp_run_command("ip tunnel add %s mode sit%s local %s remote %s ttl %u tos %02x %s",
+                                name,
+                                dev,
+                                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, b1),
+                                _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, b2),
+                                lnk->ttl,
+                                lnk->tos,
+                                lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "pmtudisc" : "nopmtudisc");
+        if (success)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, 100);
+    } else
+        success = NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(nm_platform_link_sit_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink));
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, success, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk,
+                    int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   err;
+    int                   r;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+    g_assert(lnk);
+    g_assert(NM_IN_SET(lnk->type, IFF_TUN, IFF_TAP));
+    g_assert(!out_fd || *out_fd == -1);
+
+    if (!lnk->persist) {
+        /* ip tuntap does not support non-persistent devices.
+         *
+         * Add this device only via NMPlatform. */
+        if (external_command == -1)
+            external_command = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        g_assert(lnk->persist);
+
+        err = nmtstp_run_command(
+            "ip tuntap add"
+            " mode %s"
+            "%s" /* user */
+            "%s" /* group */
+            "%s" /* pi */
+            "%s" /* vnet_hdr */
+            "%s" /* multi_queue */
+            " name %s",
+            lnk->type == IFF_TUN ? "tun" : "tap",
+            lnk->owner_valid ? nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " user %u", (guint) lnk->owner) : "",
+            lnk->group_valid ? nm_sprintf_bufa(100, " group %u", (guint) lnk->group) : "",
+            lnk->pi ? " pi" : "",
+            lnk->vnet_hdr ? " vnet_hdr" : "",
+            lnk->multi_queue ? " multi_queue" : "",
+            name);
+        /* Older versions of iproute2 don't support adding  devices.
+         * On failure, fallback to using platform code. */
+        if (err == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, 100);
+        else
+            g_error("failure to add tun/tap device via ip-route");
+    } else {
+        g_assert(lnk->persist || out_fd);
+        r = nm_platform_link_tun_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink, out_fd);
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(pllink);
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(pllink->name, ==, name);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_vrf_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                    gboolean                external_command,
+                    const char *            name,
+                    const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk,
+                    gboolean *              out_not_supported)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   r      = 0;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_not_supported, FALSE);
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        r = nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type vrf table %u", name, lnk->table);
+
+        if (r == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI("Adding vrf device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_vrf_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink);
+        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_not_supported, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    _assert_pllink(platform, r == 0, pllink, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_vxlan_add(NMPlatform *              platform,
+                      gboolean                  external_command,
+                      const char *              name,
+                      const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+    int                   err;
+    int                   r;
+
+    g_assert(nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        gs_free char *dev = NULL;
+        char          local[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        char          group[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+        if (lnk->parent_ifindex)
+            dev =
+                g_strdup_printf("dev %s", nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, lnk->parent_ifindex));
+
+        if (lnk->local)
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, local);
+        else if (memcmp(&lnk->local6, &in6addr_any, sizeof(in6addr_any)))
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local6, local);
+        else
+            local[0] = '\0';
+
+        if (lnk->group)
+            _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->group, group);
+        else if (memcmp(&lnk->group6, &in6addr_any, sizeof(in6addr_any)))
+            _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->group6, group);
+        else
+            group[0] = '\0';
+
+        err = nmtstp_run_command("ip link add %s type vxlan id %u %s local %s group %s ttl %u tos "
+                                 "%02x dstport %u srcport %u %u ageing %u",
+                                 name,
+                                 lnk->id,
+                                 dev ?: "",
+                                 local,
+                                 group,
+                                 lnk->ttl,
+                                 lnk->tos,
+                                 lnk->dst_port,
+                                 lnk->src_port_min,
+                                 lnk->src_port_max,
+                                 lnk->ageing);
+        /* Older versions of iproute2 don't support adding vxlan devices.
+         * On failure, fallback to using platform code. */
+        if (err == 0)
+            pllink = nmtstp_assert_wait_for_link(platform, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, 100);
+        else
+            _LOGI(
+                "Adding vxlan device via iproute2 failed. Assume iproute2 is not up to the task.");
+    }
+    if (!pllink) {
+        r = nm_platform_link_vxlan_add(platform, name, lnk, &pllink);
+        g_assert(NMTST_NM_ERR_SUCCESS(r));
+        g_assert(pllink);
+    }
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(pllink->name, ==, name);
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_get_typed(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name, NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink = NULL;
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, FALSE);
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex);
+
+        if (pllink) {
+            g_assert_cmpint(pllink->ifindex, ==, ifindex);
+            if (name)
+                g_assert_cmpstr(name, ==, pllink->name);
+        } else {
+            if (name)
+                g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name));
+        }
+    } else {
+        g_assert(name);
+
+        pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name);
+
+        if (pllink)
+            g_assert_cmpstr(name, ==, pllink->name);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(!name || nm_utils_ifname_valid_kernel(name, NULL));
+
+    if (pllink && link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+        g_assert_cmpint(pllink->type, ==, link_type);
+
+    return pllink;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nmtstp_link_get(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    return nmtstp_link_get_typed(platform, ifindex, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_link_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                   gboolean    external_command,
+                   int         ifindex,
+                   const char *name,
+                   gboolean    require_exist)
+{
+    gint64                end_time;
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    gboolean              success;
+    gs_free char *        name_copy = NULL;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    pllink = nmtstp_link_get(platform, ifindex, name);
+
+    if (!pllink) {
+        g_assert(!require_exist);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    name = name_copy = g_strdup(pllink->name);
+    ifindex          = pllink->ifindex;
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link delete %s", name);
+    } else {
+        success = nm_platform_link_delete(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(success);
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        if (!nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex)) {
+            g_assert(!nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(platform, name));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_link_set_updown(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean external_command, int ifindex, gboolean up)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    gint64                end_time;
+
+    external_command = nmtstp_run_command_check_external(external_command);
+
+    _init_platform(&platform, external_command);
+
+    if (external_command) {
+        const char *ifname;
+
+        ifname = nm_platform_link_get_name(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(ifname);
+
+        nmtstp_run_command_check("ip link set %s %s", ifname, up ? "up" : "down");
+    } else {
+        if (up)
+            g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_up(platform, ifindex, NULL));
+        else
+            g_assert(nm_platform_link_set_down(platform, ifindex));
+    }
+
+    /* Let's wait until we get the result */
+    end_time = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + 250;
+    do {
+        if (external_command)
+            nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+        /* let's wait until we see the address as we added it. */
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get(platform, ifindex);
+        g_assert(plink);
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(plink->n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP) == !!up)
+            break;
+
+        /* for internal command, we expect not to reach this line.*/
+        g_assert(external_command);
+
+        nmtstp_assert_wait_for_signal_until(platform, end_time);
+    } while (TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nmtstp_kernel_support_get(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+    NMOptionBool          v;
+
+    v = nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(type, FALSE);
+    if (v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT)
+        return v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED:
+        pllink = nmtstp_link_bridge_add(NULL, -1, "br-test-11", &nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default);
+        nmtstp_link_delete(NULL, -1, pllink->ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+        v = nm_platform_kernel_support_get_full(type, FALSE);
+        g_assert(v != NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT);
+        return v;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMTstpNamespaceHandle {
+    pid_t pid;
+    int   pipe_fd;
+};
+
+NMTstpNamespaceHandle *
+nmtstp_namespace_create(int unshare_flags, GError **error)
+{
+    NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle;
+    int                    e;
+    int                    errsv;
+    pid_t                  pid, pid2;
+    int                    pipefd_c2p[2];
+    int                    pipefd_p2c[2];
+    ssize_t                r;
+
+    e = pipe2(pipefd_c2p, O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (e != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "pipe() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = pipe2(pipefd_p2c, O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (e != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "pipe() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    pid = fork();
+    if (pid < 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "fork() failed with %d (%s)",
+                    errsv,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]);
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        char read_buf[1];
+
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]); /* close read-end */
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]); /* close write-end */
+
+        if (unshare(unshare_flags) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == 0)
+                errsv = -1;
+        } else
+            errsv = 0;
+
+        /* sync with parent process and send result. */
+        do {
+            r = write(pipefd_c2p[1], &errsv, sizeof(errsv));
+        } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+        if (r != sizeof(errsv)) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == 0)
+                errsv = -2;
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]);
+
+        /* wait until parent process terminates (or kills us). */
+        if (errsv == 0) {
+            do {
+                r = read(pipefd_p2c[0], read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+            } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]);
+        _exit(0);
+    }
+
+    nm_close(pipefd_c2p[1]); /* close write-end */
+    nm_close(pipefd_p2c[0]); /* close read-end */
+
+    /* sync with child process. */
+    do {
+        r = read(pipefd_c2p[0], &errsv, sizeof(errsv));
+    } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+    nm_close(pipefd_c2p[0]);
+
+    if (r != sizeof(errsv) || errsv != 0) {
+        int status;
+
+        if (r != sizeof(errsv)) {
+            g_set_error(error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "child process failed for unknown reason");
+        } else {
+            g_set_error(error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "child process signaled failure %d (%s)",
+                        errsv,
+                        nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+        }
+        nm_close(pipefd_p2c[1]);
+        kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+        do {
+            pid2 = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+        } while (pid2 == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    ns_handle          = g_new0(NMTstpNamespaceHandle, 1);
+    ns_handle->pid     = pid;
+    ns_handle->pipe_fd = pipefd_p2c[1];
+    return ns_handle;
+}
+
+pid_t
+nmtstp_namespace_handle_get_pid(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_handle, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_handle->pid > 0, 0);
+
+    return ns_handle->pid;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_namespace_handle_release(NMTstpNamespaceHandle *ns_handle)
+{
+    pid_t pid;
+    int   status;
+
+    if (!ns_handle)
+        return;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ns_handle->pid > 0);
+
+    nm_close(ns_handle->pipe_fd);
+    ns_handle->pipe_fd = 0;
+
+    kill(ns_handle->pid, SIGKILL);
+
+    do {
+        pid = waitpid(ns_handle->pid, &status, 0);
+    } while (pid == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+    ns_handle->pid = 0;
+
+    g_free(ns_handle);
+}
+
+int
+nmtstp_namespace_get_fd_for_process(pid_t pid, const char *ns_name)
+{
+    char p[1000];
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(pid > 0, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ns_name && ns_name[0] && strlen(ns_name) < 50, 0);
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(p, "/proc/%lu/ns/%s", (unsigned long) pid, ns_name);
+
+    return open(p, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nmtstp_netns_select_random(NMPlatform **platforms, gsize n_platforms, NMPNetns **netns)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    g_assert(platforms);
+    g_assert(n_platforms && n_platforms <= G_MAXINT32);
+    g_assert(netns && !*netns);
+    for (i = 0; i < n_platforms; i++)
+        g_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(platforms[i]));
+
+    i = nmtst_get_rand_uint32() % (n_platforms + 1);
+    if (i == 0)
+        return;
+    g_assert(nm_platform_netns_push(platforms[i - 1], netns));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+static gboolean
+unshare_user(void)
+{
+    FILE *f;
+    uid_t uid = geteuid();
+    gid_t gid = getegid();
+
+    /* Already a root? */
+    if (gid == 0 && uid == 0)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* Become a root in new user NS. */
+    if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* Since Linux 3.19 we have to disable setgroups() in order to map users.
+     * Just proceed if the file is not there. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/setgroups", "we");
+    if (f) {
+        fprintf(f, "deny");
+        fclose(f);
+    }
+
+    /* Map current UID to root in NS to be created. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/uid_map", "we");
+    if (!f)
+        return FALSE;
+    fprintf(f, "0 %d 1", uid);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    /* Map current GID to root in NS to be created. */
+    f = fopen("/proc/self/gid_map", "we");
+    if (!f)
+        return FALSE;
+    fprintf(f, "0 %d 1", gid);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    int         result;
+    const char *program = *argv;
+
+    _nmtstp_init_tests(&argc, &argv);
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && (geteuid() != 0 || getegid() != 0)) {
+        if (g_getenv("NMTST_FORCE_REAL_ROOT") || !unshare_user()) {
+            /* Try to exec as sudo, this function does not return, if a sudo-cmd is set. */
+            nmtst_reexec_sudo();
+
+#ifdef REQUIRE_ROOT_TESTS
+            g_print("Fail test: requires root privileges (%s)\n", program);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+#else
+            g_print("Skipping test: requires root privileges (%s)\n", program);
+            return g_test_run();
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nmtstp_is_root_test() && !g_getenv("NMTST_NO_UNSHARE")) {
+        int errsv;
+
+        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET | CLONE_NEWNS) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_error("unshare(CLONE_NEWNET|CLONE_NEWNS) failed with %s (%d)",
+                    nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                    errsv);
+        }
+
+        /* We need a read-only /sys so that the platform knows there's no udev. */
+        mount(NULL, "/sys", "sysfs", MS_SLAVE, NULL);
+        if (mount("sys", "/sys", "sysfs", MS_RDONLY, NULL) != 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_error("mount(\"/sys\") failed with %s (%d)", nm_strerror_native(errsv), errsv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    nmtstp_setup_platform();
+
+    _nmtstp_setup_tests();
+
+    result = g_test_run();
+
+    nmtstp_link_delete(NM_PLATFORM_GET, -1, -1, DEVICE_NAME, FALSE);
+
+    g_object_unref(NM_PLATFORM_GET);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+struct _NMTstpAcdDefender {
+    int        ifindex;
+    in_addr_t  ip_addr;
+    NAcd *     nacd;
+    NAcdProbe *probe;
+    GSource *  source;
+    gint8      announce_started;
+};
+
+static gboolean
+_l3_acd_nacd_event(int fd, GIOCondition condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMTstpAcdDefender *defender = user_data;
+    int                r;
+
+    r = n_acd_dispatch(defender->nacd);
+    if (r == N_ACD_E_PREEMPTED)
+        r = 0;
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        NAcdEvent *event;
+
+        r = n_acd_pop_event(defender->nacd, &event);
+        g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+        if (!event)
+            return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+
+        switch (event->event) {
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_READY:
+            g_assert_cmpint(defender->announce_started, ==, 0);
+            g_assert(defender->probe == event->ready.probe);
+            defender->announce_started++;
+            _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: start announcing",
+                  NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender));
+            r = n_acd_probe_announce(defender->probe, N_ACD_DEFEND_ALWAYS);
+            g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+            break;
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_DEFENDED:
+            g_assert(defender->probe == event->defended.probe);
+            g_assert_cmpint(event->defended.n_sender, ==, ETH_ALEN);
+            _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT
+                  "]: defended from " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR,
+                  NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender),
+                  NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL((const NMEtherAddr *) event->defended.sender));
+            break;
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_USED:
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_CONFLICT:
+        case N_ACD_EVENT_DOWN:
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+NMTstpAcdDefender *
+nmtstp_acd_defender_new(int ifindex, in_addr_t ip_addr, const NMEtherAddr *mac_addr)
+{
+    NMTstpAcdDefender *                                defender;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_config_freep) NAcdConfig *           config       = NULL;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_unrefp) NAcd *                       nacd         = NULL;
+    nm_auto(n_acd_probe_config_freep) NAcdProbeConfig *probe_config = NULL;
+    NAcdProbe *                                        probe        = NULL;
+    int                                                fd;
+    int                                                r;
+    char                                               sbuf_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(ifindex, >, 0);
+    g_assert(mac_addr);
+
+    r = n_acd_config_new(&config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(config);
+
+    n_acd_config_set_ifindex(config, ifindex);
+    n_acd_config_set_transport(config, N_ACD_TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+    n_acd_config_set_mac(config, (const guint8 *) mac_addr, sizeof(*mac_addr));
+
+    r = n_acd_new(&nacd, config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(nacd);
+
+    r = n_acd_probe_config_new(&probe_config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(probe_config);
+
+    n_acd_probe_config_set_ip(probe_config, (struct in_addr){ip_addr});
+    n_acd_probe_config_set_timeout(probe_config, 0);
+
+    r = n_acd_probe(nacd, &probe, probe_config);
+    g_assert_cmpint(r, ==, 0);
+    g_assert(probe);
+
+    defender  = g_slice_new(NMTstpAcdDefender);
+    *defender = (NMTstpAcdDefender){
+        .ifindex = ifindex,
+        .ip_addr = ip_addr,
+        .nacd    = g_steal_pointer(&nacd),
+        .probe   = g_steal_pointer(&probe),
+    };
+
+    _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT
+          "]: new for ifindex=%d, hwaddr=" NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR ", ipaddr=%s",
+          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender),
+          ifindex,
+          NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(mac_addr),
+          _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(ip_addr, sbuf_addr));
+
+    n_acd_probe_set_userdata(defender->probe, defender);
+
+    n_acd_get_fd(defender->nacd, &fd);
+    g_assert_cmpint(fd, >=, 0);
+
+    defender->source = nm_g_source_attach(nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(fd,
+                                                                  G_IO_IN,
+                                                                  G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                                  _l3_acd_nacd_event,
+                                                                  defender,
+                                                                  NULL),
+                                          NULL);
+
+    return defender;
+}
+
+void
+nmtstp_acd_defender_destroy(NMTstpAcdDefender *defender)
+{
+    if (!defender)
+        return;
+
+    _LOGT("acd-defender[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: destroy", NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(defender));
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&defender->source);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&defender->nacd, n_acd_unref);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&defender->probe, n_acd_probe_free);
+
+    nm_g_slice_free(defender);
+}