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authorMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
committerMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
commit80ec1decc49c72efec2a8b87c06245c92c0ab807 (patch)
treee3b229aa94e8dcf0590f2317664176e7b8f7607b /src/core/platform/nm-platform.c
parent65f86e8f56267192d42f2b629fc6b0c99fb9cd0c (diff)
New upstream version 1.29.90 upstream/1.29.90
Diffstat (limited to 'src/core/platform/nm-platform.c')
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-platform.c8966
1 files changed, 8966 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e5f8ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-platform.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8966 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-platform.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/tc_act/tc_mirred.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-dedup-multi.h"
+#include "nm-udev-aux/nm-udev-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-secret-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform-private.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Address, address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Address, address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP4Route, network));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr)
+                == G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMPlatformIP6Route, network));
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP4Route));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP6Route));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPRoute) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPXRoute));
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP4Address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIP6Address));
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(_nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPAddress) == _nm_alignof(NMPlatformIPXAddress));
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPLinkAddress *) NULL)->data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPlatformLink *) NULL)->l_address.data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMPlatformLink *) NULL)->l_broadcast.data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+
+static const char *
+_nmp_link_address_to_string(const NMPLinkAddress *addr,
+                            char                  buf[static(NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3)])
+{
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    if (addr->len > 0) {
+        if (!_nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(addr->data, addr->len, TRUE, buf, NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3)) {
+            buf[0] = '\0';
+            g_return_val_if_reached(buf);
+        }
+    } else
+        buf[0] = '\0';
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+gconstpointer
+nmp_link_address_get(const NMPLinkAddress *addr, size_t *length)
+{
+    if (!addr || addr->len <= 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(length, 0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (addr->len > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(length, 0);
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(length, addr->len);
+    return addr->data;
+}
+
+GBytes *
+nmp_link_address_get_as_bytes(const NMPLinkAddress *addr)
+{
+    gconstpointer data;
+    size_t        length;
+
+    data = nmp_link_address_get(addr, &length);
+
+    return length > 0 ? g_bytes_new(data, length) : NULL;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN      LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME "platform"
+
+#define NMLOG_COMMON(level, name, ...)                                                \
+    char                    __prefix[32];                                             \
+    const char *            __p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME;                          \
+    const NMPlatform *const __self     = (self);                                      \
+    const char *            __name     = name;                                        \
+                                                                                      \
+    if (__self && NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(__self)->log_with_ptr) {                    \
+        g_snprintf(__prefix, sizeof(__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
+        __p_prefix = __prefix;                                                        \
+    }                                                                                 \
+    _nm_log(__level,                                                                  \
+            _NMLOG_DOMAIN,                                                            \
+            0,                                                                        \
+            __name,                                                                   \
+            NULL,                                                                     \
+            "%s: %s%s%s" _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                          \
+            __p_prefix,                                                               \
+            NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(__name, "(", __name, ") ", "") _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));
+
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)                                \
+    G_STMT_START                                          \
+    {                                                     \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);               \
+                                                          \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) { \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level, NULL, __VA_ARGS__);       \
+        }                                                 \
+    }                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _NMLOG2(level, ...)                               \
+    G_STMT_START                                          \
+    {                                                     \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);               \
+                                                          \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) { \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level, name, __VA_ARGS__);       \
+        }                                                 \
+    }                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _NMLOG3(level, ...)                                                             \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                        \
+    {                                                                                   \
+        const NMLogLevel __level = (level);                                             \
+                                                                                        \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) {                               \
+            NMLOG_COMMON(level,                                                         \
+                         ifindex > 0 ? nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex) : NULL, \
+                         __VA_ARGS__);                                                  \
+        }                                                                               \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint signals[_NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST] = {0};
+
+enum {
+    PROP_0,
+    PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+    PROP_USE_UDEV,
+    PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+    LAST_PROP,
+};
+
+typedef struct _NMPlatformPrivate {
+    bool use_udev : 1;
+    bool log_with_ptr : 1;
+
+    guint              ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id;
+    guint              ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id;
+    GHashTable *       ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash;
+    NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx;
+    NMPCache *         cache;
+} NMPlatformPrivate;
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMPlatform, nm_platform, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
+
+#define NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) _NM_GET_PRIVATE_PTR(self, NMPlatform, NM_IS_PLATFORM)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(NMPlatform *self);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_get_use_udev(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->use_udev;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->log_with_ptr;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+guint
+_nm_platform_signal_id_get(NMPlatformSignalIdType signal_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(signal_type > 0 && signal_type != NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_NONE
+              && signal_type < _NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST);
+
+    return signals[signal_type];
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Singleton NMPlatform subclass instance and cached class object */
+NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_INSTANCE(NMPlatform);
+
+NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_REGISTER(NMPlatform);
+
+/* Just always initialize a @klass instance. NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS()
+ * is only a plain read on the self instance, which the compiler
+ * like can optimize out.
+ */
+#define _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass)           \
+    NMPlatformClass *klass;                     \
+    do {                                        \
+        g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self)); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);    \
+        (void) klass;                           \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, err_val)                    \
+    NMPlatformClass *klass;                                  \
+    do {                                                     \
+        g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), err_val); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);                 \
+        (void) klass;                                        \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, err_val)       \
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;                \
+    NMPlatformClass *           klass;                       \
+    do {                                                     \
+        g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), err_val); \
+        klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS(self);                 \
+        (void) klass;                                        \
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(self, &netns))           \
+            return (err_val);                                \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_setup:
+ * @instance: the #NMPlatform instance
+ *
+ * Failing to set up #NMPlatform singleton results in a fatal error,
+ * as well as trying to initialize it multiple times without freeing
+ * it.
+ *
+ * NetworkManager will typically use only one platform object during
+ * its run. Test programs might want to switch platform implementations,
+ * though.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_setup(NMPlatform *instance)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(instance));
+    g_return_if_fail(!singleton_instance);
+
+    singleton_instance = instance;
+
+    nm_singleton_instance_register();
+
+    nm_log_dbg(LOGD_CORE,
+               "setup %s singleton (" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT ")",
+               "NMPlatform",
+               NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(instance));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ *
+ * Retrieve #NMPlatform singleton. Use this whenever you want to connect to
+ * #NMPlatform signals. It is an error to call it before nm_platform_setup().
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer none): The #NMPlatform singleton reference.
+ */
+NMPlatform *
+nm_platform_get()
+{
+    g_assert(singleton_instance);
+
+    return singleton_instance;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMDedupMultiIndex *
+nm_platform_get_multi_idx(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->multi_idx;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
+    _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string_lookup,
+    NMPNlmFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT(NULL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, "add"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_CHANGE, "change"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_REPLACE, "replace"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_PREPEND, "prepend"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND, "append"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NMP_NLM_FLAG_TEST, "test"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_APPEND),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO), );
+
+#define _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string(flags)                               \
+    ({                                                               \
+        NMPNlmFlags _flags = (flags);                                \
+                                                                     \
+        _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string_lookup(flags)                        \
+            ?: nm_sprintf_bufa(100, "new[0x%x]", (unsigned) _flags); \
+    })
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+volatile int _nm_platform_kernel_support_state[_NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM] = {};
+
+static const struct {
+    bool        compile_time_default;
+    const char *name;
+    const char *desc;
+} _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[_NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_NUM] = {
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = TRUE,
+            .name                 = "EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS",
+            .desc                 = "IPv6 temporary addresses support",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = TRUE,
+            .name                 = "USER_IPV6LL",
+            .desc                 = "IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE support",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (RTA_MAX >= 20 /* RTA_PREF */),
+            .name                 = "RTA_PREF",
+            .desc                 = "ability to set router preference for IPv6 routes",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 19 /* FRA_L3MDEV */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_L3MDEV",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_L3MDEV attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 20 /* FRA_UID_RANGE */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_UID_RANGE",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_UID_RANGE attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 21 /* FRA_PROTOCOL */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_PROTOCOL",
+            .desc                 = "FRA_PROTOCOL attribute for policy routing rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (FRA_MAX >= 22 /* FRA_IP_PROTO */),
+            .name                 = "FRA_IP_PROTO",
+            .desc = "FRA_IP_PROTO, FRA_SPORT_RANGE, FRA_DPORT_RANGE attributes for policy routing "
+                    "rules",
+        },
+    [NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED] =
+        {
+            .compile_time_default = (IFLA_BR_MAX >= 41 /* IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED */),
+            .name                 = "IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLE",
+            .desc                 = "IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLE bridge link attribute",
+        },
+};
+
+int
+_nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NMPlatformKernelSupportType type, int value)
+{
+    volatile int *p_state;
+    gboolean      set_default = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(type) && type < G_N_ELEMENTS(_nm_platform_kernel_support_state));
+
+    p_state = &_nm_platform_kernel_support_state[type];
+
+    if (value == 0) {
+        set_default = TRUE;
+        value       = _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].compile_time_default ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(value, -1, 1));
+
+    if (!g_atomic_int_compare_and_exchange(p_state, 0, value)) {
+        value = g_atomic_int_get(p_state);
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(value, -1, 1));
+        return value;
+    }
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 0
+
+    if (set_default) {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                   "platform: kernel-support for %s (%s) not detected: assume %ssupported",
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].name,
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].desc,
+                   value >= 0 ? "" : "not ");
+    } else {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_PLATFORM,
+                   "platform: kernel-support for %s (%s) detected: %ssupported",
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].name,
+                   _nm_platform_kernel_support_info[type].desc,
+                   value >= 0 ? "" : "not ");
+    }
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 1
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_process_events:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ *
+ * Process pending events or handle pending delayed-actions.
+ * Effectively, this reads the netlink socket and processes
+ * new netlink messages. Possibly it will raise change signals.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_process_events(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    if (klass->process_events)
+        klass->process_events(self);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_process_events_ensure_link(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *ifname)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    gboolean         refreshed = FALSE;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0 && !ifname)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* we look into the cache, whether a link for given ifindex/ifname
+     * exits. If not, we poll the netlink socket, maybe the event
+     * with the link is waiting.
+     *
+     * Then we try again to find the object.
+     *
+     * If the link is already cached the first time, we avoid polling
+     * the netlink socket. */
+again:
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(
+        nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+        ifindex,
+        ifname,
+        FALSE, /* also invisible. We don't care here whether udev is ready */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+        NULL,
+        NULL);
+    if (obj)
+        return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+    if (!refreshed) {
+        refreshed = TRUE;
+        nm_platform_process_events(self);
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex for which to open /sys/class/net/%s
+ * @out_ifname: optional output argument of the found ifname.
+ *
+ * Wraps nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir() by first changing into the right
+ * network-namespace.
+ *
+ * Returns: on success, the open file descriptor to the /sys/class/net/%s
+ *   directory.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *out_ifname)
+{
+    const char *ifname_guess;
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, -1);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -1);
+
+    /* we don't have an @ifname_guess argument to make the API nicer.
+     * But still do a cache-lookup first. Chances are good that we have
+     * the right ifname cached and save if_indextoname() */
+    ifname_guess = nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex);
+
+    return nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir(ifindex, ifname_guess, out_ifname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_set:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: optional file descriptor for parent directory for openat()
+ * @path: Absolute option path
+ * @value: Value to write
+ *
+ * This function is intended to be used for writing values to sysctl-style
+ * virtual runtime configuration files. This includes not only /proc/sys
+ * but also for example /sys/class.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                       const char *pathid,
+                       int         dirfd,
+                       const char *path,
+                       const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->sysctl_set(self, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_set_async:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up
+ * @dirfd: optional file descriptor for parent directory for openat()
+ * @path: absolute option path
+ * @values: NULL-terminated array of strings to be written
+ * @callback: function called on termination
+ * @data: data passed to callback function
+ * @cancellable: to cancel the operation
+ *
+ * This function is intended to be used for writing values to sysctl-style
+ * virtual runtime configuration files. This includes not only /proc/sys
+ * but also for example /sys/class. The function does not block and returns
+ * immediately. The callback is always invoked, and asynchronously. The file
+ * is closed after writing each value and reopened to write the next one so
+ * that the function can be used safely on all /proc and /sys files,
+ * independently of how /proc/sys/kernel/sysctl_writes_strict is configured.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_sysctl_set_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             const char *            pathid,
+                             int                     dirfd,
+                             const char *            path,
+                             const char *const *     values,
+                             NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                             gpointer                data,
+                             GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    klass->sysctl_set_async(self, pathid, dirfd, path, values, callback, data, cancellable);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_ipv6_hop_limit_safe(NMPlatform *self, const char *iface, int value)
+{
+    const char *path;
+    gint64      cur;
+    char        buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    /* the hop-limit provided via RA is uint8. */
+    if (value > 0xFF)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* don't allow unreasonable small values */
+    if (value < 10)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    path = nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(AF_INET6, buf, iface, "hop_limit");
+    cur  = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                             NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path),
+                                             10,
+                                             1,
+                                             G_MAXINT32,
+                                             -1);
+
+    /* only allow increasing the hop-limit to avoid DOS by an attacker
+     * setting a low hop-limit (CVE-2015-2924, rh#1209902) */
+
+    if (value < cur)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (value != cur) {
+        char svalue[20];
+
+        sprintf(svalue, "%d", value);
+        nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), svalue);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_reachable_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                    const char *iface,
+                                                    guint       value_ms)
+{
+    char  path[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char  str[128];
+    guint clamped;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (!value_ms)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* RFC 4861 says the value can't be greater than one hour.
+     * Also use a reasonable lower threshold. */
+    clamped = NM_CLAMP(value_ms, 100, 3600000);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/base_reachable_time_ms", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", clamped);
+    if (!nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* Set stale time in the same way as kernel */
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/gc_stale_time", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", clamped * 3 / 1000);
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_neigh_set_ipv6_retrans_time(NMPlatform *self,
+                                                  const char *iface,
+                                                  guint       value_ms)
+{
+    char path[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char str[128];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (!value_ms)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(path, "/proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh/%s/retrans_time_ms", iface);
+    nm_sprintf_buf(str, "%u", NM_CLAMP(value_ms, 10, 3600000));
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(path), str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer full): Contents of the virtual sysctl file.
+ *
+ * If the path does not exist, %NULL is returned and %errno set to %ENOENT.
+ */
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_get(NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, NULL);
+
+    return klass->sysctl_get(self, pathid, dirfd, path);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
+ * as decimal integer.
+ *
+ * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s32 integer, or
+ * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
+ * value, on success %errno will be set to zero.
+ */
+gint32
+nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(NMPlatform *self,
+                             const char *pathid,
+                             int         dirfd,
+                             const char *path,
+                             gint32      fallback)
+{
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                              pathid,
+                                              dirfd,
+                                              path,
+                                              10,
+                                              G_MININT32,
+                                              G_MAXINT32,
+                                              fallback);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
+ *   It is required for logging.
+ * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
+ * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
+ * @base: base of numeric conversion
+ * @min: minimal value that is still valid
+ * @max: maximal value that is still valid
+ * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
+ * as valid integer.
+ *
+ * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s64 integer, or
+ * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
+ * value. On success, %errno will be set to zero. The returned value
+ * will always be in the range between @min and @max
+ * (inclusive) or @fallback.
+ * If the file does not exist, the fallback is returned and %errno
+ * is set to ENOENT.
+ */
+gint64
+nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                   const char *pathid,
+                                   int         dirfd,
+                                   const char *path,
+                                   guint       base,
+                                   gint64      min,
+                                   gint64      max,
+                                   gint64      fallback)
+{
+    char * value = NULL;
+    gint32 ret;
+    int    errsv;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, fallback);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, fallback);
+
+    if (!path) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    value = nm_platform_sysctl_get(self, pathid, dirfd, path);
+    if (!value) {
+        /* nm_platform_sysctl_get() set errno to ENOENT if the file does not exist.
+         * Propagate/preserve that. */
+        if (errno != ENOENT)
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    ret   = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(value, base, min, max, fallback);
+    errsv = errno;
+    g_free(value);
+    errno = errsv;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         addr_family,
+                               const char *ifname,
+                               const char *property)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)));
+}
+
+gint64
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(NMPlatform *self,
+                                           int         addr_family,
+                                           const char *ifname,
+                                           const char *property,
+                                           guint       base,
+                                           gint64      min,
+                                           gint64      max,
+                                           gint64      fallback)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        base,
+        min,
+        max,
+        fallback);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         addr_family,
+                               const char *ifname,
+                               const char *property,
+                               const char *value)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        value);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_set_int64(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         addr_family,
+                                     const char *ifname,
+                                     const char *property,
+                                     gint64      value)
+{
+    char buf[NM_UTILS_SYSCTL_IP_CONF_PATH_BUFSIZE];
+    char s[64];
+
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+        self,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE(
+            nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_path(addr_family, buf, ifname, property)),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(s, "%" G_GINT64_FORMAT, value));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_rp_filter_ipv4(NMPlatform *self,
+                                              const char *ifname,
+                                              gboolean    consider_all,
+                                              gboolean *  out_due_to_all)
+{
+    int val, val_all;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_due_to_all, FALSE);
+
+    if (!ifname)
+        return -1;
+
+    val = nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                     AF_INET,
+                                                     ifname,
+                                                     "rp_filter",
+                                                     10,
+                                                     0,
+                                                     2,
+                                                     -1);
+    if (val == -1)
+        return -1;
+
+    /* the effectively used value is the rp_filter sysctl value of MAX(all,ifname).
+     * Note that this is the numerical MAX(), despite rp_filter "1" being more strict
+     * than "2". */
+    if (val < 2 && consider_all && !nm_streq(ifname, "all")) {
+        val_all = nm_platform_sysctl_ip_conf_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                             AF_INET,
+                                                             "all",
+                                                             "rp_filter",
+                                                             10,
+                                                             0,
+                                                             2,
+                                                             val);
+        if (val_all > val) {
+            val = val_all;
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_due_to_all, TRUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+_link_get_all_presort(gconstpointer p_a, gconstpointer p_b, gpointer sort_by_name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(*((const NMPObject **) p_a));
+    const NMPlatformLink *b = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(*((const NMPObject **) p_b));
+
+    /* Loopback always first */
+    if (a->ifindex == 1)
+        return -1;
+    if (b->ifindex == 1)
+        return 1;
+
+    if (GPOINTER_TO_INT(sort_by_name)) {
+        /* Initialized links first */
+        if (a->initialized > b->initialized)
+            return -1;
+        if (a->initialized < b->initialized)
+            return 1;
+
+        return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
+    } else
+        return a->ifindex - b->ifindex;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_all:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @sort_by_name: whether to sort by name or ifindex.
+ *
+ * Retrieve a snapshot of configuration for all links at once. The result is
+ * owned by the caller and should be freed with g_ptr_array_unref().
+ */
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_link_get_all(NMPlatform *self, gboolean sort_by_name)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *links = NULL;
+    GPtrArray *                  result;
+    guint                        i, nresult;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *unseen = NULL;
+    const NMPlatformLink *         item;
+    NMPLookup                      lookup;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+    links = nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head(nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup), NULL, NULL);
+    if (!links)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len;) {
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(links->pdata[i]))
+            g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(links, i);
+        else
+            i++;
+    }
+
+    if (links->len == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* first sort the links by their ifindex or name. Below we will sort
+     * further by moving children/slaves to the end. */
+    g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(links, _link_get_all_presort, GINT_TO_POINTER(sort_by_name));
+
+    unseen = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+        item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+        nm_assert(item->ifindex > 0);
+        if (!g_hash_table_insert(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex), NULL))
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
+    /* Ensure that link_get_all returns a consistent and valid result. */
+    for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+        item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+
+        if (!item->ifindex)
+            continue;
+        if (item->master != 0) {
+            g_warn_if_fail(item->master > 0);
+            g_warn_if_fail(item->master != item->ifindex);
+            g_warn_if_fail(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->master)));
+        }
+        if (item->parent != 0) {
+            if (item->parent != NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS) {
+                g_warn_if_fail(item->parent > 0);
+                g_warn_if_fail(item->parent != item->ifindex);
+                g_warn_if_fail(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->parent)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Re-order the links list such that children/slaves come after all ancestors */
+    nm_assert(g_hash_table_size(unseen) == links->len);
+    nresult = links->len;
+    result  = g_ptr_array_new_full(nresult, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        gboolean found_something = FALSE;
+        guint    first_idx       = G_MAXUINT;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
+            item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[i]);
+
+            if (!item)
+                continue;
+
+            g_assert(g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex)));
+
+            if (item->master > 0 && g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->master)))
+                goto skip;
+            if (item->parent > 0 && g_hash_table_contains(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->parent)))
+                goto skip;
+
+            g_hash_table_remove(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex));
+            g_ptr_array_add(result, links->pdata[i]);
+            links->pdata[i] = NULL;
+            found_something = TRUE;
+            continue;
+skip:
+            if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
+                first_idx = i;
+        }
+
+        if (found_something) {
+            if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            nm_assert(first_idx != G_MAXUINT);
+            /* There is a loop, pop the first (remaining) element from the list.
+             * This can happen for veth pairs where each peer is parent of the other end. */
+            item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(links->pdata[first_idx]);
+            nm_assert(item);
+            g_hash_table_remove(unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER(item->ifindex));
+            g_ptr_array_add(result, links->pdata[first_idx]);
+            links->pdata[first_idx] = NULL;
+        }
+        nm_assert(result->len < nresult);
+    }
+    nm_assert(result->len == nresult);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMPObject *
+nm_platform_link_get_obj(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean visible_only)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj_cache;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(self), ifindex);
+    if (!obj_cache || (visible_only && !nmp_object_is_visible(obj_cache)))
+        return NULL;
+    return obj_cache;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: ifindex of the link
+ *
+ * Lookup the internal NMPlatformLink object.
+ *
+ * Returns: %NULL, if such a link exists or the internal
+ * platform link object. Do not modify the returned value.
+ * Also, be aware that any subsequent platform call might
+ * invalidate/modify the returned instance.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifname: the ifname
+ *
+ * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink instance with the given name.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    if (!ifname || !*ifname)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+                                     0,
+                                     ifname,
+                                     TRUE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+}
+
+struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data {
+    gconstpointer data;
+    guint8        len;
+};
+
+static gboolean
+_nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link(const NMPObject *                             obj,
+                                            struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data *d)
+{
+    return obj->link.l_address.len == d->len && !memcmp(obj->link.l_address.data, d->data, d->len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_by_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @address: a pointer to the binary hardware address
+ * @length: the size of @address in bytes
+ *
+ * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink object with a matching
+ * address.
+ **/
+const NMPlatformLink *
+nm_platform_link_get_by_address(NMPlatform *  self,
+                                NMLinkType    link_type,
+                                gconstpointer address,
+                                size_t        length)
+{
+    const NMPObject *                            obj;
+    struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data d = {
+        .data = address,
+        .len  = length,
+    };
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    if (length == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (length > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    if (!address)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(self),
+                                     0,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     TRUE,
+                                     link_type,
+                                     (NMPObjectMatchFn) _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link,
+                                     &d);
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+}
+
+static int
+_link_add_check_existing(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         const char *           name,
+                         NMLinkType             type,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(self, name);
+    if (pllink) {
+        gboolean wrong_type;
+
+        wrong_type = type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE && pllink->type != type;
+        _LOG2D("link: skip adding link due to existing interface of type %s%s%s",
+               nm_link_type_to_string(pllink->type),
+               wrong_type ? ", expected " : "",
+               wrong_type ? nm_link_type_to_string(type) : "");
+        if (out_link)
+            *out_link = pllink;
+        if (wrong_type)
+            return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE;
+        return -NME_PL_EXISTS;
+    }
+    if (out_link)
+        *out_link = NULL;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_add:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @type: Interface type
+ * @name: Interface name
+ * @parent: the IFLA_LINK parameter or 0.
+ * @address: (allow-none): set the mac address of the link
+ * @address_len: the length of the @address
+ * @extra_data: depending on @type, additional data.
+ * @out_link: on success, the link object
+ *
+ * Add a software interface.  If the interface already exists and is of type
+ * @type, return -NME_PL_EXISTS and returns the link
+ * in @out_link.  If the interface already exists and is not of type @type,
+ * return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE.
+ *
+ * Any link-changed ADDED signal will be emitted directly, before this
+ * function finishes.
+ *
+ * Returns: the negative nm-error on failure.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                     NMLinkType             type,
+                     const char *           name,
+                     int                    parent,
+                     const void *           address,
+                     size_t                 address_len,
+                     guint32                mtu,
+                     gconstpointer          extra_data,
+                     const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    int  r;
+    char addr_buf[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char mtu_buf[16];
+    char parent_buf[64];
+    char buf[512];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail((address != NULL) ^ (address_len == 0), -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address_len <= NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(parent >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, type, out_link);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return r;
+
+    _LOG2D("link: adding link: "
+           "%s "    /* type */
+           "\"%s\"" /* name */
+           "%s%s"   /* parent */
+           "%s%s"   /* address */
+           "%s%s"   /* mtu */
+           "%s"     /* extra_data */
+           "",
+           nm_link_type_to_string(type),
+           name,
+           parent > 0 ? ", parent " : "",
+           parent > 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(parent_buf, "%d", parent) : "",
+           address ? ", address: " : "",
+           address ? _nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(address, address_len, FALSE, addr_buf, sizeof(addr_buf))
+                   : "",
+           mtu ? ", mtu: " : "",
+           mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(mtu_buf, "%u", mtu) : "",
+           ({
+               char *buf_p   = buf;
+               gsize buf_len = sizeof(buf);
+
+               buf[0] = '\0';
+
+               switch (type) {
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkBridge *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVlan *) extra_data,
+                                                  buf_p,
+                                                  buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVrf *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *) extra_data,
+                                                   buf_p,
+                                                   buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH:
+                   nm_sprintf_buf(buf, ", veth-peer \"%s\"", (const char *) extra_data);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkGre *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkSit *) extra_data,
+                                                 buf_p,
+                                                 buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *) extra_data,
+                                                  buf_p,
+                                                  buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *) extra_data,
+                                                    buf_p,
+                                                    buf_len);
+                   break;
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+               case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+                   nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf_p, &buf_len, ", ");
+                   nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string((const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *) extra_data,
+                                                     buf_p,
+                                                     buf_len);
+                   break;
+               default:
+                   nm_assert(!extra_data);
+                   break;
+               }
+
+               buf;
+           }));
+
+    return klass
+        ->link_add(self, type, name, parent, address, address_len, mtu, extra_data, out_link);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_delete:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: deleting");
+    return klass->link_delete(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_netns:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @netns_fd: the file descriptor for the new netns.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_netns(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int netns_fd)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(netns_fd > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: move link to network namespace with fd %d", netns_fd);
+    return klass->link_set_netns(self, ifindex, netns_fd);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_index:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: Interface name
+ *
+ * Returns: The interface index corresponding to the given interface name
+ * or 0. Interface name is owned by #NMPlatform, don't free it.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *name)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname(self, name);
+    return pllink ? pllink->ifindex : 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_if_indextoname(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char out_ifname[static 16 /* IFNAMSIZ */])
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_if_indextoname(ifindex, out_ifname);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_if_nametoindex(NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_if_nametoindex(ifname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: Interface name
+ *
+ * Returns: The interface name corresponding to the given interface index
+ * or %NULL.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->name : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_type:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: Link type constant as defined in nm-platform.h. On error,
+ * NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE is returned.
+ */
+NMLinkType
+nm_platform_link_get_type(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->type : NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_type_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: A string describing the type of link. In some cases this
+ * may be more specific than nm_platform_link_get_type(), but in
+ * other cases it may not. On error, %NULL is returned.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_type_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (obj->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
+        /* We could detect the @link_type. In this case the function returns
+         * our internal module names, which differs from rtnl_link_get_type():
+         *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND (gives "infiniband", instead of "ipoib")
+         *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_TAP (gives "tap", instead of "tun").
+         * Note that this functions is only used by NMDeviceGeneric to
+         * set type_description. */
+        return nm_link_type_to_string(obj->link.type);
+    }
+    /* Link type not detected. Fallback to rtnl_link_get_type()/IFLA_INFO_KIND. */
+    return obj->link.kind ?: "unknown";
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_udev_property(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name, const char **out_value)
+{
+    struct udev_device *udevice = NULL;
+    const char *        uproperty;
+
+    udevice = nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(self, ifindex);
+    if (!udevice)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    uproperty = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, name);
+    if (!uproperty)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_value, uproperty);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: interface index
+ * @unmanaged: management status (in case %TRUE is returned)
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if platform overrides NM default-unmanaged status,
+ * %FALSE otherwise (with @unmanaged unmodified).
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *unmanaged)
+{
+    const char *value;
+
+    if (link_get_udev_property(self, ifindex, "NM_UNMANAGED", &value)) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(unmanaged, nm_udev_utils_property_as_boolean(value));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_software:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to a software interface, not backed by
+ * a physical device.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_software(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_link_type_is_software(nm_platform_link_get_type(self, ifindex));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_supports_slaves:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to an interface capable of enslaving
+ * other interfaces.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_slaves(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_link_type_supports_slaves(nm_platform_link_get_type(self, ifindex));
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_refresh:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Reload the cache for ifindex synchronously.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_refresh(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_refresh)
+        return klass->link_refresh(self, ifindex);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint requested_flags)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    /* include invisible links (only in netlink, not udev). */
+    pllink = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE));
+    if (!pllink)
+        return -ENODEV;
+
+    /* Errors are signaled as negative values. That means, you cannot request
+     * the most significant bit (2^31) with this API. Assert against that. */
+    nm_assert((int) requested_flags >= 0);
+    nm_assert(requested_flags < (guint) G_MAXINT);
+
+    return (int) (pllink->n_ifi_flags & requested_flags);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_up:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is up.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    return nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(self, ifindex, IFF_UP) == IFF_UP;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_is_connected:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is connected.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_is_connected(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->connected : FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_uses_arp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check if the interface is configured to use ARP.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_uses_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    int f;
+
+    f = nm_platform_link_get_ifi_flags(self, ifindex, IFF_NOARP);
+
+    if (f < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (f == IFF_NOARP)
+        return FALSE;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @iid: Tokenized interface identifier
+ *
+ * Sets then IPv6 tokenized interface identifier.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE a tokenized identifier was available
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_set_token)
+        return klass->link_set_token(self, ifindex, iid);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_udi(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    struct udev_device *device;
+
+    device = nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(self, ifindex);
+    return device ? udev_device_get_syspath(device) : NULL;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_get_path(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const char *value = NULL;
+
+    link_get_udev_property(self, ifindex, "ID_PATH", &value);
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+struct udev_device *
+nm_platform_link_get_udev_device(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj_cache;
+
+    obj_cache = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return obj_cache ? obj_cache->_link.udev.device : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_user_ip6vll_enabled:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Check whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
+ * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
+ * will fail and return %FALSE.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if NM handles the IPv6LL address for @ifindex
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (pllink && pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv)
+        return _nm_platform_uint8_inv(pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv) == NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE;
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_user_ip6vll_enabled:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Set whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
+ * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
+ * will fail and return %FALSE.
+ *
+ * Returns: the negative nm-error on failure.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean enabled)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    return klass->link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(self, ifindex, enabled);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @address: The new MAC address
+ *
+ * Set interface MAC address.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length)
+{
+    gs_free char *mac = NULL;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(length > 0, -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting hardware address to %s", (mac = nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(address, length)));
+    return klass->link_set_address(self, ifindex, address, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
+ *
+ * Returns: the interface hardware address as an array of bytes of
+ * length @length.
+ */
+gconstpointer
+nm_platform_link_get_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, size_t *length)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return nmp_link_address_get(pllink ? &pllink->l_address : NULL, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @buf: buffer of at least %NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX bytes, on success
+ * the permanent hardware address
+ * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success, %FALSE on failure to read the permanent hardware
+ * address.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (length)
+        *length = 0;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(buf, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(length, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_permanent_address)
+        return klass->link_get_permanent_address(self, ifindex, buf, length);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_carrier_detect(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_vlans(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_supports_sriov(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_sriov_params:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the index of the interface to change
+ * @num_vfs: the number of VFs to create
+ * @autoprobe: the new autoprobe-drivers value (pass
+ *     %NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT to keep current value)
+ * @callback: called when the operation finishes
+ * @callback_data: data passed to @callback
+ * @cancellable: cancellable to abort the operation
+ *
+ * Sets SR-IOV parameters asynchronously without
+ * blocking the main thread. The callback function is
+ * always invoked, and asynchronously.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_link_set_sriov_params_async(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                        int                     ifindex,
+                                        guint                   num_vfs,
+                                        NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                                        NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                                        gpointer                callback_data,
+                                        GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting %u total VFs and autoprobe %d", num_vfs, (int) autoprobe);
+    klass->link_set_sriov_params_async(self,
+                                       ifindex,
+                                       num_vfs,
+                                       autoprobe,
+                                       callback,
+                                       callback_data,
+                                       cancellable);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_sriov_vfs(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs)
+{
+    guint i;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting VFs");
+    for (i = 0; vfs[i]; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformVF *vf = vfs[i];
+
+        _LOG3D("link:   VF %s", nm_platform_vf_to_string(vf, NULL, 0));
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_set_sriov_vfs(self, ifindex, vfs);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_bridge_vlans(NMPlatform *                       self,
+                                  int                                ifindex,
+                                  gboolean                           on_master,
+                                  const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans)
+{
+    guint i;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: %s bridge VLANs on %s",
+           vlans ? "setting" : "clearing",
+           on_master ? "master" : "self");
+    if (vlans) {
+        for (i = 0; vlans[i]; i++) {
+            const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan = vlans[i];
+
+            _LOG3D("link:   bridge VLAN %s", nm_platform_bridge_vlan_to_string(vlan, NULL, 0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_set_bridge_vlans(self, ifindex, on_master, vlans);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_up:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @out_no_firmware: (allow-none): if the failure reason is due to missing firmware.
+ *
+ * Bring the interface up.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_up(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting up");
+    return klass->link_set_up(self, ifindex, out_no_firmware);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_down:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Take the interface down.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_down(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting down");
+    return klass->link_set_down(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_arp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Enable ARP on the interface.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_arp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting arp");
+    return klass->link_set_arp(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_noarp:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Disable ARP on the interface.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting noarp");
+    return klass->link_set_noarp(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_mtu:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @mtu: The new MTU value
+ *
+ * Set interface MTU.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(mtu > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting mtu %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT, mtu);
+    return klass->link_set_mtu(self, ifindex, mtu);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_mtu:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Returns: MTU value for the interface or 0 on error.
+ */
+guint32
+nm_platform_link_get_mtu(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    return pllink ? pllink->mtu : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_set_name:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @name: The new interface name
+ *
+ * Set interface name.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_set_name(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: setting name %s", name);
+
+    if (strlen(name) + 1 > IFNAMSIZ)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return klass->link_set_name(self, ifindex, name);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * The physical port ID, if present, indicates some unique identifier of
+ * the parent interface (eg, the physical port of which this link is a child).
+ * Two links that report the same physical port ID can be assumed to be
+ * children of the same physical port and may share resources that limit
+ * their abilities.
+ *
+ * Returns: physical port ID for the interface, or %NULL on error
+ * or if the interface has no physical port ID.
+ */
+char *
+nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, NULL);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_physical_port_id)
+        return klass->link_get_physical_port_id(self, ifindex);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_dev_id:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * In contrast to the physical device ID (which indicates which parent a
+ * child has) the device ID differentiates sibling devices that may share
+ * the same MAC address.
+ *
+ * Returns: device ID for the interface, or 0 on error or if the
+ * interface has no device ID.
+ */
+guint
+nm_platform_link_get_dev_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, 0);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_dev_id)
+        return klass->link_get_dev_id(self, ifindex);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_wake_onlan:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ *
+ * Returns: the "Wake-on-LAN" status for @ifindex.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_get_wake_on_lan)
+        return klass->link_get_wake_on_lan(self, ifindex);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_driver_info:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @out_driver_name: (transfer full): on success, the driver name if available
+ * @out_driver_version: (transfer full): on success, the driver version if available
+ * @out_fw_version: (transfer full): on success, the firmware version if available
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success (though @out_driver_name, @out_driver_version and
+ * @out_fw_version can be %NULL if no information was available), %FALSE on
+ * failure.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *self,
+                                 int         ifindex,
+                                 char **     out_driver_name,
+                                 char **     out_driver_version,
+                                 char **     out_fw_version)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->link_get_driver_info(self,
+                                       ifindex,
+                                       out_driver_name,
+                                       out_driver_version,
+                                       out_fw_version);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_enslave:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @master: Interface index of the master
+ * @ifindex: Interface index of the slave
+ *
+ * Enslave @ifindex to @master.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_enslave(NMPlatform *self, int master, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("link: enslaving to master '%s'", nm_platform_link_get_name(self, master));
+    return klass->link_enslave(self, master, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_release:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @master: Interface index of the master
+ * @ifindex: Interface index of the slave
+ *
+ * Release @slave from @master.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_release(NMPlatform *self, int master, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(master > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    if (nm_platform_link_get_master(self, ifindex) != master)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    _LOG3D("link: releasing from master '%s'", nm_platform_link_get_name(self, master));
+    return klass->link_release(self, master, ifindex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_master:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @slave: Interface index of the slave.
+ *
+ * Returns: Interface index of the slave's master.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_get_master(NMPlatform *self, int slave)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
+
+    pllink = nm_platform_link_get(self, slave);
+    return pllink ? pllink->master : 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_can_assume(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    if (klass->link_can_assume)
+        return klass->link_can_assume(self, ifindex);
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_get_lnk:
+ * @self: the platform instance
+ * @ifindex: the link ifindex to lookup
+ * @link_type: filter by link-type.
+ * @out_link: (allow-none): returns the platform link instance
+ *
+ * If the function returns %NULL, that could mean that no such ifindex
+ * exists, of that the link has no lnk data. You can find that out
+ * by checking @out_link. @out_link will always be set if a link
+ * with @ifindex exists.
+ *
+ * If @link_type is %NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE, the function returns the lnk
+ * object if it is present. If you set link-type, you can be sure
+ * that only a link type of the matching type is returned (or %NULL).
+ *
+ * Returns: the internal link lnk object. The returned object
+ * is owned by the platform cache and must not be modified. Note
+ * however, that the object is guaranteed to be immutable, so
+ * you can safely take a reference and keep it for yourself
+ * (but don't modify it).
+ */
+const NMPObject *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         int                    ifindex,
+                         NMLinkType             link_type,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!obj) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_link, NULL);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_link, &obj->link);
+
+    if (!obj->_link.netlink.lnk)
+        return NULL;
+    if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE
+        && (link_type != obj->link.type
+            || link_type != NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj->_link.netlink.lnk)->lnk_link_type))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return obj->_link.netlink.lnk;
+}
+
+static gconstpointer
+_link_get_lnk(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMLinkType link_type, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *lnk;
+
+    lnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, link_type, out_link);
+    return lnk ? &lnk->object : NULL;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkBridge *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_bridge(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkGre *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gre(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6gretap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macsec(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvtap(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkSit *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_sit(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkTun *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_tun(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVrf *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vrf(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vxlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, out_link);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *
+nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _link_get_lnk(self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, out_link);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(
+    _wireguard_change_flags_to_string,
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_NONE, "none"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS, "replace-peers"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY, "has-private-key"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT, "has-listen-port"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK, "has-fwmark"), );
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(
+    _wireguard_change_peer_flags_to_string,
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags,
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_NONE, "none"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME, "remove"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY, "psk"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL, "ka"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT, "ep"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS, "aips"),
+    NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS, "remove-aips"), );
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *                              self,
+                                  int                                       ifindex,
+                                  const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                  const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                                  const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                  guint                                     peers_len,
+                                  NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    nm_assert(klass->link_wireguard_change);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        char buf_lnk[256];
+        char buf_peers[512];
+        char buf_change_flags[100];
+
+        buf_peers[0] = '\0';
+        if (peers_len > 0) {
+            char *b   = buf_peers;
+            gsize len = sizeof(buf_peers);
+            guint i;
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " { ");
+            for (i = 0; i < peers_len; i++) {
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " { ");
+                nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(&peers[i], b, len);
+                nm_utils_strbuf_seek_end(&b, &len);
+                if (peer_flags) {
+                    nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                        &b,
+                        &len,
+                        " (%s)",
+                        _wireguard_change_peer_flags_to_string(peer_flags[i],
+                                                               buf_change_flags,
+                                                               sizeof(buf_change_flags)));
+                }
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " } ");
+            }
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, "}");
+        }
+
+        _LOG3D("link: change wireguard ifindex %d, %s, (%s), %u peers%s",
+               ifindex,
+               nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string(lnk_wireguard, buf_lnk, sizeof(buf_lnk)),
+               _wireguard_change_flags_to_string(change_flags,
+                                                 buf_change_flags,
+                                                 sizeof(buf_change_flags)),
+               peers_len,
+               buf_peers);
+    }
+
+    return klass->link_wireguard_change(self,
+                                        ifindex,
+                                        lnk_wireguard,
+                                        peers,
+                                        peer_flags,
+                                        peers_len,
+                                        change_flags);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_tun_add:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @name: new interface name
+ * @tap: whether the interface is a TAP
+ * @owner: interface owner or -1
+ * @group: interface group or -1
+ * @pi: whether to clear the IFF_NO_PI flag
+ * @vnet_hdr: whether to set the IFF_VNET_HDR flag
+ * @multi_queue: whether to set the IFF_MULTI_QUEUE flag
+ * @out_link: on success, the link object
+ * @out_fd: (allow-none): if give, return the file descriptor for the
+ *   created device. Note that when creating a non-persistent device,
+ *   this argument is mandatory, otherwise it makes no sense
+ *   to create such an interface.
+ *   The caller is responsible for closing this file descriptor.
+ *
+ * Create a TUN or TAP interface.
+ */
+int
+nm_platform_link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            self,
+                         const char *            name,
+                         const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+                         const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+                         int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    char b[255];
+    int  r;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(name, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(props->type, IFF_TUN, IFF_TAP), -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* creating a non-persistent device requires that the caller handles
+     * the file descriptor. */
+    g_return_val_if_fail(props->persist || out_fd, -NME_BUG);
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fd, -1);
+
+    r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, out_link);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return r;
+
+    _LOG2D("link: adding link %s", nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string(props, b, sizeof(b)));
+
+    if (!klass->link_tun_add(self, name, props, out_link, out_fd))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_6lowpan_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_parent)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!plink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->parent != 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* As of 4.16 kernel does not expose the peer_ifindex as IFA_LINK.
+     * Find the WPAN device with the same MAC address. */
+    if (out_parent) {
+        const NMPlatformLink *parent_plink;
+
+        parent_plink = nm_platform_link_get_by_address(self,
+                                                       NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN,
+                                                       plink->l_address.data,
+                                                       plink->l_address.len);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, parent_plink ? parent_plink->ifindex : -1);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                int         ifindex,
+                const char *category,
+                const char *option,
+                const char *value)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const char *      path;
+
+    if (!category || !option)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    path =
+        nm_sprintf_buf_unsafe_a(strlen(category) + strlen(option) + 2, "%s/%s", category, option);
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_set(self,
+                                  NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe(dirfd, ifname_verified, path),
+                                  value);
+}
+
+static char *
+link_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *category, const char *option)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const char *      path;
+
+    if (!category || !option)
+        return NULL;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    path =
+        nm_sprintf_buf_unsafe_a(strlen(category) + strlen(option) + 2, "%s/%s", category, option);
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get(self,
+                                  NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe(dirfd, ifname_verified, path));
+}
+
+static const char *
+master_category(NMPlatform *self, int master)
+{
+    switch (nm_platform_link_get_type(self, master)) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        return "bridge";
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
+        return "bonding";
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+slave_category(NMPlatform *self, int slave)
+{
+    int master = nm_platform_link_get_master(self, slave);
+
+    if (master <= 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch (nm_platform_link_get_type(self, master)) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        return "brport";
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                     int         ifindex,
+                                     const char *option,
+                                     const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return link_set_option(self, ifindex, master_category(self, ifindex), option, value);
+}
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+
+    return link_get_option(self, ifindex, master_category(self, ifindex), option);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_sysctl_slave_set_option(NMPlatform *self,
+                                    int         ifindex,
+                                    const char *option,
+                                    const char *value)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    return link_set_option(self, ifindex, slave_category(self, ifindex), option, value);
+}
+
+char *
+nm_platform_sysctl_slave_get_option(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(option, FALSE);
+
+    return link_get_option(self, ifindex, slave_category(self, ifindex), option);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            self,
+                             int                     ifindex,
+                             NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                             NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                             gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                             const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                             gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                             gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                             const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                             gsize                   n_egress_map)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(klass->link_vlan_change);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!n_ingress_map || ingress_map, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!n_egress_map || egress_map, FALSE);
+
+    flags_set &= flags_mask;
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        char  buf[512];
+        char *b = buf;
+        gsize len, i;
+
+        b[0] = '\0';
+        len  = sizeof(buf);
+
+        if (flags_mask)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b,
+                                   &len,
+                                   " flags 0x%x/0x%x",
+                                   (unsigned) flags_set,
+                                   (unsigned) flags_mask);
+
+        if (ingress_reset_all || n_ingress_map) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " ingress-qos-map");
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string("", ingress_map, n_ingress_map, b, len);
+            i = strlen(b);
+            b += i;
+            len -= i;
+            if (ingress_reset_all)
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
+        }
+
+        if (egress_reset_all || n_egress_map) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " egress-qos-map");
+            nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string("", egress_map, n_egress_map, b, len);
+            i = strlen(b);
+            b += i;
+            len -= i;
+            if (egress_reset_all)
+                nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
+        }
+
+        _LOG3D("link: change vlan %s", buf);
+    }
+    return klass->link_vlan_change(self,
+                                   ifindex,
+                                   flags_mask,
+                                   flags_set,
+                                   ingress_reset_all,
+                                   ingress_map,
+                                   n_ingress_map,
+                                   egress_reset_all,
+                                   egress_map,
+                                   n_egress_map);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping map = {
+        .from = from,
+        .to   = to,
+    };
+
+    return nm_platform_link_vlan_change(self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, &map, 1, FALSE, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping map = {
+        .from = from,
+        .to   = to,
+    };
+
+    return nm_platform_link_vlan_change(self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, NULL, 0, FALSE, &map, 1);
+}
+
+static int
+_infiniband_add_add_or_delete(NMPlatform *           self,
+                              int                    ifindex,
+                              int                    p_key,
+                              gboolean               add,
+                              const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    char                  name[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPlatformLink *parent_link;
+    int                   r;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex >= 0, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(p_key >= 0 && p_key <= 0xffff, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* the special keys 0x0000 and 0x8000 are not allowed. */
+    if (NM_IN_SET(p_key, 0, 0x8000))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    parent_link = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!parent_link)
+        return -NME_PL_NOT_FOUND;
+
+    if (parent_link->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
+        return -NME_PL_WRONG_TYPE;
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, parent_link->name, p_key);
+
+    if (add) {
+        r = _link_add_check_existing(self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
+        if (r < 0)
+            return r;
+
+        _LOG3D("link: adding infiniband partition %s, key %d", name, p_key);
+        if (!klass->infiniband_partition_add(self, ifindex, p_key, out_link))
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    } else {
+        _LOG3D("link: deleting infiniband partition %s, key %d", name, p_key);
+
+        if (!klass->infiniband_partition_delete(self, ifindex, p_key))
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_add(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                int                    parent,
+                                int                    p_key,
+                                const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete(self, parent, p_key, TRUE, out_link);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_delete(NMPlatform *self, int parent, int p_key)
+{
+    return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete(self, parent, p_key, FALSE, NULL);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_infiniband_get_properties(NMPlatform * self,
+                                           int          ifindex,
+                                           int *        out_parent,
+                                           int *        out_p_key,
+                                           const char **out_mode)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int              dirfd = -1;
+    char                           ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *plnk;
+    const NMPlatformLink *         plink;
+    char *                         contents;
+    const char *                   mode;
+    int                            p_key = 0;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    plnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband(self, ifindex, &plink);
+
+    if (!plink || plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plnk) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_p_key, plnk->p_key);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_mode, plnk->mode);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Could not get the link information via netlink. To support older kernels,
+     * fallback to reading sysfs. */
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    contents =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get(self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "mode"));
+    if (!contents)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (strstr(contents, "datagram"))
+        mode = "datagram";
+    else if (strstr(contents, "connected"))
+        mode = "connected";
+    else
+        mode = NULL;
+    g_free(contents);
+
+    p_key =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                           NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "pkey"),
+                                           16,
+                                           0,
+                                           0xFFFF,
+                                           -1);
+    if (p_key < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_parent, plink->parent);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_p_key, p_key);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_mode, mode);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_peer_ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+    int                   peer_ifindex;
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get(self, ifindex);
+    if (!plink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (plink->parent != 0) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_peer_ifindex, plink->parent);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Pre-4.1 kernel did not expose the peer_ifindex as IFA_LINK. Lookup via ethtool. */
+    if (out_peer_ifindex) {
+        nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(self, &netns))
+            return FALSE;
+        peer_ifindex = nmp_utils_ethtool_get_peer_ifindex(plink->ifindex);
+        if (peer_ifindex <= 0)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        *out_peer_ifindex = peer_ifindex;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex to look up
+ * @out_properties: (out) (allow-none): return the read properties
+ *
+ * Only recent versions of kernel export tun properties via netlink.
+ * So, if that's the case, then we have the NMPlatformLnkTun instance
+ * in the platform cache ready to return. Otherwise, this function
+ * falls back reading sysctl to obtain the tun properties. That
+ * is racy, because querying sysctl means that the object might
+ * be already removed from cache (while NM didn't yet process the
+ * netlink message).
+ *
+ * Hence, to lookup the tun properties, you always need to use this
+ * function, and use it with care knowing that it might obtain its
+ * data by reading sysctl. Note that we don't want to add this workaround
+ * to the platform cache itself, because the cache should (mainly)
+ * contain data from netlink. To access the sysctl side channel, the
+ * user needs to do explicitly.
+ *
+ * Returns: #TRUE, if the properties could be read. */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPlatformLnkTun *out_properties)
+{
+    const NMPObject *plobj;
+    const NMPObject *pllnk;
+    char             ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gint64           owner;
+    gint64           group;
+    gint64           flags;
+
+    /* we consider also invisible links (those that are not yet in udev). */
+    plobj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(self, ifindex, FALSE);
+    if (!plobj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(plobj)->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    pllnk = plobj->_link.netlink.lnk;
+    if (pllnk) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(pllnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN);
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(pllnk)->lnk_link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN);
+
+        /* recent kernels expose tun properties via netlink and thus we have them
+         * in the platform cache. */
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_properties, pllnk->lnk_tun);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* fallback to reading sysctl. */
+    {
+        nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+
+        dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(self, ifindex, ifname);
+        if (dirfd < 0)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        owner = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "owner"),
+                                                   10,
+                                                   -1,
+                                                   G_MAXUINT32,
+                                                   -2);
+        if (owner == -2)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        group = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "group"),
+                                                   10,
+                                                   -1,
+                                                   G_MAXUINT32,
+                                                   -2);
+        if (group == -2)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        flags =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(self,
+                                               NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "tun_flags"),
+                                               16,
+                                               0,
+                                               G_MAXINT64,
+                                               -1);
+        if (flags == -1)
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (out_properties) {
+        memset(out_properties, 0, sizeof(*out_properties));
+        if (owner != -1) {
+            out_properties->owner_valid = TRUE;
+            out_properties->owner       = owner;
+        }
+        if (group != -1) {
+            out_properties->group_valid = TRUE;
+            out_properties->group       = group;
+        }
+        out_properties->type        = (flags & TUN_TYPE_MASK);
+        out_properties->pi          = !(flags & IFF_NO_PI);
+        out_properties->vnet_hdr    = !!(flags & IFF_VNET_HDR);
+        out_properties->multi_queue = !!(flags & NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE);
+        out_properties->persist     = !!(flags & IFF_PERSIST);
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_capabilities(self, ifindex, caps);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_frequency(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_get_station(NMPlatform * self,
+                             int          ifindex,
+                             NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                             int *        out_quality,
+                             guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_station(self, ifindex, out_bssid, out_quality, out_rate);
+}
+
+NM80211Mode
+nm_platform_wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_mode(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_set_mode(self, ifindex, mode);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *p, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    /* empty */
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_set_powersave(self, ifindex, powersave);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(freqs != NULL, 0);
+
+    return klass->wifi_find_frequency(self, ifindex, freqs);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean running)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass);
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0);
+
+    klass->wifi_indicate_addressing_running(self, ifindex, running);
+}
+
+NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+nm_platform_wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(self, ifindex, wowl);
+}
+
+guint32
+nm_platform_mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, 0);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, 0);
+
+    return klass->mesh_get_channel(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->mesh_set_channel(self, ifindex, channel);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ssid != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->mesh_set_ssid(self, ifindex, ssid, len);
+}
+
+guint16
+nm_platform_wpan_get_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_get_pan_id(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_pan_id(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_pan_id(self, ifindex, pan_id);
+}
+
+guint16
+nm_platform_wpan_get_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_get_short_addr(self, ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_short_addr(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_short_addr(self, ifindex, short_addr);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_wpan_set_channel(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return klass->wpan_set_channel(self, ifindex, page, channel);
+}
+
+#define TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE (5 + 15 + 1)
+static const char *
+_to_string_dev(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    g_assert(buf && size >= TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE);
+
+    if (ifindex) {
+        const char *name = ifindex > 0 && self ? nm_platform_link_get_name(self, ifindex) : NULL;
+        char *      buf2;
+
+        strcpy(buf, " dev ");
+        buf2 = buf + 5;
+        size -= 5;
+
+        if (name)
+            g_strlcpy(buf2, name, size);
+        else
+            g_snprintf(buf2, size, "%d", ifindex);
+    } else
+        buf[0] = 0;
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+#define TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE 256
+
+static const char *
+_to_string_ifa_flags(guint32 ifa_flags, char *buf, gsize size)
+{
+#define S_FLAGS_PREFIX " flags "
+    nm_assert(buf && size >= TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE && size > NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+
+    if (!ifa_flags)
+        buf[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        nm_platform_addr_flags2str(ifa_flags,
+                                   &buf[NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX)],
+                                   size - NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+        if (buf[NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX)] == '\0')
+            buf[0] = '\0';
+        else
+            memcpy(buf, S_FLAGS_PREFIX, NM_STRLEN(S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
+    }
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                    int                      ifindex,
+                                    _NMSettingWiredWakeOnLan wol,
+                                    const char *             wol_password)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan(ifindex, wol, wol_password);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_link_settings(NMPlatform *             self,
+                                      int                      ifindex,
+                                      gboolean                 autoneg,
+                                      guint32                  speed,
+                                      NMPlatformLinkDuplexType duplex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_link_settings(ifindex, autoneg, speed, duplex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_settings(NMPlatform *              self,
+                                      int                       ifindex,
+                                      gboolean *                out_autoneg,
+                                      guint32 *                 out_speed,
+                                      NMPlatformLinkDuplexType *out_duplex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_link_settings(ifindex, out_autoneg, out_speed, out_duplex);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMEthtoolFeatureStates *
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_features(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_features(ifindex);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_features(
+    NMPlatform *                  self,
+    int                           ifindex,
+    const NMEthtoolFeatureStates *features,
+    const NMOptionBool *requested /* indexed by NMEthtoolID - _NM_ETHTOOL_ID_FEATURE_FIRST */,
+    gboolean            do_set /* or reset */)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_features(ifindex, features, requested, do_set);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_coalesce(NMPlatform *            self,
+                                      int                     ifindex,
+                                      NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(coalesce, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_coalesce(ifindex, coalesce);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_coalesce(NMPlatform *                  self,
+                                 int                           ifindex,
+                                 const NMEthtoolCoalesceState *coalesce)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_coalesce(ifindex, coalesce);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMEthtoolRingState *ring)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ring, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_ring(ifindex, ring);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ethtool_set_ring(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMEthtoolRingState *ring)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_ring(ifindex, ring);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_all(NMPlatform *self, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_all(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_id_type, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup_entry(NMPlatform *self, NMPCacheIdType cache_id_type, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup_entry_with_idx_type(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_id_type, obj);
+}
+
+const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
+nm_platform_lookup(NMPlatform *self, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    return nmp_cache_lookup(nm_platform_get_cache(self), lookup);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    return nm_platform_route_table_is_main(
+        nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(&obj->ip_route));
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_main_skip_rtprot_kernel(const NMPObject *obj,
+                                                            gpointer         user_data)
+{
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    return nm_platform_route_table_is_main(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(&obj->ip_route))
+           && obj->ip_route.rt_source != NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_RTPROT_KERNEL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_lookup_clone:
+ * @self:
+ * @lookup:
+ * @predicate: if given, only objects for which @predicate returns %TRUE are included
+ *   in the result.
+ * @user_data: user data for @predicate
+ *
+ * Returns the result of lookup in a GPtrArray. The result array contains
+ * references objects from the cache, its destroy function will unref them.
+ *
+ * The user must unref the GPtrArray, which will also unref the NMPObject
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * The elements in the array *must* not be modified.
+ *
+ * Returns: the result of the lookup.
+ */
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_lookup_clone(NMPlatform *           self,
+                         const NMPLookup *      lookup,
+                         NMPObjectPredicateFunc predicate,
+                         gpointer               user_data)
+{
+    return nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head(nm_platform_lookup(self, lookup),
+                                                 (NMDedupMultiFcnSelectPredicate) predicate,
+                                                 user_data);
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_address_set_addr(NMPlatformIP4Address *addr, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen)
+{
+    nm_assert(plen <= 32);
+
+    addr->address      = address;
+    addr->peer_address = address;
+    addr->plen         = plen;
+}
+
+const struct in6_addr *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&addr->peer_address)
+        || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&addr->peer_address, &addr->address))
+        return &addr->address;
+    return &addr->peer_address;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_match(const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr, NMPlatformMatchFlags match_flag)
+{
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(
+        match_flag,
+        ~(NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE__ANY | NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE__ANY)));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE__ANY));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE__ANY));
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&addr->address)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_LINKLOCAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRTYPE_NORMAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_DADFAILED)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_DADFAILED))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE)
+               && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(addr->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC)) {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_TENTATIVE))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else {
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(match_flag, NM_PLATFORM_MATCH_WITH_ADDRSTATE_NORMAL))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            guint8      plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address,
+                            in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                            guint32     lifetime,
+                            guint32     preferred,
+                            guint32     flags,
+                            const char *label)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(lifetime > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!label || strlen(label) < sizeof(((NMPlatformIP4Address *) NULL)->label),
+                         FALSE);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        NMPlatformIP4Address addr;
+
+        addr = (NMPlatformIP4Address){
+            .ifindex           = ifindex,
+            .address           = address,
+            .peer_address      = peer_address,
+            .plen              = plen,
+            .timestamp         = 0, /* set it at zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
+            .lifetime          = lifetime,
+            .preferred         = preferred,
+            .n_ifa_flags       = flags,
+            .broadcast_address = broadcast_address,
+            .use_ip4_broadcast_address = TRUE,
+        };
+        if (label)
+            g_strlcpy(addr.label, label, sizeof(addr.label));
+
+        _LOG3D("address: adding or updating IPv4 address: %s",
+               nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(&addr, NULL, 0));
+    }
+    return klass->ip4_address_add(self,
+                                  ifindex,
+                                  address,
+                                  plen,
+                                  peer_address,
+                                  broadcast_address,
+                                  lifetime,
+                                  preferred,
+                                  flags,
+                                  label);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    self,
+                            int             ifindex,
+                            struct in6_addr address,
+                            guint8          plen,
+                            struct in6_addr peer_address,
+                            guint32         lifetime,
+                            guint32         preferred,
+                            guint32         flags)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 128, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(lifetime > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);
+
+    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+        NMPlatformIP6Address addr = {0};
+
+        addr.ifindex      = ifindex;
+        addr.address      = address;
+        addr.peer_address = peer_address;
+        addr.plen         = plen;
+        addr.timestamp    = 0; /* set it to zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
+        addr.lifetime     = lifetime;
+        addr.preferred    = preferred;
+        addr.n_ifa_flags  = flags;
+
+        _LOG3D("address: adding or updating IPv6 address: %s",
+               nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(&addr, NULL, 0));
+    }
+    return klass
+        ->ip6_address_add(self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address, lifetime, preferred, flags);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *self,
+                               int         ifindex,
+                               in_addr_t   address,
+                               guint8      plen,
+                               in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char b1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char b2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_peer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 50];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("address: deleting IPv4 address %s/%d, %s%s",
+           _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(address, b1),
+           plen,
+           peer_address != address
+               ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_peer, "peer %s, ", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(peer_address, b2))
+               : "",
+           _to_string_dev(self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)));
+    return klass->ip4_address_delete(self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr address, guint8 plen)
+{
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 128, FALSE);
+
+    _LOG3D("address: deleting IPv6 address %s/%d, %s",
+           _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&address, sbuf),
+           plen,
+           _to_string_dev(self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)));
+    return klass->ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, address, plen);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP4Address *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_get(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            in_addr_t   address,
+                            guint8      plen,
+                            in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    NMPObject        obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(plen <= 32, NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(self), &obj_id);
+    nm_assert(!obj || nmp_object_is_visible(obj));
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(obj);
+}
+
+const NMPlatformIP6Address *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_get(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const struct in6_addr *address)
+{
+    NMPObject        obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    nm_assert(address);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, address);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(self), &obj_id);
+    nm_assert(!obj || nmp_object_is_visible(obj));
+    return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(obj);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_addr_array_clean_expired(int          addr_family,
+                          int          ifindex,
+                          GPtrArray *  array,
+                          guint32      now,
+                          GHashTable **idx)
+{
+    guint    i;
+    gboolean any_addrs = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+    nm_assert(now > 0);
+
+    if (!array)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* remove all addresses that are already expired. */
+    for (i = 0; i < array->len; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIPAddress *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(array->pdata[i]);
+
+#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS > 10
+        nm_assert(a);
+        nm_assert(a->ifindex == ifindex);
+        {
+            const NMPObject *o = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(a);
+            guint            j;
+
+            nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(o)->addr_family == addr_family);
+            for (j = i + 1; j < array->len; j++) {
+                const NMPObject *o2 = array->pdata[j];
+
+                nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o2));
+                nm_assert(!nmp_object_id_equal(o, o2));
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        if (!NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family) && NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TEMPORARY)) {
+            /* temporary addresses are never added explicitly by NetworkManager but
+             * kernel adds them via mngtempaddr flag.
+             *
+             * We drop them from this list. */
+            goto clear_and_next;
+        }
+
+        if (!nm_utils_lifetime_get(a->timestamp, a->lifetime, a->preferred, now, NULL))
+            goto clear_and_next;
+
+        if (idx) {
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(!*idx)) {
+                *idx = g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                        (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+            }
+            if (!g_hash_table_add(*idx, (gpointer) NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(a)))
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+        any_addrs = TRUE;
+        continue;
+
+clear_and_next:
+        nmp_object_unref(g_steal_pointer(&array->pdata[i]));
+    }
+
+    return any_addrs;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(const GPtrArray *addresses, gconstpointer needle)
+{
+    return needle >= (gconstpointer) &addresses->pdata[0]
+           && needle < (gconstpointer) &addresses->pdata[addresses->len];
+}
+
+static const NMPObject **
+ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(const GPtrArray *addr_list, guint idx)
+{
+    nm_assert(addr_list);
+    nm_assert(addr_list->len > 1);
+    nm_assert(idx < addr_list->len);
+    nm_assert(addr_list->pdata[idx]);
+    nm_assert(!(*((gpointer *) addr_list->pdata[idx]))
+              || NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(*((gpointer *) addr_list->pdata[idx])));
+    nm_assert(idx == 0 || ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, idx - 1));
+    return addr_list->pdata[idx];
+}
+
+static void
+ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(GHashTable *subnets, const GPtrArray *addresses)
+{
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer       p;
+
+    if (!subnets)
+        return;
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, subnets);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, NULL, &p)) {
+        if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p))
+            g_ptr_array_free((GPtrArray *) p, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    g_hash_table_unref(subnets);
+}
+
+static GHashTable *
+ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(const GPtrArray *addresses,
+                             gboolean         consider_flags,
+                             gboolean         full_index)
+{
+    GHashTable *subnets;
+    guint       i;
+
+    nm_assert(addresses && addresses->len);
+
+    subnets = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+
+    /* Build a hash table of all addresses per subnet */
+    for (i = 0; i < addresses->len; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Address *address;
+        gpointer                    p_address;
+        GPtrArray *                 addr_list;
+        guint32                     net;
+        int                         position;
+        gpointer                    p;
+
+        if (!addresses->pdata[i])
+            continue;
+
+        p_address = &addresses->pdata[i];
+        address   = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(addresses->pdata[i]);
+
+        net = address->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(address->plen);
+        if (!g_hash_table_lookup_extended(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), NULL, &p)) {
+            g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), p_address);
+            continue;
+        }
+        nm_assert(p);
+
+        if (full_index) {
+            if (ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p)) {
+                addr_list = g_ptr_array_new();
+                g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), addr_list);
+                g_ptr_array_add(addr_list, p);
+            } else
+                addr_list = p;
+
+            if (!consider_flags || NM_FLAGS_HAS(address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY))
+                position = -1; /* append */
+            else
+                position = 0; /* prepend */
+            g_ptr_array_insert(addr_list, position, p_address);
+        } else {
+            /* we only care about the primary. No need to track the secondaries
+             * as a GPtrArray. */
+            nm_assert(ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p));
+            if (consider_flags && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY)) {
+                g_hash_table_insert(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net), p_address);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return subnets;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary:
+ * @address: an address
+ * @subnets: the hash table mapping subnets to addresses
+ * @addresses: array of addresses in the hash table
+ * @out_addr_list: array of addresses belonging to the same subnet
+ *
+ * Checks whether @address is secondary and returns in @out_addr_list the list of addresses
+ * belonging to the same subnet, if it contains other elements.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the address is secondary, %FALSE otherwise
+ */
+static gboolean
+ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(const NMPObject * address,
+                              GHashTable *      subnets,
+                              const GPtrArray * addresses,
+                              const GPtrArray **out_addr_list)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+    const GPtrArray *           addr_list;
+    gconstpointer               p;
+    guint32                     net;
+    const NMPObject **          o;
+
+    a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(address);
+
+    net = a->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a->plen);
+    p   = g_hash_table_lookup(subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER(net));
+    nm_assert(p);
+    if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_plain_address(addresses, p)) {
+        addr_list = p;
+        nm_assert(addr_list->len > 1);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_addr_list, addr_list);
+        o = ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, 0);
+        nm_assert(o && *o);
+        if (*o != address)
+            return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_addr_list, NULL);
+        return address != *((gconstpointer *) p);
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL,
+    IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_OTHER,
+} IP6AddrScope;
+
+static IP6AddrScope
+ip6_address_scope(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(&a->address))
+        return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL;
+    return IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_OTHER;
+}
+
+static int
+ip6_address_scope_cmp(gconstpointer p_a, gconstpointer p_b, gpointer increasing)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *b;
+
+    if (!increasing)
+        NM_SWAP(&p_a, &p_b);
+
+    a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(*(const NMPObject *const *) p_a);
+    b = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(*(const NMPObject *const *) p_b);
+
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(ip6_address_scope(a), ip6_address_scope(b));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_address_sync:
+ * @self: platform instance
+ * @addr_family: the address family AF_INET or AF_INET6.
+ * @ifindex: Interface index
+ * @known_addresses: List of addresses. The list will be modified and only
+ *   addresses that were successfully added will be kept in the list.
+ *   That means, expired addresses and addresses that could not be added
+ *   will be dropped.
+ *   Hence, the input argument @known_addresses is also an output argument
+ *   telling which addresses were successfully added.
+ *   Addresses are removed by unrefing the instance via nmp_object_unref()
+ *   and leaving a NULL tombstone.
+ * @addresses_prune: (allow-none): the list of addresses to delete.
+ *   If platform has such an address configured, it will be deleted
+ *   at the beginning of the sync. Note that the array will be modified
+ *   by the function.
+ *   Note that the addresses must be properly sorted, by their priority.
+ *   Create this list with nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list() which
+ *   gets the sorting right.
+ *
+ * A convenience function to synchronize addresses for a specific interface
+ * with the least possible disturbance. It simply removes addresses that are
+ * not listed and adds addresses that are.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_address_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                            int         addr_family,
+                            int         ifindex,
+                            GPtrArray * known_addresses,
+                            GPtrArray * addresses_prune)
+{
+    const gint32       now                             = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    const int          IS_IPv4                         = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_addresses_idx = NULL;
+    GPtrArray *                    plat_addresses;
+    GHashTable *                   known_subnets = NULL;
+    guint32                        ifa_flags;
+    guint                          i_plat;
+    guint                          i_know;
+    guint                          i;
+    guint                          j;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    /* The order we want to enforce is only among addresses with the same
+     * scope, as the kernel keeps addresses sorted by scope. Therefore,
+     * apply the same sorting to known addresses, so that we don't try to
+     * unnecessary change the order of addresses with different scopes. */
+    if (!IS_IPv4) {
+        if (known_addresses)
+            g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(known_addresses,
+                                       ip6_address_scope_cmp,
+                                       GINT_TO_POINTER(TRUE));
+    }
+
+    if (!_addr_array_clean_expired(addr_family,
+                                   ifindex,
+                                   known_addresses,
+                                   now,
+                                   &known_addresses_idx))
+        known_addresses = NULL;
+
+    /* @plat_addresses must be sorted in decreasing priority order (highest priority addresses first), contrary to
+     * @known_addresses which is in increasing priority order (lowest priority addresses first). */
+    plat_addresses = addresses_prune;
+
+    if (nm_g_ptr_array_len(plat_addresses) > 0) {
+        /* Delete unknown addresses */
+        if (IS_IPv4) {
+            GHashTable *plat_subnets;
+
+            plat_subnets = ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(plat_addresses, TRUE, TRUE);
+
+            for (i = 0; i < plat_addresses->len; i++) {
+                const NMPObject *           plat_obj;
+                const NMPlatformIP4Address *plat_address;
+                const GPtrArray *           addr_list;
+
+                plat_obj = plat_addresses->pdata[i];
+                if (!plat_obj) {
+                    /* Already deleted */
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                plat_address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(plat_obj);
+
+                if (known_addresses) {
+                    const NMPObject *o;
+
+                    o = g_hash_table_lookup(known_addresses_idx, plat_obj);
+                    if (o) {
+                        gboolean secondary;
+
+                        if (!known_subnets)
+                            known_subnets =
+                                ip4_addr_subnets_build_index(known_addresses, FALSE, FALSE);
+
+                        secondary =
+                            ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(o, known_subnets, known_addresses, NULL);
+                        if (secondary == NM_FLAGS_HAS(plat_address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY)) {
+                            /* if we have an existing known-address, with matching secondary role,
+                             * do not delete the platform-address. */
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(self,
+                                               ifindex,
+                                               plat_address->address,
+                                               plat_address->plen,
+                                               plat_address->peer_address);
+
+                if (!ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary(plat_obj,
+                                                   plat_subnets,
+                                                   plat_addresses,
+                                                   &addr_list)
+                    && addr_list) {
+                    /* If we just deleted a primary addresses and there were
+                     * secondary ones the kernel can do two things, depending on
+                     * version and sysctl setting: delete also secondary addresses
+                     * or promote a secondary to primary. Ensure that secondary
+                     * addresses are deleted, so that we can start with a clean
+                     * slate and add addresses in the right order. */
+                    for (j = 1; j < addr_list->len; j++) {
+                        const NMPObject **o;
+
+                        o = ip4_addr_subnets_addr_list_get(addr_list, j);
+                        nm_assert(o);
+
+                        if (*o) {
+                            const NMPlatformIP4Address *a;
+
+                            a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(*o);
+                            nm_platform_ip4_address_delete(self,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           a->address,
+                                                           a->plen,
+                                                           a->peer_address);
+                            nmp_object_unref(*o);
+                            *o = NULL;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(plat_subnets, plat_addresses);
+        } else {
+            guint        known_addresses_len;
+            IP6AddrScope cur_scope;
+            gboolean     delete_remaining_addrs;
+
+            g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(plat_addresses,
+                                       ip6_address_scope_cmp,
+                                       GINT_TO_POINTER(FALSE));
+
+            known_addresses_len = known_addresses ? known_addresses->len : 0;
+
+            /* First, compare every address whether it is still a "known address", that is, whether
+             * to keep it or to delete it.
+             *
+             * If we don't find a matching valid address in @known_addresses, we will delete
+             * plat_addr.
+             *
+             * Certain addresses, like temporary addresses, are ignored by this function
+             * if not run with full_sync. These addresses are usually not managed by NetworkManager
+             * directly, or at least, they are not managed via nm_platform_ip6_address_sync().
+             * Only in full_sync mode, we really want to get rid of them (usually, when we take
+             * the interface down).
+             *
+             * Note that we mark handled addresses by setting it to %NULL in @plat_addresses array. */
+            for (i_plat = 0; i_plat < plat_addresses->len; i_plat++) {
+                const NMPObject *           plat_obj = plat_addresses->pdata[i_plat];
+                const NMPObject *           know_obj;
+                const NMPlatformIP6Address *plat_addr = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(plat_obj);
+
+                if (known_addresses_idx) {
+                    know_obj = g_hash_table_lookup(known_addresses_idx, plat_obj);
+                    if (know_obj
+                        && plat_addr->plen == NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(know_obj)->plen) {
+                        /* technically, plen is not part of the ID for IPv6 addresses and thus
+                         * @plat_addr is essentially the same address as @know_addr (regrading
+                         * its identity, not its other attributes).
+                         * However, we cannot modify an existing addresses' plen without
+                         * removing and readding it. Thus, only keep plat_addr, if the plen
+                         * matches.
+                         *
+                         * keep this one, and continue */
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, plat_addr->address, plat_addr->plen);
+                nmp_object_unref(g_steal_pointer(&plat_addresses->pdata[i_plat]));
+            }
+
+            /* Next, we must preserve the priority of the routes. That is, source address
+             * selection will choose addresses in the order as they are reported by kernel.
+             * Note that the order in @plat_addresses of the remaining matches is highest
+             * priority first.
+             * We need to compare this to the order of addresses with same scope in
+             * @known_addresses (which has lowest priority first).
+             *
+             * If we find a first discrepancy, we need to delete all remaining addresses
+             * with same scope from that point on, because below we must re-add all the
+             * addresses in the right order to get their priority right. */
+            cur_scope              = IP6_ADDR_SCOPE_LOOPBACK;
+            delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+            i_plat                 = plat_addresses->len;
+            i_know                 = 0;
+            while (i_plat > 0) {
+                const NMPlatformIP6Address *plat_addr =
+                    NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(plat_addresses->pdata[--i_plat]);
+                IP6AddrScope plat_scope;
+
+                if (!plat_addr)
+                    continue;
+
+                plat_scope = ip6_address_scope(plat_addr);
+                if (cur_scope != plat_scope) {
+                    nm_assert(cur_scope < plat_scope);
+                    delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+                    cur_scope              = plat_scope;
+                }
+
+                if (!delete_remaining_addrs) {
+                    delete_remaining_addrs = TRUE;
+                    for (; i_know < known_addresses_len; i_know++) {
+                        const NMPlatformIP6Address *know_addr =
+                            NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS(known_addresses->pdata[i_know]);
+                        IP6AddrScope know_scope;
+
+                        if (!know_addr)
+                            continue;
+
+                        know_scope = ip6_address_scope(know_addr);
+                        if (know_scope < plat_scope)
+                            continue;
+
+                        if (IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&plat_addr->address, &know_addr->address)) {
+                            /* we have a match. Mark address as handled. */
+                            i_know++;
+                            delete_remaining_addrs = FALSE;
+                            goto next_plat;
+                        }
+
+                        /* plat_address has no match. Now delete_remaining_addrs is TRUE and we will
+                         * delete all the remaining addresses with cur_scope. */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nm_platform_ip6_address_delete(self, ifindex, plat_addr->address, plat_addr->plen);
+next_plat:;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!known_addresses)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    if (IS_IPv4)
+        ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index(known_subnets, known_addresses);
+
+    ifa_flags = nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS)
+                    ? IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE
+                    : 0;
+
+    /* Add missing addresses. New addresses are added by kernel with top
+     * priority.
+     */
+    for (i_know = 0; i_know < known_addresses->len; i_know++) {
+        const NMPlatformIPXAddress *known_address;
+        const NMPObject *           o;
+        guint32                     lifetime;
+        guint32                     preferred;
+
+        o = known_addresses->pdata[i_know];
+        if (!o)
+            continue;
+
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(IS_IPv4));
+
+        known_address = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ADDRESS(o);
+
+        lifetime = nm_utils_lifetime_get(known_address->ax.timestamp,
+                                         known_address->ax.lifetime,
+                                         known_address->ax.preferred,
+                                         now,
+                                         &preferred);
+        nm_assert(lifetime > 0);
+
+        if (IS_IPv4) {
+            if (!nm_platform_ip4_address_add(
+                    self,
+                    ifindex,
+                    known_address->a4.address,
+                    known_address->a4.plen,
+                    known_address->a4.peer_address,
+                    nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(&known_address->a4),
+                    lifetime,
+                    preferred,
+                    ifa_flags,
+                    known_address->a4.label)) {
+                /* ignore error, for unclear reasons. */
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!nm_platform_ip6_address_add(self,
+                                             ifindex,
+                                             known_address->a6.address,
+                                             known_address->a6.plen,
+                                             known_address->a6.peer_address,
+                                             lifetime,
+                                             preferred,
+                                             ifa_flags | known_address->a6.n_ifa_flags))
+                return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_address_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex)
+{
+    gboolean success = TRUE;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET))
+        success &= nm_platform_ip4_address_sync(self, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET6))
+        success &= nm_platform_ip6_address_sync(self, ifindex, NULL, TRUE);
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_err_inval_due_to_ipv6_tentative_pref_src(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    const NMPlatformIP6Route *  r;
+    const NMPlatformIP6Address *a;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_IS_VALID(obj));
+
+    /* trying to add an IPv6 route with pref-src fails, if the address is
+     * still tentative (rh#1452684). We need to hack around that.
+     *
+     * Detect it, by guessing whether that's the case. */
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) != NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    r = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj);
+
+    /* we only allow this workaround for routes added manually by the user. */
+    if (r->rt_source != NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&r->pref_src))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get(self, r->ifindex, &r->pref_src);
+    if (!a)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE)
+        || NM_FLAGS_HAS(a->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_DADFAILED))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_ip_address_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *self,
+                                      int         addr_family,
+                                      int         ifindex,
+                                      gboolean    exclude_ipv6_temporary_addrs)
+{
+    const int                    IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GPtrArray *                  result;
+    CList *                      iter;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ADDRESS(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)), ifindex);
+
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup);
+
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = g_ptr_array_new_full(head_entry->len, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+
+    c_list_for_each (iter, &head_entry->lst_entries_head) {
+        const NMPObject *obj = c_list_entry(iter, NMDedupMultiEntry, lst_entries)->obj;
+
+        if (!IS_IPv4) {
+            if (exclude_ipv6_temporary_addrs
+                && NM_FLAGS_HAS(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ADDRESS(obj)->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TEMPORARY))
+                continue;
+        }
+
+        g_ptr_array_add(result, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(obj));
+    }
+
+    if (result->len == 0) {
+        g_ptr_array_unref(result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+GPtrArray *
+nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(NMPlatform *           self,
+                                    int                    addr_family,
+                                    int                    ifindex,
+                                    NMIPRouteTableSyncMode route_table_sync)
+{
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GPtrArray *                  routes_prune;
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    CList *                      iter;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(route_table_sync,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_MAIN,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_FULL,
+                        NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL));
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ROUTE(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)), ifindex);
+    head_entry = nm_platform_lookup(self, &lookup);
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    routes_prune = g_ptr_array_new_full(head_entry->len, (GDestroyNotify) nm_dedup_multi_obj_unref);
+
+    c_list_for_each (iter, &head_entry->lst_entries_head) {
+        const NMPObject *obj = c_list_entry(iter, NMDedupMultiEntry, lst_entries)->obj;
+
+        if (route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_FULL) {
+            if (nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj))
+                == RT_TABLE_LOCAL)
+                continue;
+        } else if (route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_MAIN) {
+            if (!nm_platform_route_table_is_main(
+                    nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj))))
+                continue;
+        } else
+            nm_assert(route_table_sync == NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+
+        g_ptr_array_add(routes_prune, (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(obj));
+    }
+
+    if (routes_prune->len == 0) {
+        g_ptr_array_unref(routes_prune);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return routes_prune;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_route_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance.
+ * @addr_family: AF_INET or AF_INET6.
+ * @ifindex: the @ifindex for which the routes are to be added.
+ * @routes: (allow-none): a list of routes to configure. Must contain
+ *   NMPObject instances of routes, according to @addr_family.
+ * @routes_prune: (allow-none): the list of routes to delete.
+ *   If platform has such a route configured, it will be deleted
+ *   at the end of the operation. Note that if @routes contains
+ *   the same route, then it will not be deleted. @routes overrules
+ *   @routes_prune list.
+ * @out_temporary_not_available: (allow-none) (out): routes that could
+ *   currently not be synced. The caller shall keep them and try later again.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_route_sync(NMPlatform *self,
+                          int         addr_family,
+                          int         ifindex,
+                          GPtrArray * routes,
+                          GPtrArray * routes_prune,
+                          GPtrArray **out_temporary_not_available)
+{
+    const int                    IS_IPv4 = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    const NMPlatformVTableRoute *vt;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *routes_idx = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *              conf_o;
+    const NMDedupMultiEntry *      plat_entry;
+    guint                          i;
+    int                            i_type;
+    gboolean                       success = TRUE;
+    char                           sbuf1[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char                           sbuf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    vt = &nm_platform_vtable_route.vx[IS_IPv4];
+
+    for (i_type = 0; routes && i_type < 2; i_type++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < routes->len; i++) {
+            int      r, r2;
+            gboolean gateway_route_added = FALSE;
+
+            conf_o = routes->pdata[i];
+
+#define VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, o)                          \
+    (vt->is_ip4 ? (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(o)->gateway == 0) \
+                : IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(o)->gateway))
+
+            if ((i_type == 0 && !VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, conf_o))
+                || (i_type == 1 && VTABLE_IS_DEVICE_ROUTE(vt, conf_o))) {
+                /* we add routes in two runs over @i_type.
+                 *
+                 * First device routes, then gateway routes. */
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!routes_idx) {
+                routes_idx = g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                              (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+            }
+            if (!g_hash_table_insert(routes_idx, (gpointer) conf_o, (gpointer) conf_o)) {
+                _LOG3D("route-sync: skip adding duplicate route %s",
+                       nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                            NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                            sbuf1,
+                                            sizeof(sbuf1)));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!IS_IPv4
+                && nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o))
+                       == 0) {
+                /* User space cannot add routes with metric 0. However, kernel can, and we might track such
+                 * routes in @route as they are present external. Skip them silently. */
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            plat_entry = nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, conf_o);
+            if (plat_entry) {
+                const NMPObject *plat_o;
+
+                plat_o = plat_entry->obj;
+
+                if (vt->route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(conf_o),
+                                  NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(plat_o),
+                                  NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+                    == 0)
+                    continue;
+
+                /* we need to replace the existing route with a (slightly) different
+                 * one. Delete it first. */
+                if (!nm_platform_object_delete(self, plat_o)) {
+                    /* ignore error. */
+                }
+            }
+
+sync_route_add:
+            r = nm_platform_ip_route_add(self,
+                                         NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND
+                                             | NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE,
+                                         conf_o);
+            if (r < 0) {
+                if (r == -EEXIST) {
+                    /* Don't fail for EEXIST. It's not clear that the existing route
+                     * is identical to the one that we were about to add. However,
+                     * above we should have deleted conflicting (non-identical) routes. */
+                    if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {
+                        plat_entry =
+                            nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, conf_o);
+                        if (!plat_entry) {
+                            _LOG3D("route-sync: adding route %s failed with EEXIST, however we "
+                                   "cannot find such a route",
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf1,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf1)));
+                        } else if (vt->route_cmp(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(conf_o),
+                                                 NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IPX_ROUTE(plat_entry->obj),
+                                                 NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+                                   != 0) {
+                            _LOG3D("route-sync: adding route %s failed due to existing "
+                                   "(different!) route %s",
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf1,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                                   nmp_object_to_string(plat_entry->obj,
+                                                        NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                        sbuf2,
+                                                        sizeof(sbuf2)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(conf_o)->rt_source < NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_USER) {
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: ignore failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                } else if (r == -EINVAL && out_temporary_not_available
+                           && _err_inval_due_to_ipv6_tentative_pref_src(self, conf_o)) {
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: ignore failure to add IPv6 route with tentative IPv6 "
+                           "pref-src: %s: %s",
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                    if (!*out_temporary_not_available)
+                        *out_temporary_not_available =
+                            g_ptr_array_new_full(0, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);
+                    g_ptr_array_add(*out_temporary_not_available,
+                                    (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(conf_o));
+                } else if (!gateway_route_added
+                           && ((r == -ENETUNREACH && vt->is_ip4
+                                && !!NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(conf_o)->gateway)
+                               || (r == -EHOSTUNREACH && !vt->is_ip4
+                                   && !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(
+                                       &NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o)->gateway)))) {
+                    NMPObject oo;
+
+                    if (vt->is_ip4) {
+                        const NMPlatformIP4Route *rt = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(conf_o);
+
+                        nmp_object_stackinit(
+                            &oo,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                            &((NMPlatformIP4Route){
+                                .ifindex       = rt->ifindex,
+                                .network       = rt->gateway,
+                                .plen          = 32,
+                                .metric        = nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(rt),
+                                .rt_source     = rt->rt_source,
+                                .table_coerced = nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(rt)),
+                            }));
+                    } else {
+                        const NMPlatformIP6Route *rt = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(conf_o);
+
+                        nmp_object_stackinit(
+                            &oo,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+                            &((NMPlatformIP6Route){
+                                .ifindex       = rt->ifindex,
+                                .network       = rt->gateway,
+                                .plen          = 128,
+                                .metric        = nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(rt),
+                                .rt_source     = rt->rt_source,
+                                .table_coerced = nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(
+                                    NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(rt)),
+                            }));
+                    }
+
+                    _LOG3D("route-sync: failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s; try adding direct "
+                           "route to gateway %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r),
+                           nmp_object_to_string(&oo,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf2,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf2)));
+
+                    r2 = nm_platform_ip_route_add(self,
+                                                  NMP_NLM_FLAG_APPEND
+                                                      | NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE,
+                                                  &oo);
+
+                    if (r2 < 0) {
+                        _LOG3D("route-sync: failure to add gateway IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                               vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                               nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                    NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                    sbuf1,
+                                                    sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                               nm_strerror(r2));
+                    }
+
+                    gateway_route_added = TRUE;
+                    goto sync_route_add;
+                } else {
+                    _LOG3W("route-sync: failure to add IPv%c route: %s: %s",
+                           vt->is_ip4 ? '4' : '6',
+                           nmp_object_to_string(conf_o,
+                                                NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                                                sbuf1,
+                                                sizeof(sbuf1)),
+                           nm_strerror(r));
+                    success = FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (routes_prune) {
+        for (i = 0; i < routes_prune->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *prune_o;
+
+            prune_o = routes_prune->pdata[i];
+
+            nm_assert((NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)
+                       && NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(prune_o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE)
+                      || (!NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)
+                          && NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(prune_o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+            if (routes_idx && g_hash_table_lookup(routes_idx, prune_o))
+                continue;
+
+            if (!nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, prune_o))
+                continue;
+
+            if (!nm_platform_object_delete(self, prune_o)) {
+                /* ignore error... */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_ip_route_flush(NMPlatform *self, int addr_family, int ifindex)
+{
+    gboolean success = TRUE;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET)) {
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes_prune = NULL;
+
+        routes_prune = nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(self,
+                                                           AF_INET,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+        success &= nm_platform_ip_route_sync(self, AF_INET, ifindex, NULL, routes_prune, NULL);
+    }
+    if (NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET6)) {
+        gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *routes_prune = NULL;
+
+        routes_prune = nm_platform_ip_route_get_prune_list(self,
+                                                           AF_INET6,
+                                                           ifindex,
+                                                           NM_IP_ROUTE_TABLE_SYNC_MODE_ALL);
+        success &= nm_platform_ip_route_sync(self, AF_INET6, ifindex, NULL, routes_prune, NULL);
+    }
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint8
+_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(const NMPlatformIP4Route *route)
+{
+    /* in kernel, you cannot set scope to RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE (255).
+     * That means, in NM, we treat RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE as unset, and detect
+     * it based on the presence of the gateway. In other words, when adding
+     * a route with scope RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE (in NetworkManager) to kernel,
+     * the resulting scope will be either "link" or "universe" (depending
+     * on the gateway).
+     *
+     * Note that internally, we track @scope_inv is the inverse of scope,
+     * so that the default equals zero (~(RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE)).
+     **/
+    if (route->scope_inv == 0) {
+        if (route->type_coerced == nm_platform_route_type_coerce(RTN_LOCAL))
+            return nm_platform_route_scope_inv(RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        else {
+            return nm_platform_route_scope_inv(!route->gateway ? RT_SCOPE_LINK : RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        }
+    }
+    return route->scope_inv;
+}
+
+static guint8
+_route_pref_normalize(guint8 pref)
+{
+    /* for kernel (and ICMPv6) pref can only have one of 3 values. Normalize. */
+    return NM_IN_SET(pref, NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_LOW, NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_HIGH)
+               ? pref
+               : NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_MEDIUM;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_route_normalize:
+ * @addr_family: AF_INET or AF_INET6
+ * @route: an NMPlatformIP4Route or NMPlatformIP6Route instance, depending on @addr_family.
+ *
+ * Adding a route to kernel via nm_platform_ip_route_add() will normalize/coerce some
+ * properties of the route. This function modifies (normalizes) the route like it
+ * would be done by adding the route in kernel.
+ *
+ * Note that this function is related to NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+ * in that if two routes compare semantically equal, after normalizing they also shall
+ * compare equal with NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(int addr_family, NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    NMPlatformIP4Route *r4;
+    NMPlatformIP6Route *r6;
+
+    route->table_coerced =
+        nm_platform_route_table_coerce(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(route));
+    route->table_any = FALSE;
+
+    route->rt_source = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(route->rt_source);
+
+    switch (addr_family) {
+    case AF_INET:
+        r4                = (NMPlatformIP4Route *) route;
+        route->metric     = nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(r4);
+        route->metric_any = FALSE;
+        r4->network       = nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(r4->network, r4->plen);
+        r4->scope_inv     = _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(r4);
+        break;
+    case AF_INET6:
+        r6                = (NMPlatformIP6Route *) route;
+        route->metric     = nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(r6);
+        route->metric_any = FALSE;
+        nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&r6->network, &r6->network, r6->plen);
+        nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&r6->src, &r6->src, r6->src_plen);
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+_ip_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, int addr_family, gconstpointer route)
+{
+    char sbuf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    int  ifindex;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(route);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    ifindex = ((const NMPlatformIPRoute *) route)->ifindex;
+    _LOG3D("route: %-10s IPv%c route: %s",
+           _nmp_nlm_flag_to_string(flags & NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK),
+           nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+           NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family) ? nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(route, sbuf, sizeof(sbuf))
+                                   : nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(route, sbuf, sizeof(sbuf)));
+
+    return klass->ip_route_add(self, flags, addr_family, route);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPObject *route)
+{
+    int addr_family;
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+        addr_family = AF_INET;
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        addr_family = AF_INET6;
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    }
+
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, addr_family, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(route));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP4Route *route)
+{
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, AF_INET, route);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_route_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformIP6Route *route)
+{
+    return _ip_route_add(self, flags, AF_INET6, route);
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_object_delete(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    int ifindex;
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        _LOGD("%s: delete %s",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        ifindex = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(obj)->ifindex;
+        _LOG3D("%s: delete %s",
+               NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj)->obj_type_name,
+               nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    }
+
+    return klass->object_delete(self, obj);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip_route_get(NMPlatform *  self,
+                         int           addr_family,
+                         gconstpointer address /* in_addr_t or struct in6_addr */,
+                         int           oif_ifindex,
+                         NMPObject **  out_route)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+    int                       result;
+    char                      buf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char                      buf_oif[64];
+
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, FALSE);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(address, -NME_BUG);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6), -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOGT("route: get IPv%c route for: %s%s",
+          nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+          inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+          oif_ifindex > 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(buf_oif, " oif %d", oif_ifindex) : "");
+
+    if (!klass->ip_route_get)
+        result = -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    else {
+        result = klass->ip_route_get(self, addr_family, address, oif_ifindex, &route);
+    }
+
+    if (result < 0) {
+        nm_assert(!route);
+        _LOGW("route: get IPv%c route for: %s failed with %s",
+              nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+              inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+              nm_strerror(result));
+    } else {
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(route),
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+        nm_assert(!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(route));
+        nm_assert(route->parent._ref_count == 1);
+        _LOGD("route: get IPv%c route for: %s succeeded: %s",
+              nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(addr_family),
+              inet_ntop(addr_family, address, buf, sizeof(buf)),
+              nmp_object_to_string(route, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_route, g_steal_pointer(&route));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS ((int) 1500)
+#define IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_GC_TIMEOUT_S \
+    ((int) (((IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS + 999) * 3) / 1000))
+
+static gint64
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    return timeout_msec >> 1;
+}
+
+static gint64
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(gint64 timeout_msec)
+{
+    return !!(timeout_msec & ((gint64) 1));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_cb(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = user_data;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id = 0;
+
+again:
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash)
+        goto out;
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+        if (!_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(*p_timeout_ms))
+            continue;
+
+        /* unmark because we checked it. */
+        *p_timeout_ms = *p_timeout_ms & ~((gint64) 1);
+
+        if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms))
+            continue;
+
+        if (!nm_platform_lookup_entry(self, NMP_CACHE_ID_TYPE_OBJECT_TYPE, p_obj))
+            continue;
+
+        _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: delete %s",
+              nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+        nm_platform_object_delete(self, p_obj);
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+out:
+    return G_SOURCE_REMOVE;
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id) {
+        priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id =
+            g_idle_add_full(G_PRIORITY_HIGH, _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_cb, self, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_notify_route(NMPlatform *self, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE);
+
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+
+    if (!g_hash_table_lookup_extended(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                      obj,
+                                      (gpointer *) &p_obj,
+                                      (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms))
+        return;
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+    if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+        /* already expired. Wait for gc. */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_marked(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* We cannot delete it right away because we are in the process of receiving netlink messages.
+     * It may be possible to do so, but complicated and error prone.
+     *
+     * Instead, we mark the entry and schedule an idle action (with high priority). */
+    *p_timeout_ms = (*p_timeout_ms) | ((gint64) 1);
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(self);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle(gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = user_data;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gint64             now_ms;
+
+    nm_assert(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+
+    now_ms = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+        if (now_ms > _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_timeout_ms_get(*p_timeout_ms)) {
+            _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: cleanup %s",
+                  nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+            g_hash_table_iter_remove(&iter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(self);
+    return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash
+        || g_hash_table_size(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) == 0) {
+        nm_clear_pointer(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash, g_hash_table_unref);
+        nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+    } else {
+        if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id) {
+            /* this timeout is only to garbage collect the expired entries from priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash.
+             * It can run infrequently, and it doesn't hurt if expired entries linger around a bit
+             * longer then necessary. */
+            priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id =
+                g_timeout_add_seconds(IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_GC_TIMEOUT_S,
+                                      _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle,
+                                      self);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_set:
+ * @self:
+ * @ifindex:
+ * @ip4_dev_route_blacklist:
+ *
+ * When adding an IP address, kernel automatically adds a device route.
+ * This can be suppressed via the IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE address flag. For proper
+ * IPv6 support, we require kernel support for IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE and always
+ * add the device route manually.
+ *
+ * For IPv4, this flag is rather new and we don't rely on it yet. We want to use
+ * it (but currently still don't). So, for IPv4, kernel possibly adds a device
+ * route, however it has a wrong metric of zero. We add our own device route (with
+ * proper metric), but need to delete the route that kernel adds.
+ *
+ * The problem is, that kernel does not immediately add the route, when adding
+ * the address. It only shows up some time later. So, we register here a list
+ * of blacklisted routes, and when they show up within a time out, we assume it's
+ * the kernel generated one, and we delete it.
+ *
+ * Eventually, we want to get rid of this and use IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE for IPv4
+ * routes as well.
+ */
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_dev_route_blacklist_set(NMPlatform *self,
+                                        int         ifindex,
+                                        GPtrArray * ip4_dev_route_blacklist)
+{
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    GHashTableIter     iter;
+    const NMPObject *  p_obj;
+    guint              i;
+    gint64             timeout_msec;
+    gint64             timeout_msec_val;
+    gint64 *           p_timeout_ms;
+    gboolean           needs_check = FALSE;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    /* TODO: the blacklist should be maintained by NML3Cfg. */
+
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    /* first, expire all for current ifindex... */
+    if (priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) {
+        g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash);
+        while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) &p_obj, (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+            if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(p_obj)->ifindex == ifindex) {
+                /* we could g_hash_table_iter_remove(&iter) the current entry.
+                 * Instead, just expire it and let _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_handle()
+                 * handle it.
+                 *
+                 * The assumption is, that ip4_dev_route_blacklist contains the very same entry
+                 * again, with a new timeout. So, we can un-expire it below. */
+                *p_timeout_ms = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ip4_dev_route_blacklist && ip4_dev_route_blacklist->len > 0) {
+        if (!priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash) {
+            priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash =
+                g_hash_table_new_full((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash,
+                                      (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal,
+                                      (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref,
+                                      nm_g_slice_free_fcn_gint64);
+        }
+
+        timeout_msec = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() + IP4_DEV_ROUTE_BLACKLIST_TIMEOUT_MS;
+        timeout_msec_val = (timeout_msec << 1) | ((gint64) 1);
+        for (i = 0; i < ip4_dev_route_blacklist->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *o;
+
+            needs_check = TRUE;
+            o           = ip4_dev_route_blacklist->pdata[i];
+            if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                             o,
+                                             (gpointer *) &p_obj,
+                                             (gpointer *) &p_timeout_ms)) {
+                if (nmp_object_equal(p_obj, o)) {
+                    /* un-expire and reuse the entry. */
+                    _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: register %s (update)",
+                          nmp_object_to_string(p_obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+                    *p_timeout_ms = timeout_msec_val;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _LOGT("ip4-dev-route: register %s",
+                  nmp_object_to_string(o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+            p_timeout_ms  = g_slice_new(gint64);
+            *p_timeout_ms = timeout_msec_val;
+            g_hash_table_replace(priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash,
+                                 (gpointer) nmp_object_ref(o),
+                                 p_timeout_ms);
+        }
+    }
+
+    _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_schedule(self);
+
+    if (needs_check)
+        _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_schedule(self);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_routing_rule_add(NMPlatform *                 self,
+                             NMPNlmFlags                  flags,
+                             const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(routing_rule, -NME_BUG);
+
+    _LOGD("routing-rule: adding or updating: %s",
+          nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(routing_rule, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->routing_rule_add(self, flags, routing_rule);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    int ifindex = qdisc->ifindex;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* Note: @qdisc must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of qdisc.kind
+     * is undefined. */
+
+    _LOG3D("adding or updating a qdisc: %s", nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(qdisc, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->qdisc_add(self, flags, qdisc);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_qdisc_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex where to configure the qdiscs.
+ * @known_qdiscs: the list of qdiscs (#NMPObject).
+ *
+ * The function promises not to take any reference to the qdisc
+ * instances from @known_qdiscs, nor to keep them around after
+ * the function returns. This is important, because it allows the
+ * caller to pass NMPlatformQdisc instances which "kind" string
+ * have a limited lifetime.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_qdisc_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_qdiscs)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_qdiscs = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    guint                        i;
+    gboolean                     success            = TRUE;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_qdiscs_idx = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    known_qdiscs_idx =
+        g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash, (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+    if (known_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_qdiscs, i);
+
+            if (!g_hash_table_insert(known_qdiscs_idx, (gpointer) q, (gpointer) q)) {
+                _LOGW("duplicate qdisc %s", nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(&q->qdisc, NULL, 0));
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    plat_qdiscs =
+        nm_platform_lookup_clone(self,
+                                 nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, ifindex),
+                                 NULL,
+                                 NULL);
+    if (plat_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < plat_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *p = g_ptr_array_index(plat_qdiscs, i);
+            const NMPObject *k;
+
+            /* look up known qdisc with same parent */
+            k = g_hash_table_lookup(known_qdiscs_idx, p);
+
+            if (k) {
+                const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc_k = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(k);
+                const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc_p = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(p);
+
+                /* check other fields */
+                if (nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(qdisc_k, qdisc_p, FALSE) != 0
+                    || (qdisc_k->handle != qdisc_p->handle && qdisc_k != 0)) {
+                    k = NULL;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (k) {
+                g_hash_table_remove(known_qdiscs_idx, k);
+            } else {
+                /* can't delete qdisc with zero handle */
+                if (TC_H_MAJ(p->qdisc.handle) != 0) {
+                    success &= nm_platform_object_delete(self, p);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (known_qdiscs) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_qdiscs->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_qdiscs, i);
+
+            if (g_hash_table_contains(known_qdiscs_idx, q)) {
+                success &=
+                    (nm_platform_qdisc_add(self, NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(q)) >= 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+int
+nm_platform_tfilter_add(NMPlatform *self, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    int ifindex = tfilter->ifindex;
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, -NME_BUG);
+
+    /* Note: @tfilter must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of tfilter.kind
+     * and tfilter.action.kind is undefined. */
+
+    _LOG3D("adding or updating a tfilter: %s", nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(tfilter, NULL, 0));
+    return klass->tfilter_add(self, flags, tfilter);
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_qdisc_sync:
+ * @self: the #NMPlatform instance
+ * @ifindex: the ifindex where to configure the qdiscs.
+ * @known_tfilters: the list of tfilters (#NMPObject).
+ *
+ * The function promises not to take any reference to the tfilter
+ * instances from @known_tfilters, nor to keep them around after
+ * the function returns. This is important, because it allows the
+ * caller to pass NMPlatformTfilter instances which "kind" string
+ * have a limited lifetime.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success.
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_platform_tfilter_sync(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, GPtrArray *known_tfilters)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *plat_tfilters = NULL;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    guint                        i;
+    gboolean                     success              = TRUE;
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *known_tfilters_idx = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self));
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    known_tfilters_idx =
+        g_hash_table_new((GHashFunc) nmp_object_id_hash, (GEqualFunc) nmp_object_id_equal);
+
+    if (known_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_tfilters, i);
+
+            g_hash_table_insert(known_tfilters_idx, (gpointer) q, (gpointer) q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    plat_tfilters =
+        nm_platform_lookup_clone(self,
+                                 nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, ifindex),
+                                 NULL,
+                                 NULL);
+
+    if (plat_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < plat_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(plat_tfilters, i);
+
+            if (!g_hash_table_lookup(known_tfilters_idx, q))
+                success &= nm_platform_object_delete(self, q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (known_tfilters) {
+        for (i = 0; i < known_tfilters->len; i++) {
+            const NMPObject *q = g_ptr_array_index(known_tfilters, i);
+
+            success &=
+                (nm_platform_tfilter_add(self, NMP_NLM_FLAG_ADD, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(q)) >= 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string(const char *            name,
+                                       const NMVlanQosMapping *map,
+                                       gsize                   n_map,
+                                       char *                  buf,
+                                       gsize                   len)
+{
+    gsize i;
+    char *b;
+
+    nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init(&buf, &len);
+
+    if (!n_map) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, "");
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    if (!map)
+        g_return_val_if_reached("");
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    if (name) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, name);
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " {");
+    } else
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_c(&b, &len, '{');
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, " %u:%u", map[i].from, map[i].to);
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&b, &len, " }");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+_lifetime_to_string(guint32 timestamp, guint32 lifetime, gint32 now, char *buf, size_t buf_size)
+{
+    if (lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
+        return "forever";
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               buf_size,
+               "%usec",
+               nm_utils_lifetime_rebase_relative_time_on_now(timestamp, lifetime, now));
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+_lifetime_summary_to_string(gint32  now,
+                            guint32 timestamp,
+                            guint32 preferred,
+                            guint32 lifetime,
+                            char *  buf,
+                            size_t  buf_size)
+{
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               buf_size,
+               " lifetime %d-%u[%u,%u]",
+               (signed) now,
+               (unsigned) timestamp,
+               (unsigned) preferred,
+               (unsigned) lifetime);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_link_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformLink address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an link struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the link.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_link_to_string(const NMPlatformLink *link, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        master[20];
+    char        parent[20];
+    char        str_flags[1 + NM_PLATFORM_LINK_FLAGS2STR_MAX_LEN + 1];
+    char        str_highlighted_flags[50];
+    char *      s;
+    gsize       l;
+    char        str_addrmode[30];
+    char        str_address[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char        str_broadcast[NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX * 3];
+    char        str_inet6_token[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    const char *str_link_type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(link, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    s = str_highlighted_flags;
+    l = sizeof(str_highlighted_flags);
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "NOARP,");
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "UP");
+    else
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, "DOWN");
+    if (link->connected)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&s, &l, ",LOWER_UP");
+    nm_assert(s > str_highlighted_flags && l > 0);
+
+    if (link->n_ifi_flags) {
+        str_flags[0] = ';';
+        nm_platform_link_flags2str(link->n_ifi_flags, &str_flags[1], sizeof(str_flags) - 1);
+    } else
+        str_flags[0] = '\0';
+
+    if (link->master)
+        g_snprintf(master, sizeof(master), " master %d", link->master);
+    else
+        master[0] = 0;
+
+    if (link->parent > 0)
+        g_snprintf(parent, sizeof(parent), "@%d", link->parent);
+    else if (link->parent == NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS)
+        g_strlcpy(parent, "@other-netns", sizeof(parent));
+    else
+        parent[0] = 0;
+
+    _nmp_link_address_to_string(&link->l_address, str_address);
+    _nmp_link_address_to_string(&link->l_broadcast, str_broadcast);
+
+    str_link_type = nm_link_type_to_string(link->type);
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%d: "    /* ifindex */
+        "%s"      /* name */
+        "%s"      /* parent */
+        " <%s%s>" /* flags */
+        " mtu %d"
+        "%s"      /* master */
+        " arp %u" /* arptype */
+        " %s"     /* link->type */
+        "%s%s"    /* kind */
+        "%s"      /* is-in-udev */
+        "%s%s"    /* addr-gen-mode */
+        "%s%s"    /* l_address */
+        "%s%s"    /* l_broadcast */
+        "%s%s"    /* inet6_token */
+        "%s%s"    /* driver */
+        " rx:%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT ",%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " tx:%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+        ",%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT,
+        link->ifindex,
+        link->name,
+        parent,
+        str_highlighted_flags,
+        str_flags,
+        link->mtu,
+        master,
+        link->arptype,
+        str_link_type ?: "???",
+        link->kind ? (g_strcmp0(str_link_type, link->kind) ? "/" : "*") : "?",
+        link->kind && g_strcmp0(str_link_type, link->kind) ? link->kind : "",
+        link->initialized ? " init" : " not-init",
+        link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? " addrgenmode " : "",
+        link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str(
+            _nm_platform_uint8_inv(link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv),
+            str_addrmode,
+            sizeof(str_addrmode))
+                                      : "",
+        str_address[0] ? " addr " : "",
+        str_address[0] ? str_address : "",
+        str_broadcast[0] ? " brd " : "",
+        str_broadcast[0] ? str_broadcast : "",
+        link->inet6_token.id ? " inet6token " : "",
+        link->inet6_token.id
+            ? nm_utils_inet6_interface_identifier_to_token(link->inet6_token, str_inet6_token)
+            : "",
+        link->driver ? " driver " : "",
+        link->driver ?: "",
+        link->rx_packets,
+        link->rx_bytes,
+        link->tx_packets,
+        link->tx_bytes);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const NMPlatformLnkBridge nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default = {
+    .forward_delay                 = NM_BRIDGE_FORWARD_DELAY_DEF_SYS,
+    .hello_time                    = NM_BRIDGE_HELLO_TIME_DEF_SYS,
+    .max_age                       = NM_BRIDGE_MAX_AGE_DEF_SYS,
+    .ageing_time                   = NM_BRIDGE_AGEING_TIME_DEF_SYS,
+    .stp_state                     = FALSE,
+    .priority                      = NM_BRIDGE_PRIORITY_DEF,
+    .vlan_protocol                 = 0x8100,
+    .vlan_stats_enabled            = NM_BRIDGE_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED_DEF,
+    .group_fwd_mask                = 0,
+    .group_addr                    = NM_ETHER_ADDR_INIT(NM_BRIDGE_GROUP_ADDRESS_DEF_BIN),
+    .mcast_snooping                = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_SNOOPING_DEF,
+    .mcast_router                  = 1,
+    .mcast_query_use_ifaddr        = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR_DEF,
+    .mcast_querier                 = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_DEF,
+    .mcast_hash_max                = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_HASH_MAX_DEF,
+    .mcast_last_member_count       = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_COUNT_DEF,
+    .mcast_startup_query_count     = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_COUNT_DEF,
+    .mcast_last_member_interval    = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_membership_interval     = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_querier_interval        = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERIER_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_query_interval          = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_query_response_interval = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTERVAL_DEF,
+    .mcast_startup_query_interval  = NM_BRIDGE_MULTICAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTERVAL_DEF,
+};
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "forward_delay %u"
+               " hello_time %u"
+               " max_age %u"
+               " ageing_time %u"
+               " stp_state %d"
+               " priority %u"
+               " vlan_protocol %u"
+               " vlan_stats_enabled %d"
+               " group_fwd_mask %#x"
+               " group_address " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR " mcast_snooping %d"
+               " mcast_router %u"
+               " mcast_query_use_ifaddr %d"
+               " mcast_querier %d"
+               " mcast_hash_max %u"
+               " mcast_last_member_count %u"
+               " mcast_startup_query_count %u"
+               " mcast_last_member_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_membership_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_querier_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_query_response_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
+               " mcast_startup_query_interval %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT "",
+               lnk->forward_delay,
+               lnk->hello_time,
+               lnk->max_age,
+               lnk->ageing_time,
+               (int) lnk->stp_state,
+               lnk->priority,
+               lnk->vlan_protocol,
+               (int) lnk->vlan_stats_enabled,
+               lnk->group_fwd_mask,
+               NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(&lnk->group_addr),
+               (int) lnk->mcast_snooping,
+               lnk->mcast_router,
+               (int) lnk->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+               (int) lnk->mcast_querier,
+               lnk->mcast_hash_max,
+               lnk->mcast_last_member_count,
+               lnk->mcast_startup_query_count,
+               lnk->mcast_last_member_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_membership_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_querier_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_query_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_query_response_interval,
+               lnk->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+    char str_input_flags[30];
+    char str_output_flags[30];
+    char str_input_key[30];
+    char str_input_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_output_key[30];
+    char str_output_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "gre%s" /* is_tap */
+        "%s"    /* remote */
+        "%s"    /* local */
+        "%s"    /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s"    /* ttl */
+        "%s"    /* tos */
+        "%s"    /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "%s"    /* iflags */
+        "%s"    /* oflags */
+        "%s"    /* ikey */
+        "%s"    /* okey */
+        "",
+        lnk->is_tap ? "tap" : "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
+        lnk->input_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_input_flags, " iflags 0x%x", lnk->input_flags) : "",
+        lnk->output_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_output_flags, " oflags 0x%x", lnk->output_flags)
+                          : "",
+        NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->input_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->input_key
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_input_key,
+                             " ikey %s",
+                             _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->input_key, str_input_key1))
+            : "",
+        NM_FLAGS_HAS(lnk->output_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->output_key
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_output_key,
+                             " okey %s",
+                             _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->output_key, str_output_key1))
+            : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_p_key[64];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "infiniband"
+               "%s"   /* p_key */
+               "%s%s" /* mode */
+               "",
+               lnk->p_key ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_p_key, " pkey %d", lnk->p_key) : "",
+               lnk->mode ? " mode " : "",
+               lnk->mode ?: "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char  str_local[30];
+    char  str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char  str_remote[30];
+    char  str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char  str_ttl[30];
+    char  str_tclass[30];
+    char  str_flow[30];
+    char  str_encap[30];
+    char  str_proto[30];
+    char  str_parent_ifindex[30];
+    char *str_type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->is_gre)
+        str_type = lnk->is_tap ? "ip6gretap" : "ip6gre";
+    else
+        str_type = "ip6tnl";
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s" /* type */
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tclass */
+        "%s" /* encap limit */
+        "%s" /* flow label */
+        "%s" /* proto */
+        " flags 0x%x"
+        "",
+        str_type,
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote, " remote %s", _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->remote, str_remote1)),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local, str_local1)),
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tclass == 1 ? " tclass inherit"
+                         : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tclass, " tclass 0x%x", lnk->tclass),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_encap, " encap-limit %u", lnk->encap_limit),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_flow, " flow-label 0x05%x", lnk->flow_label),
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_proto, " proto %u", lnk->proto),
+        (guint) lnk->flags);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "ipip"
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tos */
+        "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "macsec "
+               "sci %016llx "
+               "protect %s "
+               "cipher %016llx "
+               "icvlen %u "
+               "encodingsa %u "
+               "validate %u "
+               "encrypt %s "
+               "send_sci %s "
+               "end_station %s "
+               "scb %s "
+               "replay %s",
+               (unsigned long long) lnk->sci,
+               lnk->protect ? "on" : "off",
+               (unsigned long long) lnk->cipher_suite,
+               lnk->icv_length,
+               lnk->encoding_sa,
+               lnk->validation,
+               lnk->encrypt ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->include_sci ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->es ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->scb ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->replay_protect ? "on" : "off");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s mode %u %s",
+               lnk->tap ? "macvtap" : "macvlan",
+               lnk->mode,
+               lnk->no_promisc ? "not-promisc" : "promisc");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_local[30];
+    char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_remote[30];
+    char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_ttl[30];
+    char str_tos[30];
+    char str_flags[30];
+    char str_proto[30];
+    char str_parent_ifindex[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "sit"
+        "%s" /* remote */
+        "%s" /* local */
+        "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
+        "%s" /* ttl */
+        "%s" /* tos */
+        "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
+        "%s" /* flags */
+        "%s" /* proto */
+        "",
+        lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_remote,
+                                     " remote %s",
+                                     _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->remote, str_remote1))
+                    : "",
+        lnk->local
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_local, " local %s", _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, str_local1))
+            : "",
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex)
+                            : "",
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
+        lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos))
+                 : "",
+        lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
+        lnk->flags ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_flags, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags) : "",
+        lnk->proto ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_proto, " proto 0x%x", lnk->proto) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        str_owner[50];
+    char        str_group[50];
+    char        str_type[50];
+    const char *type;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->type == IFF_TUN)
+        type = "tun";
+    else if (lnk->type == IFF_TAP)
+        type = "tap";
+    else
+        type = nm_sprintf_buf(str_type, "tun type %u", (guint) lnk->type);
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s" /* type */
+               "%s" /* pi */
+               "%s" /* vnet_hdr */
+               "%s" /* multi_queue */
+               "%s" /* persist */
+               "%s" /* owner */
+               "%s" /* group */
+               "",
+               type,
+               lnk->pi ? " pi" : "",
+               lnk->vnet_hdr ? " vnet_hdr" : "",
+               lnk->multi_queue ? " multi_queue" : "",
+               lnk->persist ? " persist" : "",
+               lnk->owner_valid ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_owner, " owner %u", (guint) lnk->owner) : "",
+               lnk->group_valid ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_group, " group %u", (guint) lnk->group) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *b;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, "vlan %u", lnk->id);
+    if (lnk->flags)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *b;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    b = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&b, &len, "table %u", lnk->table);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_group[100];
+    char str_group6[100];
+    char str_local[100];
+    char str_local6[100];
+    char str_dev[25];
+    char str_limit[25];
+    char str_src_port[35];
+    char str_dst_port[25];
+    char str_tos[25];
+    char str_ttl[25];
+    char sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (lnk->group == 0)
+        str_group[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_group,
+                   sizeof(str_group),
+                   " %s %s",
+                   IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(lnk->group)) ? "group" : "remote",
+                   _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->group, sbuf));
+    }
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&lnk->group6))
+        str_group6[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_group6,
+                   sizeof(str_group6),
+                   " %s%s %s",
+                   IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&lnk->group6) ? "group" : "remote",
+                   str_group[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
+                   _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->group6, sbuf));
+    }
+
+    if (lnk->local == 0)
+        str_local[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_local,
+                   sizeof(str_local),
+                   " local %s",
+                   _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(lnk->local, sbuf));
+    }
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&lnk->local6))
+        str_local6[0] = '\0';
+    else {
+        g_snprintf(str_local6,
+                   sizeof(str_local6),
+                   " local%s %s",
+                   str_local[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
+                   _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&lnk->local6, sbuf));
+    }
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "vxlan"
+        " id %u"     /* id */
+        "%s%s"       /* group/group6 */
+        "%s%s"       /* local/local6 */
+        "%s"         /* dev */
+        "%s"         /* src_port_min/src_port_max */
+        "%s"         /* dst_port */
+        "%s"         /* learning */
+        "%s"         /* proxy */
+        "%s"         /* rsc */
+        "%s"         /* l2miss */
+        "%s"         /* l3miss */
+        "%s"         /* tos */
+        "%s"         /* ttl */
+        " ageing %u" /* ageing */
+        "%s"         /* limit */
+        "",
+        (guint) lnk->id,
+        str_group,
+        str_group6,
+        str_local,
+        str_local6,
+        lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_dev, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
+        lnk->src_port_min || lnk->src_port_max
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_src_port, " srcport %u %u", lnk->src_port_min, lnk->src_port_max)
+            : "",
+        lnk->dst_port ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_dst_port, " dstport %u", lnk->dst_port) : "",
+        !lnk->learning ? " nolearning" : "",
+        lnk->proxy ? " proxy" : "",
+        lnk->rsc ? " rsc" : "",
+        lnk->l2miss ? " l2miss" : "",
+        lnk->l3miss ? " l3miss" : "",
+        lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos %#x", lnk->tos),
+        lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : "",
+        lnk->ageing,
+        lnk->limit ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_limit, " maxaddr %u", lnk->limit) : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_wireguard_peer_to_string(const NMPWireGuardPeer *peer, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char *        buf0           = buf;
+    gs_free char *public_key_b64 = NULL;
+    char          s_sockaddr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 100];
+    char          s_endpoint[20 + sizeof(s_sockaddr)];
+    char          s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char          s_keepalive[100];
+    guint         i;
+
+    nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init(&buf, &len);
+
+    public_key_b64 = g_base64_encode(peer->public_key, sizeof(peer->public_key));
+
+    if (peer->endpoint.sa.sa_family != AF_UNSPEC) {
+        nm_sprintf_buf(
+            s_endpoint,
+            " endpoint %s",
+            nm_sock_addr_union_to_string(&peer->endpoint, s_sockaddr, sizeof(s_sockaddr)));
+    } else
+        s_endpoint[0] = '\0';
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+        &buf,
+        &len,
+        "public-key %s"
+        "%s"                                                   /* preshared-key */
+        "%s"                                                   /* endpoint */
+        " rx %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT " tx %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT "%s" /* persistent-keepalive */
+        "%s",                                                  /* allowed-ips */
+        public_key_b64,
+        nm_utils_memeqzero_secret(peer->preshared_key, sizeof(peer->preshared_key))
+            ? ""
+            : " preshared-key (hidden)",
+        s_endpoint,
+        peer->rx_bytes,
+        peer->tx_bytes,
+        peer->persistent_keepalive_interval > 0
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(s_keepalive,
+                             " keepalive %u",
+                             (guint) peer->persistent_keepalive_interval)
+            : "",
+        peer->allowed_ips_len > 0 ? " allowed-ips" : "");
+
+    for (i = 0; i < peer->allowed_ips_len; i++) {
+        const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ip = &peer->allowed_ips[i];
+
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " %s/%u",
+                               nm_utils_inet_ntop(allowed_ip->family, &allowed_ip->addr, s_addr),
+                               allowed_ip->mask);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    gs_free char *public_b64 = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_memeqzero(lnk->public_key, sizeof(lnk->public_key)))
+        public_b64 = g_base64_encode(lnk->public_key, sizeof(lnk->public_key));
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "wireguard"
+               "%s%s" /* public-key */
+               "%s"   /* private-key */
+               " listen-port %u"
+               " fwmark 0x%x",
+               public_b64 ? " public-key " : "",
+               public_b64 ?: "",
+               nm_utils_memeqzero_secret(lnk->private_key, sizeof(lnk->private_key))
+                   ? ""
+                   : " private-key (hidden)",
+               lnk->listen_port,
+               lnk->fwmark);
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Address address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: ""
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the address.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        s_address[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        s_peer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        str_label[32];
+    char        str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
+    char *      str_peer = NULL;
+    const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
+    gint32      now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+    in_addr_t   broadcast_address;
+    char        str_broadcast[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(address, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &address->address, s_address, sizeof(s_address));
+
+    if (address->peer_address != address->address) {
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof(s_peer));
+        str_peer = g_strconcat(" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
+    }
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    if (*address->label)
+        g_snprintf(str_label, sizeof(str_label), " label %s", address->label);
+    else
+        str_label[0] = 0;
+
+    str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                    address->lifetime ?: NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                    now,
+                                    str_lft,
+                                    sizeof(str_lft)),
+    str_pref_p =
+        (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
+            ? str_lft_p
+            : (_lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                   address->lifetime ? MIN(address->preferred, address->lifetime)
+                                                     : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                   now,
+                                   str_pref,
+                                   sizeof(str_pref)));
+    str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string(now,
+                                             address->timestamp,
+                                             address->preferred,
+                                             address->lifetime,
+                                             str_time,
+                                             sizeof(str_time));
+
+    broadcast_address = nm_platform_ip4_broadcast_address_from_addr(address);
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s/%d"
+        "%s%s" /* broadcast */
+        " lft %s"
+        " pref %s"
+        "%s" /* time */
+        "%s" /* peer  */
+        "%s" /* dev */
+        "%s" /* flags */
+        "%s" /* label */
+        " src %s"
+        "%s" /* external */
+        "%s" /* ip4acd_not_ready */
+        "",
+        s_address,
+        address->plen,
+        broadcast_address != 0u || address->use_ip4_broadcast_address
+            ? (address->use_ip4_broadcast_address ? " brd " : " brd* ")
+            : "",
+        broadcast_address != 0u || address->use_ip4_broadcast_address
+            ? _nm_utils_inet4_ntop(broadcast_address, str_broadcast)
+            : "",
+        str_lft_p,
+        str_pref_p,
+        str_time_p,
+        str_peer ?: "",
+        str_dev,
+        _to_string_ifa_flags(address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+        str_label,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        address->external ? " ext" : "",
+        address->ip4acd_not_ready ? " ip4acd-not-ready" : "");
+    g_free(str_peer);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_link_flags2str,
+                          unsigned,
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_LOOPBACK, "loopback"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_BROADCAST, "broadcast"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_POINTOPOINT, "pointopoint"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_MULTICAST, "multicast"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_NOARP, "noarp"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_ALLMULTI, "allmulti"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_PROMISC, "promisc"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_MASTER, "master"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_SLAVE, "slave"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DEBUG, "debug"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DYNAMIC, "dynamic"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_AUTOMEDIA, "automedia"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_PORTSEL, "portsel"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_NOTRAILERS, "notrailers"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_UP, "up"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_RUNNING, "running"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_LOWER_UP, "lowerup"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_DORMANT, "dormant"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFF_ECHO, "echo"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str,
+                         guint8,
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE, "none"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64, "eui64"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY, "stable-privacy"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM, "random"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_addr_flags2str,
+                          unsigned,
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_SECONDARY, "secondary"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_NODAD, "nodad"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC, "optimistic"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_HOMEADDRESS, "homeaddress"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_DEPRECATED, "deprecated"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_PERMANENT, "permanent"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR, "mngtmpaddr"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE, "noprefixroute"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(IFA_F_TENTATIVE, "tentative"), );
+
+NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE(nm_platform_route_scope2str,
+                         int,
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE, "nowhere"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_HOST, "host"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_LINK, "link"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_SITE, "site"),
+                         NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, "global"), );
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Address address structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "2001:db8:0:f101::1/64 lft 4294967295 pref 4294967295 time 16922666 on dev em1"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the address.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
+    char        s_address[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        s_peer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char        str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char *      str_peer = NULL;
+    const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
+    gint32      now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(address, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &address->address, s_address, sizeof(s_address));
+
+    if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&address->peer_address)) {
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof(s_peer));
+        str_peer = g_strconcat(" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
+    }
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                    address->lifetime ?: NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                    now,
+                                    str_lft,
+                                    sizeof(str_lft)),
+    str_pref_p =
+        (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
+            ? str_lft_p
+            : (_lifetime_to_string(address->timestamp,
+                                   address->lifetime ? MIN(address->preferred, address->lifetime)
+                                                     : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                   now,
+                                   str_pref,
+                                   sizeof(str_pref)));
+    str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string(now,
+                                             address->timestamp,
+                                             address->preferred,
+                                             address->lifetime,
+                                             str_time,
+                                             sizeof(str_time));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "%s/%d lft %s pref %s%s%s%s%s src %s%s",
+        s_address,
+        address->plen,
+        str_lft_p,
+        str_pref_p,
+        str_time_p,
+        str_peer ?: "",
+        str_dev,
+        _to_string_ifa_flags(address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        address->external ? " ext" : "");
+    g_free(str_peer);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(_rtm_flags_to_string,
+                                 unsigned,
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_DEAD, "dead"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_PERVASIVE, "pervasive"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTNH_F_ONLINK, "onlink"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(8 /*RTNH_F_OFFLOAD*/, "offload"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(16 /*RTNH_F_LINKDOWN*/, "linkdown"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(32 /*RTNH_F_UNRESOLVED*/, "unresolved"),
+
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_NOTIFY, "notify"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_CLONED, "cloned"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_EQUALIZE, "equalize"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(RTM_F_PREFIX, "prefix"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(0x1000 /*RTM_F_LOOKUP_TABLE*/, "lookup-table"),
+                                 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(0x2000 /*RTM_F_FIB_MATCH*/, "fib-match"), );
+
+#define _RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN 200
+
+static const char *
+_rtm_flags_to_string_full(char *buf, gsize buf_size, unsigned rtm_flags)
+{
+    const char *buf0 = buf;
+
+    nm_assert(buf_size >= _RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN);
+
+    if (!rtm_flags)
+        return "";
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, " rtm_flags ");
+    _rtm_flags_to_string(rtm_flags, buf, buf_size);
+    nm_assert(strlen(buf) < buf_size);
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Route route structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 dev em1 metric 0 mss 0"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the route.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP4Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char s_network[INET_ADDRSTRLEN], s_gateway[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_pref_src[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char str_table[30];
+    char str_scope[30], s_source[50];
+    char str_tos[32], str_window[32], str_cwnd[32], str_initcwnd[32], str_initrwnd[32], str_mtu[32];
+    char str_rtm_flags[_RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN];
+    char str_type[30];
+    char str_metric[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(route, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->network, s_network, sizeof(s_network));
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof(s_gateway));
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "type %s " /* type */
+        "%s"       /* table */
+        "%s/%d"
+        " via %s"
+        "%s"
+        " metric %s"
+        " mss %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
+        "%s"                                   /* rtm_flags */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* scope */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* pref-src */
+        "%s"                                   /* tos */
+        "%s"                                   /* window */
+        "%s"                                   /* cwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initcwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initrwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* mtu */
+        "",
+        nm_utils_route_type2str(nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(route->type_coerced),
+                                str_type,
+                                sizeof(str_type)),
+        route->table_any
+            ? "table ?? "
+            : (route->table_coerced
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_table,
+                                    "table %u ",
+                                    nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(route->table_coerced, FALSE))
+                   : ""),
+        s_network,
+        route->plen,
+        s_gateway,
+        str_dev,
+        route->metric_any
+            ? (route->metric ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "??+%u", route->metric) : "??")
+            : nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "%u", route->metric),
+        route->mss,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        _rtm_flags_to_string_full(str_rtm_flags, sizeof(str_rtm_flags), route->r_rtm_flags),
+        route->scope_inv ? " scope " : "",
+        route->scope_inv
+            ? (nm_platform_route_scope2str(nm_platform_route_scope_inv(route->scope_inv),
+                                           str_scope,
+                                           sizeof(str_scope)))
+            : "",
+        route->pref_src ? " pref-src " : "",
+        route->pref_src ? inet_ntop(AF_INET, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof(s_pref_src)) : "",
+        route->tos ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_tos, " tos 0x%x", (unsigned) route->tos) : "",
+        route->window || route->lock_window ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_window,
+                                                             " window %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                             route->lock_window ? "lock " : "",
+                                                             route->window)
+                                            : "",
+        route->cwnd || route->lock_cwnd ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_cwnd,
+                                                         " cwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                         route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                                                         route->cwnd)
+                                        : "",
+        route->initcwnd || route->lock_initcwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initcwnd,
+                             " initcwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initcwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->initrwnd || route->lock_initrwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initrwnd,
+                             " initrwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initrwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->mtu || route->lock_mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_mtu,
+                                                       " mtu %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                       route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "",
+                                                       route->mtu)
+                                      : "");
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string:
+ * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Route route structure
+ * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
+ * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
+ *
+ * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
+ *
+ * Example output: "ff02::fb/128 via :: dev em1 metric 0"
+ *
+ * Returns: a string representation of the route.
+ */
+const char *
+nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(const NMPlatformIP6Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char s_network[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_gateway[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_pref_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char s_src_all[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN + 40];
+    char s_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    char str_type[30];
+    char str_table[30];
+    char str_pref[40];
+    char str_pref2[30];
+    char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char s_source[50];
+    char str_window[32];
+    char str_cwnd[32];
+    char str_initcwnd[32];
+    char str_initrwnd[32];
+    char str_mtu[32];
+    char str_rtm_flags[_RTM_FLAGS_TO_STRING_MAXLEN];
+    char str_metric[30];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(route, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->network, s_network, sizeof(s_network));
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof(s_gateway));
+
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&route->pref_src))
+        s_pref_src[0] = 0;
+    else
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof(s_pref_src));
+
+    _to_string_dev(NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev));
+
+    g_snprintf(
+        buf,
+        len,
+        "type %s " /* type */
+        "%s"       /* table */
+        "%s/%d"
+        " via %s"
+        "%s"
+        " metric %s"
+        " mss %" G_GUINT32_FORMAT " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
+        "%s"                                   /* source */
+        "%s"                                   /* rtm_flags */
+        "%s%s"                                 /* pref-src */
+        "%s"                                   /* window */
+        "%s"                                   /* cwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initcwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* initrwnd */
+        "%s"                                   /* mtu */
+        "%s"                                   /* pref */
+        "",
+        nm_utils_route_type2str(nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(route->type_coerced),
+                                str_type,
+                                sizeof(str_type)),
+        route->table_any
+            ? "table ?? "
+            : (route->table_coerced
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_table,
+                                    "table %u ",
+                                    nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(route->table_coerced, FALSE))
+                   : ""),
+        s_network,
+        route->plen,
+        s_gateway,
+        str_dev,
+        route->metric_any
+            ? (route->metric ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "??+%u", route->metric) : "??")
+            : nm_sprintf_buf(str_metric, "%u", route->metric),
+        route->mss,
+        nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string(route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof(s_source)),
+        route->src_plen || !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&route->src)
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(s_src_all,
+                             " src %s/%u",
+                             _nm_utils_inet6_ntop(&route->src, s_src),
+                             (unsigned) route->src_plen)
+            : "",
+        _rtm_flags_to_string_full(str_rtm_flags, sizeof(str_rtm_flags), route->r_rtm_flags),
+        s_pref_src[0] ? " pref-src " : "",
+        s_pref_src[0] ? s_pref_src : "",
+        route->window || route->lock_window ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_window,
+                                                             " window %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                             route->lock_window ? "lock " : "",
+                                                             route->window)
+                                            : "",
+        route->cwnd || route->lock_cwnd ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_cwnd,
+                                                         " cwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                         route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                                                         route->cwnd)
+                                        : "",
+        route->initcwnd || route->lock_initcwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initcwnd,
+                             " initcwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initcwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->initrwnd || route->lock_initrwnd
+            ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_initrwnd,
+                             " initrwnd %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                             route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "",
+                             route->initrwnd)
+            : "",
+        route->mtu || route->lock_mtu ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_mtu,
+                                                       " mtu %s%" G_GUINT32_FORMAT,
+                                                       route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "",
+                                                       route->mtu)
+                                      : "",
+        route->rt_pref ? nm_sprintf_buf(
+            str_pref,
+            " pref %s",
+            nm_icmpv6_router_pref_to_string(route->rt_pref, str_pref2, sizeof(str_pref2)))
+                       : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static void
+_routing_rule_addr_to_string(char **         buf,
+                             gsize *         len,
+                             int             addr_family,
+                             const NMIPAddr *addr,
+                             guint8          plen,
+                             gboolean        is_src)
+{
+    char     s_addr[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    gboolean is_zero;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+
+    nm_assert_addr_family(addr_family);
+    nm_assert(addr);
+
+    addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family);
+
+    is_zero = nm_utils_memeqzero(addr, addr_size);
+
+    if (plen == 0 && is_zero) {
+        if (is_src)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, " from all");
+        else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, "");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, is_src ? " from " : " to ");
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, nm_utils_inet_ntop(addr_family, addr, s_addr));
+
+    if (plen != (addr_size * 8))
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, "/%u", plen);
+}
+
+static void
+_routing_rule_port_range_to_string(char **                   buf,
+                                   gsize *                   len,
+                                   const NMFibRulePortRange *port_range,
+                                   const char *              name)
+{
+    if (port_range->start == 0 && port_range->end == 0)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(buf, len, "");
+    else {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, " %s %u", name, port_range->start);
+        if (port_range->start != port_range->end)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(buf, len, "-%u", port_range->end);
+    }
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    const char *buf0;
+    guint32     rr_flags;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(routing_rule, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(routing_rule->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+        /* invalid addr-family. The other fields are undefined. */
+        if (routing_rule->addr_family == AF_UNSPEC)
+            g_snprintf(buf, len, "[routing-rule]");
+        else
+            g_snprintf(buf, len, "[routing-rule family:%u]", routing_rule->addr_family);
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    buf0 = buf;
+
+    rr_flags = routing_rule->flags;
+
+    rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT);
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                           &len,
+                           "[%c] " /* addr-family */
+                           "%u:"   /* priority */
+                           "%s",   /* not/FIB_RULE_INVERT */
+                           nm_utils_addr_family_to_char(routing_rule->addr_family),
+                           routing_rule->priority,
+                           (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_INVERT) ? " not" : ""));
+
+    _routing_rule_addr_to_string(&buf,
+                                 &len,
+                                 routing_rule->addr_family,
+                                 &routing_rule->src,
+                                 routing_rule->src_len,
+                                 TRUE);
+
+    _routing_rule_addr_to_string(&buf,
+                                 &len,
+                                 routing_rule->addr_family,
+                                 &routing_rule->dst,
+                                 routing_rule->dst_len,
+                                 FALSE);
+
+    if (routing_rule->tos)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " tos 0x%02x", routing_rule->tos);
+
+    if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0 || routing_rule->fwmask != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " fwmark %#x", (unsigned) routing_rule->fwmark);
+        if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0xFFFFFFFFu)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, "/%#x", (unsigned) routing_rule->fwmask);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->iifname[0]) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " iif %s", routing_rule->iifname);
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " [detached]");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->oifname[0]) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " oif %s", routing_rule->oifname);
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " [detached]");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->l3mdev != 0) {
+        if (routing_rule->l3mdev == 1)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " lookup [l3mdev-table]");
+        else {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                                   &len,
+                                   " lookup [l3mdev-table/%u]",
+                                   (unsigned) routing_rule->l3mdev);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->uid_range_has || routing_rule->uid_range.start
+        || routing_rule->uid_range.end) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " uidrange %u-%u%s",
+                               routing_rule->uid_range.start,
+                               routing_rule->uid_range.end,
+                               routing_rule->uid_range_has ? "" : "(?)");
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->ip_proto != 0) {
+        /* we don't call getprotobynumber(), just print the numeric value.
+         * This differs from what ip-rule prints. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ipproto %u", routing_rule->ip_proto);
+    }
+
+    _routing_rule_port_range_to_string(&buf, &len, &routing_rule->sport_range, "sport");
+
+    _routing_rule_port_range_to_string(&buf, &len, &routing_rule->dport_range, "dport");
+
+    if (routing_rule->tun_id != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " tun_id %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT, routing_rule->tun_id);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->table != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " lookup %u", routing_rule->table);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " suppress_prefixlen %d",
+                               (int) (~routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse));
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse != 0) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                               &len,
+                               " suppress_ifgroup %d",
+                               (int) (~routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse));
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->flow) {
+        /* FRA_FLOW is only for IPv4, but we want to print the value for all address-families,
+         * to see when it is set. In practice, this should not be set except for IPv4.
+         *
+         * We don't follow the style how ip-rule prints flow/realms. It's confusing. Just
+         * print the value hex. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " realms 0x%08x", routing_rule->flow);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->action == RTN_NAT) {
+        G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(RTN_NAT == 10);
+
+        /* NAT is deprecated for many years. We don't support RTA_GATEWAY/FRA_UNUSED2
+         * for the gateway, and so do recent kernels ignore that parameter. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " masquerade");
+    } else if (routing_rule->action == FR_ACT_GOTO) {
+        if (routing_rule->goto_target != 0)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " goto %u", routing_rule->goto_target);
+        else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " goto none");
+        rr_flags = NM_FLAGS_UNSET(rr_flags, FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(routing_rule->flags, FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED))
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &len, " unresolved");
+    } else if (routing_rule->action != FR_ACT_TO_TBL) {
+        const char *ss;
+        char        ss_buf[60];
+
+#define _V(v1, v2) ((sizeof(char[(((int) (v1)) == ((int) (v2))) ? 1 : -1]) * 0) + (v1))
+        switch (routing_rule->action) {
+        case _V(FR_ACT_UNSPEC, RTN_UNSPEC):
+            ss = "none";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_TO_TBL, RTN_UNICAST):
+            ss = "unicast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_GOTO, RTN_LOCAL):
+            ss = "local";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_NOP, RTN_BROADCAST):
+            ss = "nop";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_RES3, RTN_ANYCAST):
+            ss = "anycast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_RES4, RTN_MULTICAST):
+            ss = "multicast";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_BLACKHOLE, RTN_BLACKHOLE):
+            ss = "blackhole";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE, RTN_UNREACHABLE):
+            ss = "unreachable";
+            break;
+        case _V(FR_ACT_PROHIBIT, RTN_PROHIBIT):
+            ss = "prohibit";
+            break;
+        case RTN_THROW:
+            ss = "throw";
+            break;
+        case RTN_NAT:
+            ss = "nat";
+            break;
+        case RTN_XRESOLVE:
+            ss = "xresolve";
+            break;
+        default:
+            ss = nm_sprintf_buf(ss_buf, "action-%u", routing_rule->action);
+            break;
+        }
+#undef _V
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " %s", ss);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->protocol != RTPROT_UNSPEC)
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " protocol %u", routing_rule->protocol);
+
+    if (routing_rule->goto_target != 0 && routing_rule->action != FR_ACT_GOTO) {
+        /* a trailing target is set for an unexpected action. Print it. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " goto-target %u", routing_rule->goto_target);
+    }
+
+    if (rr_flags != 0) {
+        /* we have some flags we didn't print about yet. */
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " remaining-flags %x", rr_flags);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char        str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    const char *buf0;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(qdisc, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    buf0 = buf;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                           &len,
+                           "%s%s family %u handle %x parent %x info %x",
+                           qdisc->kind,
+                           _to_string_dev(NULL, qdisc->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)),
+                           qdisc->addr_family,
+                           qdisc->handle,
+                           qdisc->parent,
+                           qdisc->info);
+
+    if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", qdisc->fq_codel.limit);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.flows)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " flows %u", qdisc->fq_codel.flows);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.target)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " target %u", qdisc->fq_codel.target);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.interval)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " interval %u", qdisc->fq_codel.interval);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.quantum)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " quantum %u", qdisc->fq_codel.quantum);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ce_threshold %u", qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " memory_limit %u", qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit);
+        if (qdisc->fq_codel.ecn)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " ecn");
+    } else if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "sfq")) {
+        if (qdisc->sfq.quantum)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " quantum %u", qdisc->sfq.quantum);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.perturb_period)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " perturb %d", qdisc->sfq.perturb_period);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", (guint) qdisc->sfq.limit);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.divisor)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " divisor %u", qdisc->sfq.divisor);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.flows)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " flows %u", qdisc->sfq.flows);
+        if (qdisc->sfq.depth)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " depth %u", qdisc->sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(qdisc->kind, "tbf")) {
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " rate %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT, qdisc->tbf.rate);
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " burst %u", qdisc->tbf.burst);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.limit)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " limit %u", qdisc->tbf.limit);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.latency)
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &len, " latency %uns", qdisc->tbf.latency);
+    }
+
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_qdisc_hash_update(const NMPlatformQdisc *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->addr_family, obj->handle, obj->parent, obj->info);
+    if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->fq_codel.limit,
+                            obj->fq_codel.flows,
+                            obj->fq_codel.target,
+                            obj->fq_codel.interval,
+                            obj->fq_codel.quantum,
+                            obj->fq_codel.ce_threshold,
+                            obj->fq_codel.memory_limit,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->fq_codel.ecn));
+    } else if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "sfq")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->sfq.quantum,
+                            obj->sfq.perturb_period,
+                            obj->sfq.limit,
+                            obj->sfq.divisor,
+                            obj->sfq.flows,
+                            obj->sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(obj->kind, "tbf")) {
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->tbf.rate, obj->tbf.burst, obj->tbf.limit, obj->tbf.latency);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(const NMPlatformQdisc *a,
+                           const NMPlatformQdisc *b,
+                           gboolean               compare_handle)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+    if (compare_handle)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, handle);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, info);
+
+    if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.flows);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.target);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.interval);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.quantum);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fq_codel.memory_limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, fq_codel.ecn);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "sfq")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.quantum);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.perturb_period);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.flows);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.divisor);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sfq.depth);
+    } else if (nm_streq0(a->kind, "tbf")) {
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.rate);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.burst);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.limit);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tbf.latency);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_qdisc_cmp(const NMPlatformQdisc *a, const NMPlatformQdisc *b)
+{
+    return nm_platform_qdisc_cmp_full(a, b, TRUE);
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char  str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
+    char  act_buf[300];
+    char *p;
+    gsize l;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(tfilter, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (tfilter->action.kind) {
+        p = act_buf;
+        l = sizeof(act_buf);
+
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&p, &l, " \"%s\"", tfilter->action.kind);
+        if (nm_streq(tfilter->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            gs_free char *t = NULL;
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                &p,
+                &l,
+                " (\"%s\")",
+                nm_utils_str_utf8safe_escape(tfilter->action.kind,
+                                             NM_UTILS_STR_UTF8_SAFE_FLAG_ESCAPE_CTRL
+                                                 | NM_UTILS_STR_UTF8_SAFE_FLAG_ESCAPE_NON_ASCII,
+                                             &t));
+        } else if (nm_streq(tfilter->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&p,
+                                   &l,
+                                   "%s%s%s%s dev %d",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.ingress ? " ingress" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.egress ? " egress" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.mirror ? " mirror" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.redirect ? " redirect" : "",
+                                   tfilter->action.mirred.ifindex);
+        }
+    } else
+        act_buf[0] = '\0';
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%s%s family %u handle %x parent %x info %x%s",
+               tfilter->kind,
+               _to_string_dev(NULL, tfilter->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof(str_dev)),
+               tfilter->addr_family,
+               tfilter->handle,
+               tfilter->parent,
+               tfilter->info,
+               act_buf);
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_tfilter_hash_update(const NMPlatformTfilter *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->ifindex, obj->addr_family, obj->handle, obj->parent, obj->info);
+    if (obj->action.kind) {
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->action.kind);
+        if (nm_streq(obj->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->action.simple.sdata);
+        } else if (nm_streq(obj->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                                obj->action.mirred.ifindex,
+                                NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.ingress,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.egress,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.mirror,
+                                                      obj->action.mirred.redirect));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_tfilter_cmp(const NMPlatformTfilter *a, const NMPlatformTfilter *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, handle);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, info);
+
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, action.kind);
+    if (a->action.kind) {
+        if (nm_streq(a->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, action.simple.sdata);
+        } else if (nm_streq(a->action.kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, action.mirred.ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.ingress);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.egress);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.mirror);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, action.mirred.redirect);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_vf_to_string(const NMPlatformVF *vf, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char                 str_mac[128], mac[128];
+    char                 str_spoof_check[64];
+    char                 str_trust[64];
+    char                 str_min_tx_rate[64];
+    char                 str_max_tx_rate[64];
+    nm_auto_free_gstring GString *gstr_vlans = NULL;
+    guint                         i;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(vf, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    if (vf->mac.len) {
+        _nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa(vf->mac.data, vf->mac.len, TRUE, mac, sizeof(mac));
+        nm_sprintf_buf(str_mac, " mac %s", mac);
+    } else
+        str_mac[0] = '\0';
+
+    if (vf->num_vlans) {
+        gstr_vlans = g_string_new("");
+        for (i = 0; i < vf->num_vlans; i++) {
+            g_string_append_printf(gstr_vlans, " vlan %u", (unsigned) vf->vlans[i].id);
+            if (vf->vlans[i].qos)
+                g_string_append_printf(gstr_vlans, " qos %u", (unsigned) vf->vlans[i].qos);
+            if (vf->vlans[i].proto_ad)
+                g_string_append(gstr_vlans, " proto 802.1ad");
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%u"  /* index */
+               "%s"  /* MAC */
+               "%s"  /* spoof check */
+               "%s"  /* trust */
+               "%s"  /* min tx rate */
+               "%s"  /* max tx rate */
+               "%s", /* VLANs */
+               vf->index,
+               str_mac,
+               vf->spoofchk >= 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_spoof_check, " spoofchk %d", vf->spoofchk)
+                                 : "",
+               vf->trust >= 0 ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_trust, " trust %d", vf->trust) : "",
+               vf->min_tx_rate
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_min_tx_rate, " min_tx_rate %u", (unsigned) vf->min_tx_rate)
+                   : "",
+               vf->max_tx_rate
+                   ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_max_tx_rate, " max_tx_rate %u", (unsigned) vf->max_tx_rate)
+                   : "",
+               gstr_vlans ? gstr_vlans->str : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_bridge_vlan_to_string(const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan, char *buf, gsize len)
+{
+    char str_vid_end[64];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(vlan, &buf, &len))
+        return buf;
+
+    g_snprintf(buf,
+               len,
+               "%u"
+               "%s"
+               "%s"
+               "%s",
+               vlan->vid_start,
+               vlan->vid_start != vlan->vid_end ? nm_sprintf_buf(str_vid_end, "-%u", vlan->vid_end)
+                                                : "",
+               vlan->pvid ? " PVID" : "",
+               vlan->untagged ? " untagged" : "");
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_link_hash_update(const NMPlatformLink *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->master,
+                        obj->parent,
+                        obj->n_ifi_flags,
+                        obj->mtu,
+                        obj->type,
+                        obj->arptype,
+                        obj->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                        obj->inet6_token,
+                        obj->rx_packets,
+                        obj->rx_bytes,
+                        obj->tx_packets,
+                        obj->tx_bytes,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->connected, obj->initialized));
+    nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->name);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->kind);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->driver);
+    /* nm_hash_update_mem() also hashes the length obj->addr.len */
+    nm_hash_update_mem(h,
+                       obj->l_address.data,
+                       NM_MIN(obj->l_address.len, sizeof(obj->l_address.data)));
+    nm_hash_update_mem(h,
+                       obj->l_broadcast.data,
+                       NM_MIN(obj->l_broadcast.len, sizeof(obj->l_broadcast.data)));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_link_cmp(const NMPlatformLink *a, const NMPlatformLink *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, name);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, master);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifi_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, connected);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, initialized);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, arptype);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l_address.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l_broadcast.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, kind);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, driver);
+    if (a->l_address.len)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, l_address.data, a->l_address.len);
+    if (a->l_broadcast.len)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, l_broadcast.data, a->l_broadcast.len);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, inet6_token);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rx_packets);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rx_bytes);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tx_packets);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tx_bytes);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->forward_delay,
+                        obj->hello_time,
+                        obj->max_age,
+                        obj->ageing_time,
+                        obj->priority,
+                        obj->vlan_protocol,
+                        obj->group_fwd_mask,
+                        obj->group_addr,
+                        obj->mcast_hash_max,
+                        obj->mcast_last_member_count,
+                        obj->mcast_startup_query_count,
+                        obj->mcast_last_member_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_membership_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_querier_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_query_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_router,
+                        obj->mcast_query_response_interval,
+                        obj->mcast_startup_query_interval,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->stp_state,
+                                              obj->mcast_querier,
+                                              obj->mcast_query_use_ifaddr,
+                                              obj->mcast_snooping,
+                                              obj->vlan_stats_enabled));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_bridge_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkBridge *a, const NMPlatformLnkBridge *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, forward_delay);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, hello_time);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, max_age);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ageing_time);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, stp_state);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, priority);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, vlan_protocol);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, vlan_stats_enabled);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group_fwd_mask);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, group_addr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_snooping);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_router);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, mcast_querier);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_hash_max);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_last_member_count);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_startup_query_count);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_last_member_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_membership_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_querier_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_query_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_query_response_interval);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mcast_startup_query_interval);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkGre *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->input_flags,
+                        obj->output_flags,
+                        obj->input_key,
+                        obj->output_key,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery,
+                        (bool) obj->is_tap);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkGre *a, const NMPlatformLnkGre *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->p_key);
+    nm_hash_update_str0(h, obj->mode);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *a, const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, p_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, mode);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tclass,
+                        obj->encap_limit,
+                        obj->proto,
+                        obj->flow_label,
+                        obj->flags,
+                        obj->input_flags,
+                        obj->output_flags,
+                        obj->input_key,
+                        obj->output_key,
+                        (bool) obj->is_gre,
+                        (bool) obj->is_tap);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *a, const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tclass);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, encap_limit);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flow_label);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, proto);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, input_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, output_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_gre);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, is_tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_ipip_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *a, const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->sci,
+                        obj->cipher_suite,
+                        obj->window,
+                        obj->icv_length,
+                        obj->encoding_sa,
+                        obj->validation,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->encrypt,
+                                              obj->protect,
+                                              obj->include_sci,
+                                              obj->es,
+                                              obj->scb,
+                                              obj->replay_protect));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_macsec_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sci);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, icv_length);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cipher_suite);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, encoding_sa);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, validation);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, encrypt);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, protect);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, include_sci);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, es);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, scb);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, replay_protect);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->mode, NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->no_promisc, obj->tap));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mode);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, no_promisc);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, tap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkSit *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->remote,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->flags,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        obj->proto,
+                        (bool) obj->path_mtu_discovery);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_sit_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkSit *a, const NMPlatformLnkSit *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, remote);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, proto);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkTun *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->type,
+                        obj->owner,
+                        obj->group,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->owner_valid,
+                                              obj->group_valid,
+                                              obj->pi,
+                                              obj->vnet_hdr,
+                                              obj->multi_queue,
+                                              obj->persist));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_tun_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkTun *a, const NMPlatformLnkTun *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, owner);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, owner_valid);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, group_valid);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, pi);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, vnet_hdr);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, multi_queue);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, persist);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->id, obj->flags);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, id);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flags);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->table);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vrf_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVrf *a, const NMPlatformLnkVrf *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->group6,
+                        obj->local6,
+                        obj->group,
+                        obj->local,
+                        obj->parent_ifindex,
+                        obj->id,
+                        obj->ageing,
+                        obj->limit,
+                        obj->dst_port,
+                        obj->src_port_min,
+                        obj->src_port_max,
+                        obj->tos,
+                        obj->ttl,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->learning,
+                                              obj->proxy,
+                                              obj->rsc,
+                                              obj->l2miss,
+                                              obj->l3miss));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, parent_ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, id);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, group);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, local);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, group6);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, local6);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ttl);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, learning);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ageing);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, limit);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dst_port);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_port_min);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_port_max);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, proxy);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, rsc);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l2miss);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l3miss);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h, obj->listen_port, obj->fwmark);
+    nm_hash_update(h, obj->private_key, sizeof(obj->private_key));
+    nm_hash_update(h, obj->public_key, sizeof(obj->public_key));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_lnk_wireguard_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *a, const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, listen_port);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmark);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, private_key);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, public_key);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(in_addr_t addr)
+{
+    if (nm_utils_ip4_address_is_link_local(addr))
+        return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a1,
+                                        const NMPlatformIP4Address *a2)
+{
+    in_addr_t n1;
+    in_addr_t n2;
+
+    nm_assert(a1);
+    nm_assert(a2);
+
+    /* Sort by address type. For example link local will
+     * be sorted *after* a global address. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(a2->address),
+                  _address_pretty_sort_get_prio_4(a1->address));
+
+    /* Sort the addresses based on their source. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(a2->addr_source, a1->addr_source);
+
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT((a2->label[0] == '\0'), (a1->label[0] == '\0'));
+
+    /* Finally, sort addresses lexically. We compare only the
+     * network part so that the order of addresses in the same
+     * subnet (and thus also the primary/secondary role) is
+     * preserved.
+     */
+    n1 = a1->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a1->plen);
+    n2 = a2->address & _nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask(a2->plen);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(&n1, &n2, sizeof(guint32));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(const struct in6_addr *addr)
+{
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr))
+        return 0;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(addr))
+        return 1;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(addr))
+        return 2;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(addr))
+        return 3;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(addr))
+        return 4;
+    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(addr))
+        return 5;
+    return 6;
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_address_pretty_sort_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a1,
+                                        const NMPlatformIP6Address *a2,
+                                        gboolean                    prefer_temp)
+{
+    gboolean ipv6_privacy1;
+    gboolean ipv6_privacy2;
+
+    nm_assert(a1);
+    nm_assert(a2);
+
+    /* tentative addresses are always sorted back... */
+    /* sort tentative addresses after non-tentative. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(NM_FLAGS_HAS(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE),
+                  NM_FLAGS_HAS(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TENTATIVE));
+
+    /* Sort by address type. For example link local will
+     * be sorted *after* site local or global. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(_address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(&a2->address),
+                  _address_pretty_sort_get_prio_6(&a1->address));
+
+    ipv6_privacy1 = NM_FLAGS_ANY(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR | IFA_F_TEMPORARY);
+    ipv6_privacy2 = NM_FLAGS_ANY(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR | IFA_F_TEMPORARY);
+    if (ipv6_privacy1 || ipv6_privacy2) {
+        gboolean public1 = TRUE;
+        gboolean public2 = TRUE;
+
+        if (ipv6_privacy1) {
+            if (a1->n_ifa_flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY)
+                public1 = prefer_temp;
+            else
+                public1 = !prefer_temp;
+        }
+        if (ipv6_privacy2) {
+            if (a2->n_ifa_flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY)
+                public2 = prefer_temp;
+            else
+                public2 = !prefer_temp;
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(public2, public1);
+    }
+
+    /* Sort the addresses based on their source. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(a2->addr_source, a1->addr_source);
+
+    /* sort permanent addresses before non-permanent. */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(NM_FLAGS_HAS(a2->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_PERMANENT),
+                  NM_FLAGS_HAS(a1->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_PERMANENT));
+
+    /* finally sort addresses lexically */
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR(&a1->address, &a2->address);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(a1, a2, sizeof(*a1));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Address *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->addr_source,
+                        obj->use_ip4_broadcast_address ? obj->broadcast_address : ((in_addr_t) 0u),
+                        obj->timestamp,
+                        obj->lifetime,
+                        obj->preferred,
+                        obj->n_ifa_flags,
+                        obj->plen,
+                        obj->address,
+                        obj->peer_address,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                              obj->external,
+                                              obj->use_ip4_broadcast_address,
+                                              obj->ip4acd_not_ready));
+    nm_hash_update_strarr(h, obj->label);
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Address *a, const NMPlatformIP4Address *b)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, peer_address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, use_ip4_broadcast_address);
+    if (a->use_ip4_broadcast_address)
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, broadcast_address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_source);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, timestamp);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, lifetime);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, preferred);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifa_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, label);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, external);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, ip4acd_not_ready);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip6_address_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Address *obj, NMHashState *h)
+{
+    nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                        obj->ifindex,
+                        obj->addr_source,
+                        obj->timestamp,
+                        obj->lifetime,
+                        obj->preferred,
+                        obj->n_ifa_flags,
+                        obj->plen,
+                        obj->address,
+                        obj->peer_address,
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->external));
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_address_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Address *a, const NMPlatformIP6Address *b)
+{
+    const struct in6_addr *p_a, *p_b;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, address);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+    p_a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(a);
+    p_b = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer(b);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(p_a, p_b, sizeof(*p_a));
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_source);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, timestamp);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, lifetime);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, preferred);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, n_ifa_flags);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, external);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip4_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP4Route *obj,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                  NMHashState *             h)
+{
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->tos,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->tos,
+            /* on top of WEAK_ID: */
+            obj->ifindex,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(obj),
+            obj->gateway,
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            obj->ifindex,
+            nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address(obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->gateway,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(obj),
+            obj->tos,
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK),
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->type_coerced,
+                            obj->table_coerced,
+                            obj->ifindex,
+                            obj->network,
+                            obj->plen,
+                            obj->metric,
+                            obj->gateway,
+                            obj->rt_source,
+                            obj->scope_inv,
+                            obj->tos,
+                            obj->mss,
+                            obj->pref_src,
+                            obj->window,
+                            obj->cwnd,
+                            obj->initcwnd,
+                            obj->initrwnd,
+                            obj->mtu,
+                            obj->r_rtm_flags,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                                  obj->table_any,
+                                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_mtu));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP4Route *a,
+                          const NMPlatformIP4Route *b,
+                          NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                      nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN4ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(a->network, b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(a),
+                          _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(b));
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, gateway);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, pref_src);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK, b->r_rtm_flags & RTNH_F_ONLINK);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        }
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                          nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN4ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(a->network, b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, network);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, gateway);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(a),
+                          _ip_route_scope_inv_get_normalized(b));
+        } else {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_source);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, scope_inv);
+        }
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, pref_src);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK),
+                          b->r_rtm_flags & (RTM_F_CLONED | RTNH_F_ONLINK));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, r_rtm_flags);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nm_platform_ip6_route_hash_update(const NMPlatformIP6Route *obj,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type,
+                                  NMHashState *             h)
+{
+    struct in6_addr a1, a2;
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->metric_any, obj->table_any),
+            /* on top of WEAK_ID: */
+            obj->ifindex,
+            obj->gateway);
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->type_coerced,
+            nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(obj)),
+            obj->ifindex,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a1, &obj->network, obj->plen),
+            obj->plen,
+            obj->metric,
+            obj->gateway,
+            obj->pref_src,
+            *nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address(&a2, &obj->src, obj->src_plen),
+            obj->src_plen,
+            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(obj->rt_source),
+            obj->mss,
+            obj->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED,
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                  obj->table_any,
+                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                  obj->lock_mtu),
+            obj->window,
+            obj->cwnd,
+            obj->initcwnd,
+            obj->initrwnd,
+            obj->mtu,
+            _route_pref_normalize(obj->rt_pref));
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        nm_hash_update_vals(h,
+                            obj->type_coerced,
+                            obj->table_coerced,
+                            obj->ifindex,
+                            obj->network,
+                            obj->metric,
+                            obj->gateway,
+                            obj->pref_src,
+                            obj->src,
+                            obj->src_plen,
+                            obj->rt_source,
+                            obj->mss,
+                            obj->r_rtm_flags,
+                            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8,
+                                                  obj->metric_any,
+                                                  obj->table_any,
+                                                  obj->lock_window,
+                                                  obj->lock_cwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initcwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_initrwnd,
+                                                  obj->lock_mtu),
+                            obj->window,
+                            obj->cwnd,
+                            obj->initcwnd,
+                            obj->initrwnd,
+                            obj->mtu,
+                            obj->rt_pref);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp(const NMPlatformIP6Route *a,
+                          const NMPlatformIP6Route *b,
+                          NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)
+{
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_WEAK_ID:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                      nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->network, &b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->src, &b->src, MIN(a->src_plen, b->src_plen));
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_ID) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, gateway);
+        }
+        break;
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+    case NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, type_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, table_any);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(a)),
+                          nm_platform_ip_route_get_effective_table(NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CAST(b)));
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table_coerced);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ifindex);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->network, &b->network, MIN(a->plen, b->plen));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, network);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, plen);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, metric_any);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, metric);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, gateway);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, pref_src);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT_IN6ADDR_SAME_PREFIX(&a->src, &b->src, MIN(a->src_plen, b->src_plen));
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(a->rt_source),
+                          nmp_utils_ip_config_source_round_trip_rtprot(b->rt_source));
+        } else {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_IN6ADDR(a, b, src);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_plen);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_source);
+        }
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mss);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY) {
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED, b->r_rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED);
+        } else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, r_rtm_flags);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, lock_mtu);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, window);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, cwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initcwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, initrwnd);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, mtu);
+        if (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_IP_ROUTE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY)
+            NM_CMP_DIRECT(_route_pref_normalize(a->rt_pref), _route_pref_normalize(b->rt_pref));
+        else
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, rt_pref);
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define _ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE \
+    (FIB_RULE_UNRESOLVED | FIB_RULE_IIF_DETACHED | FIB_RULE_OIF_DETACHED)
+
+#define _routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, kernel_support_type) \
+    ((cmp_type) == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL    \
+     || nm_platform_kernel_support_get(kernel_support_type))
+
+void
+nm_platform_routing_rule_hash_update(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *obj,
+                                     NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type,
+                                     NMHashState *                h)
+{
+    gboolean cmp_full = TRUE;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+    guint32  flags_mask = G_MAXUINT32;
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(!NM_IN_SET(obj->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))) {
+        /* the address family is not one of the supported ones. That means, the
+         * instance will only compare equal to itself (pointer-equality). */
+        nm_hash_update_val(h, (gconstpointer) obj);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+
+        flags_mask &= ~_ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+
+        cmp_full = FALSE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+
+        nm_hash_update_vals(
+            h,
+            obj->addr_family,
+            obj->tun_id,
+            obj->table,
+            obj->flags & flags_mask,
+            obj->priority,
+            obj->fwmark,
+            obj->fwmask,
+            ((cmp_full
+              || (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+                  && obj->action == FR_ACT_GOTO))
+                 ? obj->goto_target
+                 : (guint32) 0u),
+            ((cmp_full || obj->addr_family == AF_INET) ? obj->flow : (guint32) 0u),
+            NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(
+                guint8,
+                (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)
+                     ? obj->uid_range_has
+                     : FALSE)),
+            obj->suppress_prefixlen_inverse,
+            obj->suppress_ifgroup_inverse,
+            (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)
+                 ? (cmp_full ? (guint16) obj->l3mdev : (guint16) !!obj->l3mdev)
+                 : G_MAXUINT16),
+            obj->action,
+            obj->tos,
+            obj->src_len,
+            obj->dst_len,
+            (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL)
+                 ? (guint16) obj->protocol
+                 : G_MAXUINT16));
+        addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(obj->addr_family);
+        if (cmp_full || obj->src_len > 0)
+            nm_hash_update(h, &obj->src, addr_size);
+        if (cmp_full || obj->dst_len > 0)
+            nm_hash_update(h, &obj->dst, addr_size);
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            if (cmp_full || obj->uid_range_has)
+                nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->uid_range);
+        }
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+            nm_hash_update_val(h, obj->ip_proto);
+            nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->sport_range);
+            nm_hash_update_valp(h, &obj->dport_range);
+        }
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->iifname);
+        nm_hash_update_str(h, obj->oifname);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+}
+
+int
+nm_platform_routing_rule_cmp(const NMPlatformRoutingRule *a,
+                             const NMPlatformRoutingRule *b,
+                             NMPlatformRoutingRuleCmpType cmp_type)
+{
+    gboolean cmp_full = TRUE;
+    gsize    addr_size;
+    bool     valid;
+    guint32  flags_mask = G_MAXUINT32;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    valid = NM_IN_SET(a->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6);
+    NM_CMP_DIRECT(valid, (bool) NM_IN_SET(b->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY(!valid)) {
+        /* the address family is not one of the supported ones. That means, the
+         * instance will only compare equal to itself. */
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT((uintptr_t) a, (uintptr_t) b);
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    switch (cmp_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_ID:
+
+        flags_mask &= ~_ROUTING_RULE_FLAGS_IGNORE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY:
+
+        cmp_full = FALSE;
+
+        /* fall-through */
+    case NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_FULL:
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, addr_family);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, action);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, priority);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tun_id);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)) {
+            if (cmp_full)
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, l3mdev);
+            else
+                NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, l3mdev);
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, table);
+
+        NM_CMP_DIRECT(a->flags & flags_mask, b->flags & flags_mask);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmark);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, fwmask);
+
+        if (cmp_full
+            || (cmp_type == NM_PLATFORM_ROUTING_RULE_CMP_TYPE_SEMANTICALLY
+                && a->action == FR_ACT_GOTO))
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, goto_target);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, suppress_prefixlen_inverse);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, suppress_ifgroup_inverse);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, tos);
+
+        if (cmp_full || a->addr_family == AF_INET)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, flow);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL))
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, protocol);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, ip_proto);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sport_range.start);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, sport_range.end);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dport_range.start);
+            NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dport_range.end);
+        }
+
+        addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(a->addr_family);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, src_len);
+        if (cmp_full || a->src_len > 0)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, src, addr_size);
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, dst_len);
+        if (cmp_full || a->dst_len > 0)
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, dst, addr_size);
+
+        if (_routing_rule_compare(cmp_type, NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            NM_CMP_FIELD_UNSAFE(a, b, uid_range_has);
+            if (cmp_full || a->uid_range_has) {
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, uid_range.start);
+                NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, uid_range.end);
+            }
+        }
+
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, iifname);
+        NM_CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, oifname);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    nm_assert_not_reached();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry:
+ * @a: a NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
+ * @b: the other NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
+ *
+ * Compares two addresses and returns which one has a longer remaining lifetime.
+ * If both addresses have the same lifetime, look at the remaining preferred time.
+ *
+ * For comparison, only the timestamp, lifetime and preferred fields are considered.
+ * If they compare equal (== 0), their other fields were not considered.
+ *
+ * Returns: -1, 0, or 1 according to the comparison
+ **/
+int
+nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry(const NMPlatformIPAddress *a, const NMPlatformIPAddress *b)
+{
+    gint64 ta = 0, tb = 0;
+
+    NM_CMP_SELF(a, b);
+
+    if (a->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || a->lifetime == 0)
+        ta = G_MAXINT64;
+    else if (a->timestamp)
+        ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->lifetime;
+
+    if (b->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || b->lifetime == 0)
+        tb = G_MAXINT64;
+    else if (b->timestamp)
+        tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->lifetime;
+
+    if (ta == tb) {
+        /* if the lifetime is equal, compare the preferred time. */
+        ta = tb = 0;
+
+        if (a->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT
+            || a->lifetime == 0 /* lifetime==0 means permanent! */)
+            ta = G_MAXINT64;
+        else if (a->timestamp)
+            ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->preferred;
+
+        if (b->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || b->lifetime == 0)
+            tb = G_MAXINT64;
+        else if (b->timestamp)
+            tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->preferred;
+
+        if (ta == tb)
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    return ta < tb ? -1 : 1;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+GHashTable *
+nm_platform_ip4_address_addr_to_hash(NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *head_entry;
+    NMDedupMultiIter             iter;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+    NMPLookup                    lookup;
+    GHashTable *                 hash;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(ifindex > 0, NULL);
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+
+    head_entry = nmp_cache_lookup(NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->cache, &lookup);
+
+    if (!head_entry)
+        return NULL;
+
+    hash = g_hash_table_new(nm_direct_hash, NULL);
+
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, head_entry, &obj) {
+        const NMPlatformIP4Address *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS(obj);
+
+        g_hash_table_add(hash, GUINT_TO_POINTER(a->address));
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *
+nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type)
+{
+    switch (change_type) {
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED:
+        return "added";
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED:
+        return "changed";
+    case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED:
+        return "removed";
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached("UNKNOWN");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+log_link(NMPlatform *               self,
+         NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+         int                        ifindex,
+         NMPlatformLink *           device,
+         NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+         gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: link %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_link_to_string(device, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip4_address(NMPlatform *               self,
+                NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                NMPlatformIP4Address *     address,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: address 4 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string(address, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip6_address(NMPlatform *               self,
+                NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                int                        ifindex,
+                NMPlatformIP6Address *     address,
+                NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: address 6 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string(address, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip4_route(NMPlatform *               self,
+              NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+              int                        ifindex,
+              NMPlatformIP4Route *       route,
+              NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+              gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: route   4 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string(route, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_ip6_route(NMPlatform *               self,
+              NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+              int                        ifindex,
+              NMPlatformIP6Route *       route,
+              NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+              gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: route   6 %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string(route, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_routing_rule(NMPlatform *               self,
+                 NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+                 int                        ifindex,
+                 NMPlatformRoutingRule *    routing_rule,
+                 NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+                 gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    /* routing rules don't have an ifindex. We probably should refactor the signals that are emitted for platform changes. */
+    _LOG3D("signal: rt-rule %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_routing_rule_to_string(routing_rule, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_qdisc(NMPlatform *               self,
+          NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+          int                        ifindex,
+          NMPlatformQdisc *          qdisc,
+          NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+          gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: qdisc %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_qdisc_to_string(qdisc, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+static void
+log_tfilter(NMPlatform *               self,
+            NMPObjectType              obj_type,
+            int                        ifindex,
+            NMPlatformTfilter *        tfilter,
+            NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type,
+            gpointer                   user_data)
+{
+    _LOG3D("signal: tfilter %7s: %s",
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string(change_type),
+           nm_platform_tfilter_to_string(tfilter, NULL, 0));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(NMPlatform *     self,
+                                     NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                                     const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                                     const NMPObject *obj_new)
+{
+    gboolean         visible_new;
+    gboolean         visible_old;
+    const NMPObject *o;
+    const NMPClass * klass;
+    int              ifindex;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_NONE,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED));
+
+    ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops(nm_platform_get_cache(self), cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+
+    NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT(self);
+
+    switch (cache_op) {
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED:
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new))
+            return;
+        o = obj_new;
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED:
+        visible_old = nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old);
+        visible_new = nmp_object_is_visible(obj_new);
+        if (!visible_old && visible_new) {
+            o        = obj_new;
+            cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
+        } else if (visible_old && !visible_new) {
+            o        = obj_old;
+            cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
+        } else if (!visible_new) {
+            /* it was invisible and stayed invisible. Nothing to do. */
+            return;
+        } else
+            o = obj_new;
+        break;
+    case NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED:
+        if (!nmp_object_is_visible(obj_old))
+            return;
+        o = obj_old;
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(o);
+
+    if (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE)
+        ifindex = 0;
+    else
+        ifindex = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_OBJ_WITH_IFINDEX(o)->ifindex;
+
+    if (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE
+        && NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id
+        && NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED))
+        _ip4_dev_route_blacklist_notify_route(self, o);
+
+    _LOG3t("emit signal %s %s: %s",
+           klass->signal_type,
+           nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op),
+           nmp_object_to_string(o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));
+
+    nmp_object_ref(o);
+    g_signal_emit(self,
+                  _nm_platform_signal_id_get(klass->signal_type_id),
+                  0,
+                  (int) klass->obj_type,
+                  ifindex,
+                  &o->object,
+                  (int) cache_op);
+    nmp_object_unref(o);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+NMPCache *
+nm_platform_get_cache(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self)->cache;
+}
+
+NMPNetns *
+nm_platform_netns_get(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, NULL);
+
+    return self->_netns;
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_platform_netns_push(NMPlatform *self, NMPNetns **netns)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_PLATFORM(self), FALSE);
+
+    if (self->_netns && !nmp_netns_push(self->_netns)) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(netns, NULL);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(netns, self->_netns);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const _NMPlatformVTableRouteUnion nm_platform_vtable_route = {
+    .v4 =
+        {
+            .is_ip4          = TRUE,
+            .obj_type        = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+            .addr_family     = AF_INET,
+            .sizeof_route    = sizeof(NMPlatformIP4Route),
+            .route_cmp       = (int (*)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a,
+                                  const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)) nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp,
+            .route_to_string = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route,
+                                                 char *                    buf,
+                                                 gsize len)) nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string,
+        },
+    .v6 =
+        {
+            .is_ip4          = FALSE,
+            .obj_type        = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
+            .addr_family     = AF_INET6,
+            .sizeof_route    = sizeof(NMPlatformIP6Route),
+            .route_cmp       = (int (*)(const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a,
+                                  const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b,
+                                  NMPlatformIPRouteCmpType  cmp_type)) nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp,
+            .route_to_string = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route,
+                                                 char *                    buf,
+                                                 gsize len)) nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string,
+        },
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+set_property(GObject *object, guint prop_id, const GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    switch (prop_id) {
+    case PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT:
+        /* construct-only */
+        if (g_value_get_boolean(value)) {
+            NMPNetns *netns;
+
+            netns = nmp_netns_get_current();
+            if (netns)
+                self->_netns = g_object_ref(netns);
+        }
+        break;
+    case PROP_USE_UDEV:
+        /* construct-only */
+        priv->use_udev = g_value_get_boolean(value);
+        break;
+    case PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR:
+        /* construct-only */
+        priv->log_with_ptr = g_value_get_boolean(value);
+        break;
+    default:
+        G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID(object, prop_id, pspec);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+nm_platform_init(NMPlatform *self)
+{
+    self->_priv = G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_PRIVATE(self, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatformPrivate);
+}
+
+static GObject *
+constructor(GType type, guint n_construct_params, GObjectConstructParam *construct_params)
+{
+    GObject *          object;
+    NMPlatform *       self;
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv;
+
+    object = G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_platform_parent_class)
+                 ->constructor(type, n_construct_params, construct_params);
+    self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    priv->multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_new();
+
+    priv->cache = nmp_cache_new(priv->multi_idx, priv->use_udev);
+
+    return object;
+}
+
+static void
+finalize(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *       self = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_check_id);
+    nm_clear_g_source(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_gc_timeout_id);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&priv->ip4_dev_route_blacklist_hash, g_hash_table_unref);
+    g_clear_object(&self->_netns);
+    nm_dedup_multi_index_unref(priv->multi_idx);
+    nmp_cache_free(priv->cache);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_platform_class_init(NMPlatformClass *platform_class)
+{
+    GObjectClass *object_class = G_OBJECT_CLASS(platform_class);
+
+    g_type_class_add_private(object_class, sizeof(NMPlatformPrivate));
+
+    object_class->constructor  = constructor;
+    object_class->set_property = set_property;
+    object_class->finalize     = finalize;
+
+    platform_class->wifi_set_powersave = wifi_set_powersave;
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_USE_UDEV,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             FALSE,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+    g_object_class_install_property(
+        object_class,
+        PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+        g_param_spec_boolean(NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+                             "",
+                             "",
+                             TRUE,
+                             G_PARAM_WRITABLE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY | G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));
+
+#define SIGNAL(signal, signal_id, method)                                                \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                         \
+    {                                                                                    \
+        signals[signal] =                                                                \
+            g_signal_new_class_handler("" signal_id "",                                  \
+                                       G_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE(object_class),                \
+                                       G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST,                               \
+                                       G_CALLBACK(method),                               \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       NULL,                                             \
+                                       G_TYPE_NONE,                                      \
+                                       4,                                                \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT, /* (int) NMPObjectType */             \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT, /* ifindex */                         \
+                                       G_TYPE_POINTER /* const NMPObject * */,           \
+                                       G_TYPE_INT /* (int) NMPlatformSignalChangeType */ \
+            );                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                    \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+    /* Signals */
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LINK, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED, log_link);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ADDRESS,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+           log_ip4_address);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ADDRESS,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+           log_ip6_address);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ROUTE, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED, log_ip4_route);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ROUTE, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED, log_ip6_route);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_ROUTING_RULE,
+           NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ROUTING_RULE_CHANGED,
+           log_routing_rule);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_QDISC, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_QDISC_CHANGED, log_qdisc);
+    SIGNAL(NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_TFILTER, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_TFILTER_CHANGED, log_tfilter);
+}