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authorMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
committerMichael Biebl <biebl@debian.org>2021-02-11 18:11:46 +0100
commit80ec1decc49c72efec2a8b87c06245c92c0ab807 (patch)
treee3b229aa94e8dcf0590f2317664176e7b8f7607b /src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c
parent65f86e8f56267192d42f2b629fc6b0c99fb9cd0c (diff)
New upstream version 1.29.90 upstream/1.29.90
Diffstat (limited to 'src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c')
-rw-r--r--src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c9696
1 files changed, 9696 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bd42bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/platform/nm-linux-platform.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9696 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "nm-linux-platform.h"
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <endian.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_bridge.h>
+#include <linux/if_link.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/if_vlan.h>
+#include <linux/ip6_tunnel.h>
+#include <linux/tc_act/tc_mirred.h>
+#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <net/if_arp.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "nm-std-aux/unaligned.h"
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+#include "nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "nm-setting-vlan.h"
+
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-secret-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-c-list.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-netlink.h"
+#include "nm-core-utils.h"
+#include "nmp-object.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nmp-netns.h"
+#include "nm-platform/nm-platform-utils.h"
+#include "nm-platform-private.h"
+#include "wifi/nm-wifi-utils.h"
+#include "wifi/nm-wifi-utils-wext.h"
+#include "wpan/nm-wpan-utils.h"
+#include "nm-glib-aux/nm-io-utils.h"
+#include "nm-udev-aux/nm-udev-utils.h"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* re-implement <linux/tc_act/tc_defact.h> to build against kernel
+ * headers that lack this. */
+
+#include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
+
+struct tc_defact {
+    tc_gen;
+};
+
+enum { TCA_DEF_UNSPEC, TCA_DEF_TM, TCA_DEF_PARMS, TCA_DEF_DATA, TCA_DEF_PAD, __TCA_DEF_MAX };
+#define TCA_DEF_MAX (__TCA_DEF_MAX - 1)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Compat with older kernels. */
+
+#define TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD 7
+#define TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT 9
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define VLAN_FLAG_MVRP 0x8
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IFQDISCSIZ 32
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef IFLA_PROMISCUITY
+    #define IFLA_PROMISCUITY 30
+#endif
+#define IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES 31
+#define IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES 32
+#define IFLA_CARRIER       33
+#define IFLA_PHYS_PORT_ID  34
+#define IFLA_LINK_NETNSID  37
+#define __IFLA_MAX         39
+
+#define IFLA_INET6_TOKEN         7
+#define IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE 8
+#define __IFLA_INET6_MAX         9
+
+#define IFLA_VLAN_PROTOCOL 5
+#define __IFLA_VLAN_MAX    6
+
+#define IFA_FLAGS 8
+#define __IFA_MAX 9
+
+#define IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS 2
+#define __IFLA_MACVLAN_MAX 3
+
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_LINK        1
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL       2
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE      3
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_TTL         4
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_TOS         5
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT 6
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO    7
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS       8
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO       9
+#define IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC    10
+#define __IFLA_IPTUN_MAX       19
+#ifndef IFLA_IPTUN_MAX
+    #define IFLA_IPTUN_MAX (__IFLA_IPTUN_MAX - 1)
+#endif
+
+#define IFLA_TUN_UNSPEC              0
+#define IFLA_TUN_OWNER               1
+#define IFLA_TUN_GROUP               2
+#define IFLA_TUN_TYPE                3
+#define IFLA_TUN_PI                  4
+#define IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR            5
+#define IFLA_TUN_PERSIST             6
+#define IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE         7
+#define IFLA_TUN_NUM_QUEUES          8
+#define IFLA_TUN_NUM_DISABLED_QUEUES 9
+#define __IFLA_TUN_MAX               10
+#define IFLA_TUN_MAX                 (__IFLA_TUN_MAX - 1)
+
+G_STATIC_ASSERT(RTA_MAX == (__RTA_MAX - 1));
+#define RTA_PREF 20
+#undef RTA_MAX
+#define RTA_MAX (MAX((__RTA_MAX - 1), RTA_PREF))
+
+#ifndef MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC
+    #define MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC 1
+#endif
+
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK    0x0FF00000
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT   20
+#define IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK 0x000FFFFF
+
+#define IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED 41
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Appeared in the kernel prior to 3.13 dated 19 January, 2014 */
+#ifndef ARPHRD_6LOWPAN
+    #define ARPHRD_6LOWPAN 825
+#endif
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define FRA_TUN_ID             12
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP   13
+#define FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN 14
+#define FRA_PAD                18
+#define FRA_L3MDEV             19
+#define FRA_UID_RANGE          20
+#define FRA_PROTOCOL           21
+#define FRA_IP_PROTO           22
+#define FRA_SPORT_RANGE        23
+#define FRA_DPORT_RANGE        24
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_UNSPEC         0
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_SCI            1
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PORT           2
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN        3
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE   4
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW         5
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA    6
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT        7
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT        8
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI        9
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_ES             10
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_SCB            11
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT 12
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION     13
+#define IFLA_MACSEC_PAD            14
+#define __IFLA_MACSEC_MAX          15
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WG_CMD_GET_DEVICE 0
+#define WG_CMD_SET_DEVICE 1
+
+#define WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS ((guint32)(1U << 0))
+
+#define WGPEER_F_REMOVE_ME          ((guint32)(1U << 0))
+#define WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS ((guint32)(1U << 1))
+
+#define WGDEVICE_A_UNSPEC      0
+#define WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX     1
+#define WGDEVICE_A_IFNAME      2
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY 3
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY  4
+#define WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS       5
+#define WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT 6
+#define WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK      7
+#define WGDEVICE_A_PEERS       8
+#define WGDEVICE_A_MAX         8
+
+#define WGPEER_A_UNSPEC                        0
+#define WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY                    1
+#define WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY                 2
+#define WGPEER_A_FLAGS                         3
+#define WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT                      4
+#define WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL 5
+#define WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME           6
+#define WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES                      7
+#define WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES                      8
+#define WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS                    9
+#define WGPEER_A_MAX                           9
+
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_UNSPEC    0
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY    1
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR    2
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK 3
+#define WGALLOWEDIP_A_MAX       3
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Redefine VF enums and structures that are not available on older kernels. */
+
+#define IFLA_VF_UNSPEC       0
+#define IFLA_VF_MAC          1
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN         2
+#define IFLA_VF_TX_RATE      3
+#define IFLA_VF_SPOOFCHK     4
+#define IFLA_VF_LINK_STATE   5
+#define IFLA_VF_RATE         6
+#define IFLA_VF_RSS_QUERY_EN 7
+#define IFLA_VF_STATS        8
+#define IFLA_VF_TRUST        9
+#define IFLA_VF_IB_NODE_GUID 10
+#define IFLA_VF_IB_PORT_GUID 11
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_LIST    12
+
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO_UNSPEC 0
+#define IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO        1
+
+/* valid for TRUST, SPOOFCHK, LINK_STATE, RSS_QUERY_EN */
+struct _ifla_vf_setting {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 setting;
+};
+
+struct _ifla_vf_rate {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 min_tx_rate;
+    guint32 max_tx_rate;
+};
+
+struct _ifla_vf_vlan_info {
+    guint32 vf;
+    guint32 vlan; /* 0 - 4095, 0 disables VLAN filter */
+    guint32 qos;
+    guint16 vlan_proto; /* VLAN protocol, either 802.1Q or 802.1ad */
+};
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Appeared in the kernel 4.0 dated April 12, 2015 */
+#ifndef BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN
+    #define BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN (1 << 3) /* VLAN is start of vlan range */
+    #define BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END   (1 << 4) /* VLAN is end of vlan range */
+#endif
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC 1000000
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum {
+    INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD,
+    INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD,
+} InfinibandAction;
+
+typedef enum {
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC,
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU,
+    CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS,
+} ChangeLinkType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    union {
+        struct {
+            gconstpointer address;
+            gsize         length;
+        } set_address;
+    };
+} ChangeLinkData;
+
+typedef enum {
+    _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_FIRST = 0,
+
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS             = 0,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES     = 1,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES     = 2,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES        = 3,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES        = 4,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4 = 5,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6 = 6,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS            = 7,
+    REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS          = 8,
+
+    _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM,
+} RefreshAllType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPObjectType obj_type;
+
+    /* for NLM_F_DUMP, which address family to request. */
+    int addr_family;
+} RefreshAllInfo;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE = 0,
+
+#define F(val, name) ((sizeof(char[(((val)) == (name)) ? 1 : -1]) * 0) + (val))
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS             = 1 << F(0, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES     = 1 << F(1, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES     = 1 << F(2, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES        = 1 << F(3, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES        = 1 << F(4, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4 = 1
+                                                        << F(5, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6 = 1
+                                                        << F(6, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS   = 1 << F(7, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS),
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS = 1 << F(8, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS),
+#undef F
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK         = 1 << 9,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED     = 1 << 10,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK         = 1 << 11,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE = 1 << 12,
+
+    __DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL =
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL =
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+        | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+
+    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX = __DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX - 1,
+} DelayedActionType;
+
+#define FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, flags_all)          \
+    for ((iflags) = (DelayedActionType) 0x1LL; ({           \
+             gboolean _good = FALSE;                        \
+                                                            \
+             nm_assert(nm_utils_is_power_of_two(iflags));   \
+                                                            \
+             while ((iflags) <= DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX) {  \
+                 if (NM_FLAGS_ANY((flags_all), (iflags))) { \
+                     _good = TRUE;                          \
+                     break;                                 \
+                 }                                          \
+                 (iflags) <<= 1;                            \
+             }                                              \
+             _good;                                         \
+         });                                                \
+         (iflags) <<= 1)
+
+typedef enum {
+    /* Negative values are errors from kernel. Add dummy member to
+     * make enum signed. */
+    _WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_SYSTEM_ERROR = G_MININT,
+
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN = 0,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_POLL,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_TIMEOUT,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_DISPOSING,
+    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_SETNS,
+} WaitForNlResponseResult;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID                    = 0,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS = 1,
+    DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET               = 2,
+} DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType;
+
+typedef struct {
+    guint32                            seq_number;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult            seq_result;
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type;
+    gint64                             timeout_abs_ns;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result;
+    char **                            out_errmsg;
+    union {
+        int *       out_refresh_all_in_progress;
+        NMPObject **out_route_get;
+        gpointer    out_data;
+    } response;
+} DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData;
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    struct nl_sock *genl;
+
+    struct nl_sock *nlh;
+
+    GSource *event_source;
+
+    guint32 nlh_seq_next;
+#if NM_MORE_LOGGING
+    guint32 nlh_seq_last_handled;
+#endif
+    guint32 nlh_seq_last_seen;
+
+    guint32 pruning[_REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM];
+
+    GHashTable *sysctl_get_prev_values;
+    CList       sysctl_list;
+
+    NMUdevClient *udev_client;
+
+    struct {
+        /* which delayed actions are scheduled, as marked in @flags.
+         * Some types have additional arguments in the fields below. */
+        DelayedActionType flags;
+
+        /* counter that a refresh all action is in progress, separated
+         * by type. */
+        int refresh_all_in_progress[_REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM];
+
+        GPtrArray *list_master_connected;
+        GPtrArray *list_refresh_link;
+        GArray *   list_wait_for_nl_response;
+
+        int is_handling;
+    } delayed_action;
+} NMLinuxPlatformPrivate;
+
+struct _NMLinuxPlatform {
+    NMPlatform             parent;
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate _priv;
+};
+
+struct _NMLinuxPlatformClass {
+    NMPlatformClass parent;
+};
+
+G_DEFINE_TYPE(NMLinuxPlatform, nm_linux_platform, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM)
+
+#define NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) \
+    _NM_GET_PRIVATE(self, NMLinuxPlatform, NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM, NMPlatform)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME             "platform-linux"
+#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN                  LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG2_DOMAIN                 LOGD_PLATFORM
+#define _NMLOG(level, ...)             _LOG(level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, platform, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG_err(errsv, level, ...)  _LOG_err(errsv, level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, platform, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG2(level, ...)            _LOG(level, _NMLOG2_DOMAIN, NULL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define _NMLOG2_err(errsv, level, ...) _LOG_err(errsv, level, _NMLOG2_DOMAIN, NULL, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define _LOG_print(__level, __domain, __errsv, self, ...)                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                          \
+    {                                                                                     \
+        char              __prefix[32];                                                   \
+        const char *      __p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME;                                \
+        NMPlatform *const __self     = (self);                                            \
+                                                                                          \
+        if (__self && nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr(__self)) {                             \
+            g_snprintf(__prefix, sizeof(__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
+            __p_prefix = __prefix;                                                        \
+        }                                                                                 \
+        _nm_log(__level,                                                                  \
+                __domain,                                                                 \
+                __errsv,                                                                  \
+                NULL,                                                                     \
+                NULL,                                                                     \
+                "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__),                                \
+                __p_prefix _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__));                            \
+    }                                                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _LOG(level, domain, self, ...)                           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                 \
+    {                                                            \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                    \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                   \
+                                                                 \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {             \
+            _LOG_print(__level, __domain, 0, self, __VA_ARGS__); \
+        }                                                        \
+    }                                                            \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _LOG_err(errsv, level, domain, self, ...)                                                   \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                    \
+    {                                                                                               \
+        const NMLogLevel  __level  = (level);                                                       \
+        const NMLogDomain __domain = (domain);                                                      \
+                                                                                                    \
+        if (nm_logging_enabled(__level, __domain)) {                                                \
+            int __errsv = (errsv);                                                                  \
+                                                                                                    \
+            /* The %m format specifier (GNU extension) would already allow you to specify the error
+             * message conveniently (and nm_log would get that right too). But we don't want to depend
+             * on that, so instead append the message at the end.
+             * Currently, users are expected not to use %m in the format string. */ \
+            _LOG_print(                                                                             \
+                __level,                                                                            \
+                __domain,                                                                           \
+                __errsv,                                                                            \
+                self,                                                                               \
+                _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__) ": %s (%d)" _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST(__VA_ARGS__),   \
+                nm_strerror_native(__errsv),                                                        \
+                __errsv);                                                                           \
+        }                                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                               \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type, gpointer user_data);
+static gboolean delayed_action_handle_all(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean read_netlink);
+static void do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name);
+static void do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type);
+static void cache_on_change(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                            NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                            const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                            const NMPObject *obj_new);
+static void cache_prune_all(NMPlatform *platform);
+static gboolean        event_handler_read_netlink(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean wait_for_acks);
+static struct nl_sock *_genl_sock(NMLinuxPlatform *platform);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result)
+{
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return (int) seq_result;
+    return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+}
+
+static const char *
+wait_for_nl_response_to_string(WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result,
+                               const char *            errmsg,
+                               char *                  buf,
+                               gsize                   buf_size)
+{
+    char *buf0 = buf;
+
+    switch (seq_result) {
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "unknown");
+        break;
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "success");
+        break;
+    case WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, "failure");
+        break;
+    default:
+        if (seq_result < 0) {
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf,
+                                   &buf_size,
+                                   "failure %d (%s%s%s)",
+                                   -((int) seq_result),
+                                   nm_strerror_native(-((int) seq_result)),
+                                   errmsg ? " - " : "",
+                                   errmsg ?: "");
+        } else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, "internal failure %d", (int) seq_result);
+        break;
+    }
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Various utilities
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+static int
+_vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *map_a = a;
+    const NMVlanQosMapping *map_b = b;
+
+    if (map_a->from != map_b->from)
+        return map_a->from < map_b->from ? -1 : 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from_ptr(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    return _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from(*((const NMVlanQosMapping **) a),
+                                      *((const NMVlanQosMapping **) b),
+                                      NULL);
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * NMLinkType functions
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *type_string;
+
+    /* IFLA_INFO_KIND / rtnl_link_get_type() where applicable; the rtnl type
+     * should only be specified if the device type can be created without
+     * additional parameters, and if the device type can be determined from
+     * the rtnl_type.  eg, tun/tap should not be specified since both
+     * tun and tap devices use "tun", and InfiniBand should not be
+     * specified because a PKey is required at creation. Drivers set this
+     * value from their 'struct rtnl_link_ops' structure.
+     */
+    const char *rtnl_type;
+
+    /* uevent DEVTYPE where applicable, from /sys/class/net/<ifname>/uevent;
+     * drivers set this value from their SET_NETDEV_DEV() call and the
+     * 'struct device_type' name member.
+     */
+    const char *devtype;
+} LinkDesc;
+
+static const LinkDesc link_descs[] = {
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE]    = {"none", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN] = {"unknown", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_ANY]     = {"any", NULL, NULL},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET]   = {"ethernet", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND] = {"infiniband", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH]  = {"olpc-mesh", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI]       = {"wifi", NULL, "wlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET]   = {"wwan", NULL, "wwan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX]      = {"wimax", "wimax", "wimax"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN]       = {"wpan", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN]    = {"6lowpan", NULL, NULL},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP]        = {"bluetooth", NULL, "bluetooth"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY]       = {"dummy", "dummy", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE]         = {"gre", "gre", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP]      = {"gretap", "gretap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IFB]         = {"ifb", "ifb", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL]      = {"ip6tnl", "ip6tnl", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE]      = {"ip6gre", "ip6gre", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP]   = {"ip6gretap", "ip6gretap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP]        = {"ipip", "ipip", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK]    = {"loopback", NULL, NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC]      = {"macsec", "macsec", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN]     = {"macvlan", "macvlan", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP]     = {"macvtap", "macvtap", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH] = {"openvswitch", "openvswitch", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP]         = {"ppp", NULL, "ppp"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT]         = {"sit", "sit", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN]         = {"tun", "tun", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH]        = {"veth", "veth", NULL},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN]        = {"vlan", "vlan", "vlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF]         = {"vrf", "vrf", "vrf"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN]       = {"vxlan", "vxlan", "vxlan"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD]   = {"wireguard", "wireguard", "wireguard"},
+
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE] = {"bridge", "bridge", "bridge"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND]   = {"bond", "bond", "bond"},
+    [NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM]   = {"team", "team", NULL},
+};
+
+static const LinkDesc *
+_link_desc_from_link_type(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(link_type));
+    nm_assert(link_type < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs));
+    nm_assert(link_descs[link_type].type_string);
+
+    return &link_descs[link_type];
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_link_type_from_rtnl_type(const char *name)
+{
+    static const NMLinkType LIST[] = {
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND,        /* "bond"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,      /* "bridge"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY,       /* "dummy"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,         /* "gre"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP,      /* "gretap"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IFB,         /* "ifb"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,      /* "ip6gre"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP,   /* "ip6gretap"   */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL,      /* "ip6tnl"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP,        /* "ipip"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC,      /* "macsec"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,     /* "macvlan"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP,     /* "macvtap"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH, /* "openvswitch" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT,         /* "sit"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM,        /* "team"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,         /* "tun"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH,        /* "veth"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,        /* "vlan"        */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF,         /* "vrf"         */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN,       /* "vxlan"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX,       /* "wimax"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD,   /* "wireguard"   */
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(name);
+
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERT_ONCE(5)) {
+        int i, j, k;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); i++) {
+            nm_assert(_link_desc_from_link_type(LIST[i]) == &link_descs[LIST[i]]);
+            nm_assert(link_descs[LIST[i]].rtnl_type);
+            if (i > 0)
+                nm_assert(strcmp(link_descs[LIST[i - 1]].rtnl_type, link_descs[LIST[i]].rtnl_type)
+                          < 0);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs); i++) {
+            if (!link_descs[i].rtnl_type)
+                continue;
+            for (j = 0, k = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); j++)
+                k += (LIST[j] == i);
+            nm_assert(k == 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        int imin = 0;
+        int imax = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1);
+        int imid = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1) / 2;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            const int cmp = strcmp(link_descs[LIST[imid]].rtnl_type, name);
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(cmp == 0))
+                return LIST[imid];
+
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                imin = imid + 1;
+            else
+                imax = imid - 1;
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(imin > imax))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+
+            imid = (imin + imax) / 2;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_link_type_from_devtype(const char *name)
+{
+    static const NMLinkType LIST[] = {
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP,      /* "bluetooth" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND,      /* "bond"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE,    /* "bridge"    */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP,       /* "ppp"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,      /* "vlan"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF,       /* "vrf"       */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN,     /* "vxlan"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIMAX,     /* "wimax"     */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD, /* "wireguard" */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI,      /* "wlan"      */
+        NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET,  /* "wwan"      */
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(name);
+
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERT_ONCE(5)) {
+        int i, j, k;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); i++) {
+            nm_assert(_link_desc_from_link_type(LIST[i]) == &link_descs[LIST[i]]);
+            nm_assert(link_descs[LIST[i]].devtype);
+            if (i > 0)
+                nm_assert(strcmp(link_descs[LIST[i - 1]].devtype, link_descs[LIST[i]].devtype) < 0);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(link_descs); i++) {
+            if (!link_descs[i].devtype)
+                continue;
+            for (j = 0, k = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST); j++)
+                k += (LIST[j] == i);
+            nm_assert(k == 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        int imin = 0;
+        int imax = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1);
+        int imid = (G_N_ELEMENTS(LIST) - 1) / 2;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            const int cmp = strcmp(link_descs[LIST[imid]].devtype, name);
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(cmp == 0))
+                return LIST[imid];
+
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                imin = imid + 1;
+            else
+                imax = imid - 1;
+
+            if (G_UNLIKELY(imin > imax))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
+
+            imid = (imin + imax) / 2;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+nm_link_type_to_rtnl_type_string(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    return _link_desc_from_link_type(link_type)->rtnl_type;
+}
+
+const char *
+nm_link_type_to_string(NMLinkType link_type)
+{
+    return _link_desc_from_link_type(link_type)->type_string;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Utilities
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+/* _timestamp_nl_to_ms:
+ * @timestamp_nl: a timestamp from ifa_cacheinfo.
+ * @monotonic_ms: *now* in CLOCK_MONOTONIC. Needed to estimate the current
+ * uptime and how often timestamp_nl wrapped.
+ *
+ * Convert the timestamp from ifa_cacheinfo to CLOCK_MONOTONIC milliseconds.
+ * The ifa_cacheinfo fields tstamp and cstamp contains timestamps that counts
+ * with in 1/100th of a second of clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC). However,
+ * the uint32 counter wraps every 497 days of uptime, so we have to compensate
+ * for that. */
+static gint64
+_timestamp_nl_to_ms(guint32 timestamp_nl, gint64 monotonic_ms)
+{
+    const gint64 WRAP_INTERVAL = (((gint64) G_MAXUINT32) + 1) * (1000 / 100);
+    gint64       timestamp_nl_ms;
+
+    /* convert timestamp from 1/100th of a second to msec. */
+    timestamp_nl_ms = ((gint64) timestamp_nl) * (1000 / 100);
+
+    /* timestamp wraps every 497 days. Try to compensate for that.*/
+    if (timestamp_nl_ms > monotonic_ms) {
+        /* timestamp_nl_ms is in the future. Truncate it to *now* */
+        timestamp_nl_ms = monotonic_ms;
+    } else if (monotonic_ms >= WRAP_INTERVAL) {
+        timestamp_nl_ms += (monotonic_ms / WRAP_INTERVAL) * WRAP_INTERVAL;
+        if (timestamp_nl_ms > monotonic_ms)
+            timestamp_nl_ms -= WRAP_INTERVAL;
+    }
+
+    return timestamp_nl_ms;
+}
+
+static guint32
+_addrtime_timestamp_to_nm(guint32 timestamp, gint32 *out_now_nm)
+{
+    gint64 now_nl;
+    gint64 now_nm;
+    gint64 result;
+
+    /* timestamp is unset. Default to 1. */
+    if (!timestamp) {
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_now_nm, 0);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* do all the calculations in milliseconds scale */
+
+    now_nm = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec();
+    now_nl = nm_utils_clock_gettime_msec(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+    nm_assert(now_nm >= 1000);
+    nm_assert(now_nl >= 0);
+
+    result = now_nm - (now_nl - _timestamp_nl_to_ms(timestamp, now_nl));
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_now_nm, now_nm / 1000);
+
+    /* converting the timestamp into nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() scale is
+     * a good guess but fails in the following situations:
+     *
+     * - If the address existed before start of the process, the timestamp in nm scale would
+     *   be negative or zero. In this case we default to 1.
+     * - during hibernation, the CLOCK_MONOTONIC/timestamp drifts from
+     *   nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_msec() scale.
+     */
+    if (result <= 1000)
+        return 1;
+
+    if (result > now_nm)
+        return now_nm / 1000;
+
+    return result / 1000;
+}
+
+static guint32
+_addrtime_extend_lifetime(guint32 lifetime, guint32 seconds)
+{
+    guint64 v;
+
+    if (lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || seconds == 0)
+        return lifetime;
+
+    v = (guint64) lifetime + (guint64) seconds;
+    return MIN(v, NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT - 1);
+}
+
+/* The rtnl_addr object contains relative lifetimes @valid and @preferred
+ * that count in seconds, starting from the moment when the kernel constructed
+ * the netlink message.
+ *
+ * There is also a field rtnl_addr_last_update_time(), which is the absolute
+ * time in 1/100th of a second of clock_gettime (CLOCK_MONOTONIC) when the address
+ * was modified (wrapping every 497 days).
+ * Immediately at the time when the address was last modified, #NOW and @last_update_time
+ * are the same, so (only) in that case @valid and @preferred are anchored at @last_update_time.
+ * However, this is not true in general. As time goes by, whenever kernel sends a new address
+ * via netlink, the lifetimes keep counting down.
+ **/
+static void
+_addrtime_get_lifetimes(guint32  timestamp,
+                        guint32  lifetime,
+                        guint32  preferred,
+                        guint32 *out_timestamp,
+                        guint32 *out_lifetime,
+                        guint32 *out_preferred)
+{
+    gint32 now;
+
+    if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        if (preferred > lifetime)
+            preferred = lifetime;
+        timestamp = _addrtime_timestamp_to_nm(timestamp, &now);
+
+        if (now == 0) {
+            /* strange. failed to detect the last-update time and assumed that timestamp is 1. */
+            nm_assert(timestamp == 1);
+            now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_sec();
+        }
+        if (timestamp < now) {
+            guint32 diff = now - timestamp;
+
+            lifetime  = _addrtime_extend_lifetime(lifetime, diff);
+            preferred = _addrtime_extend_lifetime(preferred, diff);
+        } else
+            nm_assert(timestamp == now);
+    } else
+        timestamp = 0;
+    *out_timestamp = timestamp;
+    *out_lifetime  = lifetime;
+    *out_preferred = preferred;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_lookup_cached_link(const NMPCache *  cache,
+                    int               ifindex,
+                    gboolean *        completed_from_cache,
+                    const NMPObject **link_cached)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    nm_assert(completed_from_cache && link_cached);
+
+    if (!*completed_from_cache) {
+        obj = ifindex > 0 && cache ? nmp_cache_lookup_link(cache, ifindex) : NULL;
+
+        *link_cached          = obj;
+        *completed_from_cache = TRUE;
+    }
+    return *link_cached;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define DEVTYPE_PREFIX "DEVTYPE="
+
+static char *
+_linktype_read_devtype(int dirfd)
+{
+    gs_free char *contents = NULL;
+    char *        cont, *end;
+
+    nm_assert(dirfd >= 0);
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    "uevent",
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL))
+        return NULL;
+    for (cont = contents; cont; cont = end) {
+        end = strpbrk(cont, "\r\n");
+        if (end)
+            *end++ = '\0';
+        if (strncmp(cont, DEVTYPE_PREFIX, NM_STRLEN(DEVTYPE_PREFIX)) == 0) {
+            cont += NM_STRLEN(DEVTYPE_PREFIX);
+            memmove(contents, cont, strlen(cont) + 1);
+            return g_steal_pointer(&contents);
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static NMLinkType
+_linktype_get_type(NMPlatform *      platform,
+                   const NMPCache *  cache,
+                   const char *      kind,
+                   int               ifindex,
+                   const char *      ifname,
+                   unsigned          flags,
+                   unsigned          arptype,
+                   gboolean *        completed_from_cache,
+                   const NMPObject **link_cached,
+                   const char **     out_kind)
+{
+    NMLinkType link_type;
+
+    NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT(platform);
+    nm_assert(ifname);
+    nm_assert(_link_type_from_devtype("wlan") == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI);
+    nm_assert(_link_type_from_rtnl_type("bond") == NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND);
+
+    if (completed_from_cache) {
+        const NMPObject *obj;
+
+        obj = _lookup_cached_link(cache, ifindex, completed_from_cache, link_cached);
+
+        /* If we detected the link type before, we stick to that
+         * decision unless the "kind" or "name" changed. If "name" changed,
+         * it means that their type may not have been determined correctly
+         * due to race conditions while accessing sysfs.
+         *
+         * This way, we save additional ethtool/sysctl lookups, but moreover,
+         * we keep the linktype stable and don't change it as long as the link
+         * exists.
+         *
+         * Note that kernel *can* reuse the ifindex (on integer overflow, and
+         * when moving interface to other netns). Thus here there is a tiny potential
+         * of messing stuff up. */
+        if (obj && obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+            && !NM_IN_SET(obj->link.type, NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+            && nm_streq(ifname, obj->link.name) && (!kind || nm_streq0(kind, obj->link.kind))) {
+            nm_assert(obj->link.kind == g_intern_string(obj->link.kind));
+            *out_kind = obj->link.kind;
+            return obj->link.type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* we intern kind to not require us to keep the pointer alive. Essentially
+     * leaking it in a global cache. That should be safe enough, because the
+     * kind comes only from kernel messages, which depend on the number of
+     * available drivers. So, there is not the danger that we leak uncontrolled
+     * many kinds. */
+    *out_kind = g_intern_string(kind);
+
+    if (kind) {
+        link_type = _link_type_from_rtnl_type(kind);
+        if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE)
+            return link_type;
+    }
+
+    if (arptype == ARPHRD_LOOPBACK)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_LOOPBACK;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_INFINIBAND)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_SIT)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_TUNNEL6)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_PPP)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_PPP;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_IEEE802154)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN;
+    else if (arptype == ARPHRD_6LOWPAN)
+        return NM_LINK_TYPE_6LOWPAN;
+
+    {
+        NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo driver_info;
+
+        /* Fallback OVS detection for kernel <= 3.16 */
+        if (nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(ifindex, &driver_info)) {
+            if (nm_streq(driver_info.driver, "openvswitch"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_OPENVSWITCH;
+
+            if (arptype == 256) {
+                /* Some s390 CTC-type devices report 256 for the encapsulation type
+                 * for some reason, but we need to call them Ethernet.
+                 */
+                if (nm_streq(driver_info.driver, "ctcm"))
+                    return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        nm_auto_close int dirfd   = -1;
+        gs_free char *    devtype = NULL;
+        char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+        dirfd = nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir(ifindex, ifname, ifname_verified);
+        if (dirfd >= 0) {
+            if (faccessat(dirfd, "anycast_mask", F_OK, 0) == 0)
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH;
+
+            devtype = _linktype_read_devtype(dirfd);
+            if (devtype) {
+                link_type = _link_type_from_devtype(devtype);
+                if (link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE) {
+                    if (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_BNEP && arptype != ARPHRD_ETHER) {
+                        /* Both BNEP and 6lowpan use DEVTYPE=bluetooth, so we must
+                         * use arptype to distinguish between them.
+                         */
+                    } else
+                        return link_type;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Fallback for drivers that don't call SET_NETDEV_DEVTYPE() */
+            if (nm_wifi_utils_is_wifi(dirfd, ifname_verified))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI;
+        }
+
+        if (arptype == ARPHRD_ETHER) {
+            /* Misc non-upstream WWAN drivers.  rmnet is Qualcomm's proprietary
+             * modem interface, ccmni is MediaTek's.  FIXME: these drivers should
+             * really set devtype=WWAN.
+             */
+            if (g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "rmnet") || g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "rev_rmnet")
+                || g_str_has_prefix(ifname, "ccmni"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_WWAN_NET;
+
+            /* Standard wired ethernet interfaces don't report an rtnl_link_type, so
+             * only allow fallback to Ethernet if no type is given.  This should
+             * prevent future virtual network drivers from being treated as Ethernet
+             * when they should be Generic instead.
+             */
+            if (!kind && !devtype)
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+
+            /* The USB gadget interfaces behave and look like ordinary ethernet devices
+             * aside from the DEVTYPE. */
+            if (nm_streq0(devtype, "gadget"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+
+            /* Distributed Switch Architecture switch chips */
+            if (nm_streq0(devtype, "dsa"))
+                return NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * libnl unility functions and wrappers
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+#define NLMSG_TAIL(nmsg) ((struct rtattr *) (((char *) (nmsg)) + NLMSG_ALIGN((nmsg)->nlmsg_len)))
+
+/* copied from iproute2's addattr_l(). */
+static gboolean
+_nl_addattr_l(struct nlmsghdr *n, int maxlen, int type, const void *data, int alen)
+{
+    int            len = RTA_LENGTH(alen);
+    struct rtattr *rta;
+
+    if (NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(len) > maxlen)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    rta           = NLMSG_TAIL(n);
+    rta->rta_type = type;
+    rta->rta_len  = len;
+    memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data, alen);
+    n->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(len);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * NMPObject/netlink functions
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+#define _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, attr, addr_len, ret_val) \
+    ({                                                         \
+        const struct nlattr *__t = (tb)[(attr)];               \
+                                                               \
+        if (__t) {                                             \
+            if (nla_len(__t) != (addr_len)) {                  \
+                return ret_val;                                \
+            }                                                  \
+        }                                                      \
+        !!__t;                                                 \
+    })
+
+#define _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, attr, addr_len) \
+    _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, attr, addr_len, NULL)
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's inet6_parse_protinfo(). */
+static gboolean
+_parse_af_inet6(NMPlatform *        platform,
+                struct nlattr *     attr,
+                NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId *out_token,
+                gboolean *          out_token_valid,
+                guint8 *            out_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                gboolean *          out_addr_gen_mode_valid)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_INET6_FLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_INET6_CACHEINFO]  = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifla_cacheinfo, retrans_time)},
+        [IFLA_INET6_CONF]       = {.minlen = 4},
+        [IFLA_INET6_STATS]      = {.minlen = 8},
+        [IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS] = {.minlen = 8},
+        [IFLA_INET6_TOKEN]      = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr * tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    struct in6_addr i6_token;
+    gboolean        token_valid          = FALSE;
+    gboolean        addr_gen_mode_valid  = FALSE;
+    guint8          i6_addr_gen_mode_inv = 0;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, attr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_CONF] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_CONF]) % 4)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_STATS] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_STATS]) % 8)
+        return FALSE;
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS] && nla_len(tb[IFLA_INET6_ICMP6STATS]) % 8)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_val(tb, IFLA_INET6_TOKEN, sizeof(struct in6_addr), FALSE)) {
+        nla_memcpy(&i6_token, tb[IFLA_INET6_TOKEN], sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+        token_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Hack to detect support addrgenmode of the kernel. We only parse
+     * netlink messages that we receive from kernel, hence this check
+     * is valid. */
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL)) {
+        /* IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE was added in kernel 3.17, dated 5 October, 2014. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL,
+                                         tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE]) {
+        i6_addr_gen_mode_inv = _nm_platform_uint8_inv(nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE]));
+        if (i6_addr_gen_mode_inv == 0) {
+            /* an inverse addrgenmode of zero is unexpected. We need to reserve zero
+             * to signal "unset". */
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        addr_gen_mode_valid = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (token_valid) {
+        *out_token_valid = token_valid;
+        nm_utils_ipv6_interface_identifier_get_from_addr(out_token, &i6_token);
+    }
+    if (addr_gen_mode_valid) {
+        *out_addr_gen_mode_valid = addr_gen_mode_valid;
+        *out_addr_gen_mode_inv   = i6_addr_gen_mode_inv;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_bridge(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY]              = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME]                 = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE]                    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME]                = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_STP_STATE]                  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_PRIORITY]                   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL]              = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK]             = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR]                 = {.minlen = sizeof(NMEtherAddr)},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER]               = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER]              = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX]             = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL]    = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL]     = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL]        = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL]          = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL] = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL]  = {.type = NLA_U64},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkBridge *props;
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "bridge"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_BRIDGE, NULL);
+
+    props  = &obj->lnk_bridge;
+    *props = nm_platform_lnk_bridge_default;
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(
+            NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED)) {
+        /* IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED was added in kernel 4.10 on April 30, 2016.
+         * See commit 6dada9b10a0818ba72c249526a742c8c41274a73. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED,
+                                         tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY])
+        props->forward_delay = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME])
+        props->hello_time = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE])
+        props->max_age = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME])
+        props->ageing_time = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_STP_STATE])
+        props->stp_state = !!nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_STP_STATE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_PRIORITY])
+        props->priority = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_PRIORITY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL])
+        props->vlan_protocol = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED])
+        props->vlan_stats_enabled = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK])
+        props->group_fwd_mask = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR])
+        props->group_addr = *nla_data_as(NMEtherAddr, tb[IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING])
+        props->mcast_snooping = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER])
+        props->mcast_router = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR])
+        props->mcast_query_use_ifaddr = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER])
+        props->mcast_querier = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX])
+        props->mcast_hash_max = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT])
+        props->mcast_last_member_count = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT])
+        props->mcast_startup_query_count = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_last_member_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_membership_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_querier_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_query_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_query_response_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL])
+        props->mcast_startup_query_interval = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_gre(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_GRE_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IKEY]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OKEY]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkGre *props;
+    gboolean          is_tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "gretap"))
+        is_tap = TRUE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "gre"))
+        is_tap = FALSE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(is_tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRETAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_GRE, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_gre;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->input_flags        = tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS] ? ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS])) : 0;
+    props->output_flags       = tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS] ? ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS])) : 0;
+    props->input_key          = tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY] ? ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY])) : 0;
+    props->output_key         = tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY] ? ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY])) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_GRE_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC]);
+    props->is_tap             = is_tap;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* IFLA_IPOIB_* were introduced in the 3.7 kernel, but the kernel headers
+ * we're building against might not have those properties even though the
+ * running kernel might.
+ */
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_UNSPEC 0
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY   1
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_MODE   2
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST 3
+#undef IFLA_IPOIB_MAX
+#define IFLA_IPOIB_MAX IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST
+
+#define IPOIB_MODE_DATAGRAM  0 /* using unreliable datagram QPs */
+#define IPOIB_MODE_CONNECTED 1 /* using connected QPs */
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_infiniband(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_MODE]   = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPOIB_UMCAST] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *          tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *info;
+    NMPObject *              obj;
+    const char *             mode;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ipoib"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY] || !tb[IFLA_IPOIB_MODE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch (nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPOIB_MODE])) {
+    case IPOIB_MODE_DATAGRAM:
+        mode = "datagram";
+        break;
+    case IPOIB_MODE_CONNECTED:
+        mode = "connected";
+        break;
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    obj  = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_INFINIBAND, NULL);
+    info = &obj->lnk_infiniband;
+
+    info->p_key = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPOIB_PKEY]);
+    info->mode  = mode;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ip6tnl(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]       = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]      = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]       = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props;
+    guint32              flowinfo;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ip6tnl"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6TNL, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_ip6tnl;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL])
+        props->local = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE])
+        props->remote = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT])
+        props->encap_limit = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]) {
+        flowinfo          = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO]));
+        props->flow_label = flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        props->tclass     = (flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK) >> IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT;
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO])
+        props->proto = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS])
+        props->flags = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ip6gre(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_GRE_LINK]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]      = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_GRE_IKEY]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_OKEY]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]       = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]      = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_GRE_TTL]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GRE_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props;
+    guint32              flowinfo;
+    gboolean             is_tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "ip6gre"))
+        is_tap = FALSE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "ip6gretap"))
+        is_tap = TRUE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRETAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IP6GRE, NULL);
+    props         = &obj->lnk_ip6tnl;
+    props->is_gre = TRUE;
+    props->is_tap = is_tap;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS])
+        props->input_flags = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS])
+        props->output_flags = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY])
+        props->input_key = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_IKEY]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY])
+        props->output_key = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_OKEY]));
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL])
+        props->local = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_GRE_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE])
+        props->remote = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_GRE_REMOTE]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_TTL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT])
+        props->encap_limit = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]) {
+        flowinfo          = ntohl(nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO]));
+        props->flow_label = flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        props->tclass     = (flowinfo & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK) >> IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT;
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_GRE_FLAGS])
+        props->flags = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_GRE_FLAGS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_ipip(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *    tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *        obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "ipip"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_IPIP, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_ipip;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_macvlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE]  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props;
+    struct nlattr *       tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *           obj;
+    gboolean              tap;
+
+    if (!info_data || !kind)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nm_streq(kind, "macvlan"))
+        tap = FALSE;
+    else if (nm_streq(kind, "macvtap"))
+        tap = TRUE;
+    else
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(tap ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVTAP : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACVLAN, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_macvlan;
+    props->mode = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE]);
+    props->tap  = tap;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS])
+        props->no_promisc =
+            NM_FLAGS_HAS(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS]), MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_macsec(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]            = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]   = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]    = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_ES]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]            = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *      tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *          obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "macsec"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_MACSEC, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_macsec;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]) {
+        props->sci = nla_get_be64(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCI]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]) {
+        props->icv_length = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]) {
+        props->cipher_suite = nla_get_u64(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]) {
+        props->window = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]) {
+        props->encoding_sa = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]) {
+        props->encrypt = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]) {
+        props->protect = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]) {
+        props->include_sci = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ES]) {
+        props->es = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_ES]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]) {
+        props->scb = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_SCB]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT]) {
+        props->replay_protect = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]) {
+        props->validation = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION]);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_sit(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]    = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkSit *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "sit"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_SIT, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_sit;
+
+    props->parent_ifindex     = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LINK]) : 0;
+    props->local              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL]) : 0;
+    props->remote             = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE]) : 0;
+    props->tos                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TOS]) : 0;
+    props->ttl                = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_TTL]) : 0;
+    props->path_mtu_discovery = !tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC] || !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC]);
+    props->flags              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS] ? nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS]) : 0;
+    props->proto              = tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO] ? nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO]) : 0;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_tun(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_TUN_OWNER]               = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_GROUP]               = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_TYPE]                = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_PI]                  = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR]            = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_PERSIST]             = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE]         = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_TUN_NUM_QUEUES]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TUN_NUM_DISABLED_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+    NMPlatformLnkTun *props;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "tun"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_TUN_TYPE])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_TUN, NULL);
+    props = &obj->lnk_tun;
+
+    props->type = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_TUN_TYPE]);
+
+    props->pi          = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_PI, FALSE);
+    props->vnet_hdr    = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_VNET_HDR, FALSE);
+    props->multi_queue = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_MULTI_QUEUE, FALSE);
+    props->persist     = !!nla_get_u8_cond(tb, IFLA_TUN_PERSIST, FALSE);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_TUN_OWNER]) {
+        props->owner_valid = TRUE;
+        props->owner       = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_TUN_OWNER]);
+    }
+    if (tb[IFLA_TUN_GROUP]) {
+        props->group_valid = TRUE;
+        props->group       = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_TUN_GROUP]);
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(struct nlattr *          nlattr,
+                           const NMVlanQosMapping **out_map,
+                           guint *                  out_n_map)
+{
+    struct nlattr *   nla;
+    int               remaining;
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *array = NULL;
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping) == sizeof(struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->to)
+                    == sizeof(((struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping *) 0)->to));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->from)
+                    == sizeof(((struct ifla_vlan_qos_mapping *) 0)->from));
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping)
+                    == sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->from)
+                           + sizeof(((NMVlanQosMapping *) 0)->to));
+
+    nm_assert(out_map && !*out_map);
+    nm_assert(out_n_map && !*out_n_map);
+
+    if (!nlattr)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    array = g_ptr_array_new();
+    nla_for_each_nested (nla, nlattr, remaining) {
+        if (nla_len(nla) < sizeof(NMVlanQosMapping))
+            return FALSE;
+        g_ptr_array_add(array, nla_data(nla));
+    }
+
+    if (array->len > 0) {
+        NMVlanQosMapping *list;
+        guint             i, j;
+
+        /* The sorting is necessary, because for egress mapping, kernel
+         * doesn't sent the items strictly sorted by the from field. */
+        g_ptr_array_sort_with_data(array, _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from_ptr, NULL);
+
+        list = g_new(NMVlanQosMapping, array->len);
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < array->len; i++) {
+            NMVlanQosMapping *map;
+
+            map = array->pdata[i];
+
+            /* kernel doesn't really send us duplicates. Just be extra cautious
+             * because we want strong guarantees about the sort order and uniqueness
+             * of our mapping list (for simpler equality comparison). */
+            if (j > 0 && list[j - 1].from == map->from)
+                list[j - 1] = *map;
+            else
+                list[j++] = *map;
+        }
+
+        *out_n_map = j;
+        *out_map   = list;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's vlan_parse() */
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VLAN_ID]          = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS]       = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifla_vlan_flags, flags)},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS]  = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_VLAN_PROTOCOL]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPObject *               obj_result;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vlan"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_VLAN_ID])
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj              = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VLAN, NULL);
+    obj->lnk_vlan.id = nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_VLAN_ID]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS]) {
+        struct ifla_vlan_flags flags;
+
+        nla_memcpy(&flags, tb[IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS], sizeof(flags));
+
+        obj->lnk_vlan.flags = flags.flags;
+    }
+
+    if (!_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(tb[IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS],
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.ingress_qos_map,
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.n_ingress_qos_map))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!_vlan_qos_mapping_from_nla(tb[IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS],
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.egress_qos_map,
+                                    &obj->_lnk_vlan.n_egress_qos_map))
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj_result = obj;
+    obj        = NULL;
+    return obj_result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* The installed kernel headers might not have VXLAN stuff at all, or
+ * they might have the original properties, but not PORT, GROUP6, or LOCAL6.
+ * So until we depend on kernel >= 3.11, we just ignore the actual enum
+ * in if_link.h and define the values ourselves.
+ */
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_UNSPEC     0
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_ID         1
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP      2
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LINK       3
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL      4
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_TTL        5
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_TOS        6
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING   7
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING     8
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT      9
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE 10
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY      11
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_RSC        12
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS     13
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS     14
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_PORT       15
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6     16
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6     17
+#undef IFLA_VXLAN_MAX
+#define IFLA_VXLAN_MAX IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6
+
+#define IFLA_VRF_TABLE 1
+
+/* older kernel header might not contain 'struct ifla_vxlan_port_range'.
+ * Redefine it. */
+struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range {
+    guint16 low;
+    guint16 high;
+};
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vxlan(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_ID]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6]     = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LINK]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6]     = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC, .minlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_TOS]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_TTL]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING]   = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE] = {.type   = NLA_UNSPEC,
+                                   .minlen = sizeof(struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range)},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_RSC]        = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_VXLAN_PORT]       = {.type = NLA_U16},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props;
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *         obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vxlan"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VXLAN, NULL);
+
+    props = &obj->lnk_vxlan;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LINK])
+        props->parent_ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LINK]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_ID])
+        props->id = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_ID]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP])
+        props->group = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL])
+        props->local = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6])
+        props->local6 = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6])
+        props->group6 = *nla_data_as(struct in6_addr, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING])
+        props->ageing = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT])
+        props->limit = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TOS])
+        props->tos = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TOS]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TTL])
+        props->ttl = nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_TTL]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT])
+        props->dst_port = ntohs(nla_get_u16(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT]));
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE]) {
+        struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range *range;
+
+        range = nla_data_as(struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range, tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE]);
+        props->src_port_min = ntohs(range->low);
+        props->src_port_max = ntohs(range->high);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING])
+        props->learning = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY])
+        props->proxy = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_RSC])
+        props->rsc = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_RSC]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS])
+        props->l2miss = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS]);
+    if (tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS])
+        props->l3miss = !!nla_get_u8(tb[IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_parse_lnk_vrf(const char *kind, struct nlattr *info_data)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_VRF_TABLE] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+    };
+    NMPlatformLnkVrf *props;
+    struct nlattr *   tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *       obj;
+
+    if (!info_data || !nm_streq0(kind, "vrf"))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, info_data, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_VRF, NULL);
+
+    props = &obj->lnk_vrf;
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_VRF_TABLE])
+        props->table = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_VRF_TABLE]);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_wireguard_update_from_allowed_ips_nla(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *allowed_ip, struct nlattr *nlattr)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY]    = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR]    = {.minlen = sizeof(struct in_addr)},
+        [WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK] = {.type = NLA_U8},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    int            family;
+    int            addr_len;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, nlattr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY])
+        return FALSE;
+
+    family = nla_get_u16(tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY]);
+    if (family == AF_INET)
+        addr_len = sizeof(in_addr_t);
+    else if (family == AF_INET6)
+        addr_len = sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+    else
+        return FALSE;
+
+    _check_addr_or_return_val(tb, WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR, addr_len, FALSE);
+
+    *allowed_ip = (NMPWireGuardAllowedIP){
+        .family = family,
+    };
+
+    nm_assert((int) allowed_ip->family == family);
+
+    if (tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR])
+        nla_memcpy(&allowed_ip->addr, tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR], addr_len);
+    if (tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK])
+        allowed_ip->mask = nla_get_u8(tb[WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK]);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    CList            lst;
+    NMPWireGuardPeer data;
+} WireGuardPeerConstruct;
+
+static gboolean
+_wireguard_update_from_peers_nla(CList *peers, GArray **p_allowed_ips, struct nlattr *peer_attr)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY]                    = {.minlen = NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN},
+        [WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]                 = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_FLAGS]                         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]                      = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME]           = {},
+        [WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES]                      = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES]                      = {.type = NLA_U64},
+        [WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS]                    = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *peer_c;
+
+    if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tb, peer_attr, policy) < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY])
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* a peer with the same public key as last peer is just a continuation for extra AllowedIPs */
+    peer_c = c_list_last_entry(peers, WireGuardPeerConstruct, lst);
+    if (peer_c
+        && !memcmp(nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY]),
+                   peer_c->data.public_key,
+                   NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN)) {
+        G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN == sizeof(peer_c->data.public_key));
+        /* this message is a continuation of the previous peer.
+         * Only parse WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS below. */
+    } else {
+        /* otherwise, start a new peer */
+        peer_c = g_slice_new0(WireGuardPeerConstruct);
+        c_list_link_tail(peers, &peer_c->lst);
+
+        nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.public_key,
+                   tb[WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY],
+                   sizeof(peer_c->data.public_key));
+
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]) {
+            nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.preshared_key,
+                       tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY],
+                       sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+            /* FIXME(netlink-bzero-secret) */
+            nm_explicit_bzero(nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]),
+                              nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY]));
+        }
+
+        nm_sock_addr_union_cpy_untrusted(
+            &peer_c->data.endpoint,
+            tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT] ? nla_data(tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]) : NULL,
+            tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT] ? nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT]) : 0);
+
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL])
+            peer_c->data.persistent_keepalive_interval =
+                nla_get_u16(tb[WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL]);
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME]) {
+            if (nla_len(tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME])
+                >= sizeof(peer_c->data.last_handshake_time))
+                nla_memcpy(&peer_c->data.last_handshake_time,
+                           tb[WGPEER_A_LAST_HANDSHAKE_TIME],
+                           sizeof(peer_c->data.last_handshake_time));
+        }
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES])
+            peer_c->data.rx_bytes = nla_get_u64(tb[WGPEER_A_RX_BYTES]);
+        if (tb[WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES])
+            peer_c->data.tx_bytes = nla_get_u64(tb[WGPEER_A_TX_BYTES]);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS]) {
+        struct nlattr *attr;
+        int            rem;
+        GArray *       allowed_ips = *p_allowed_ips;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (attr, tb[WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS], rem) {
+            if (!allowed_ips) {
+                allowed_ips    = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP));
+                *p_allowed_ips = allowed_ips;
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, 1);
+            } else
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, allowed_ips->len + 1);
+
+            if (!_wireguard_update_from_allowed_ips_nla(
+                    &g_array_index(allowed_ips, NMPWireGuardAllowedIP, allowed_ips->len - 1),
+                    attr)) {
+                /* we ignore the error of parsing one allowed-ip. */
+                g_array_set_size(allowed_ips, allowed_ips->len - 1);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!peer_c->data._construct_idx_end)
+                peer_c->data._construct_idx_start = allowed_ips->len - 1;
+            peer_c->data._construct_idx_end = allowed_ips->len;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    const int  ifindex;
+    NMPObject *obj;
+    CList      peers;
+    GArray *   allowed_ips;
+} WireGuardParseData;
+
+static int
+_wireguard_get_device_cb(struct nl_msg *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_IFNAME]      = {.type = NLA_NUL_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY] = {},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY]  = {},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT] = {.type = NLA_U16},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [WGDEVICE_A_PEERS]       = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    WireGuardParseData *parse_data = arg;
+
+    if (genlmsg_parse_arr(nlmsg_hdr(msg), 0, tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NL_SKIP;
+
+    if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]) {
+        int ifindex;
+
+        ifindex = (int) nla_get_u32(tb[WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX]);
+        if (ifindex <= 0 || parse_data->ifindex != ifindex)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+    } else {
+        if (!parse_data->obj)
+            return NL_SKIP;
+    }
+
+    if (parse_data->obj) {
+        /* we already have an object instance. This means the netlink message
+         * is a continuation, only providing more WGDEVICE_A_PEERS data below. */
+    } else {
+        NMPObject *             obj;
+        NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *props;
+
+        obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD, NULL);
+        props = &obj->lnk_wireguard;
+
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]) {
+            nla_memcpy(props->private_key, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY], sizeof(props->private_key));
+            /* FIXME(netlink-bzero-secret): extend netlink library to wipe memory. For now,
+             * just hack it here (yes, this does not cover all places where the
+             * private key was copied). */
+            nm_explicit_bzero(nla_data(tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]),
+                              nla_len(tb[WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY]));
+        }
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY])
+            nla_memcpy(props->public_key, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PUBLIC_KEY], sizeof(props->public_key));
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT])
+            props->listen_port = nla_get_u16(tb[WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT]);
+        if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK])
+            props->fwmark = nla_get_u32(tb[WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK]);
+
+        parse_data->obj = obj;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[WGDEVICE_A_PEERS]) {
+        struct nlattr *attr;
+        int            rem;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (attr, tb[WGDEVICE_A_PEERS], rem) {
+            if (!_wireguard_update_from_peers_nla(&parse_data->peers,
+                                                  &parse_data->allowed_ips,
+                                                  attr)) {
+                /* we ignore the error of parsing one peer.
+                 * _wireguard_update_from_peers_nla() leaves the @peers array in the
+                 * desired state. */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NL_OK;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_wireguard_read_info(NMPlatform *    platform /* used only as logging context */,
+                     struct nl_sock *genl,
+                     int             wireguard_family_id,
+                     int             ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    NMPObject *                  obj = NULL;
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *     peer_c;
+    WireGuardPeerConstruct *     peer_c_safe;
+    gs_unref_array GArray *allowed_ips = NULL;
+    WireGuardParseData     parse_data  = {
+        .ifindex = ifindex,
+    };
+    guint i;
+
+    nm_assert(genl);
+    nm_assert(wireguard_family_id >= 0);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    _LOGT("wireguard: fetching information for ifindex %d (genl-id %d)...",
+          ifindex,
+          wireguard_family_id);
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+
+    if (!genlmsg_put(msg,
+                     NL_AUTO_PORT,
+                     NL_AUTO_SEQ,
+                     wireguard_family_id,
+                     0,
+                     NLM_F_DUMP,
+                     WG_CMD_GET_DEVICE,
+                     1))
+        return NULL;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX, (guint32) ifindex);
+
+    if (nl_send_auto(genl, msg) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    c_list_init(&parse_data.peers);
+
+    /* we ignore errors, and return whatever we could successfully
+     * parse. */
+    nl_recvmsgs(genl,
+                &((const struct nl_cb){
+                    .valid_cb  = _wireguard_get_device_cb,
+                    .valid_arg = (gpointer) &parse_data,
+                }));
+
+    /* unpack: transfer ownership */
+    obj         = parse_data.obj;
+    allowed_ips = parse_data.allowed_ips;
+
+    if (!obj) {
+        while ((peer_c = c_list_first_entry(&parse_data.peers, WireGuardPeerConstruct, lst))) {
+            c_list_unlink_stale(&peer_c->lst);
+            nm_explicit_bzero(&peer_c->data.preshared_key, sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+            g_slice_free(WireGuardPeerConstruct, peer_c);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* we receive peers/allowed-ips possibly in separate netlink messages. Hence, while
+     * parsing the dump, we don't know upfront how many peers/allowed-ips we will receive.
+     *
+     * We solve that, by collecting all peers with a CList. It's done this way,
+     * because a GArray would require growing the array, but we want to bzero()
+     * the preshared-key of each peer while reallocating. The CList apprach avoids
+     * that.
+     *
+     * For allowed-ips, we instead track one GArray, which are all appended
+     * there. The realloc/resize of the GArray is fine there. However,
+     * while we build the GArray, we don't yet have the final pointers.
+     * Hence, while constructing, we track the indexes with peer->_construct_idx_*
+     * fields. These indexes must be converted to actual pointers blow.
+     *
+     * This is all done during parsing. In the final NMPObjectLnkWireGuard we
+     * don't want the CList anymore and repackage the NMPObject tightly. The
+     * reason is, that NMPObject instances are immutable and long-living. Spend
+     * a bit effort below during construction to obtain a most suitable representation
+     * in this regard. */
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len = c_list_length(&parse_data.peers);
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers     = obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len > 0
+                                        ? g_new(NMPWireGuardPeer, obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers_len)
+                                        : NULL;
+
+    /* duplicate allowed_ips instead of using the pointer. The GArray possibly has more
+     * space allocated then we need, and we want to get rid of this excess buffer.
+     * Note that NMPObject instance is possibly put into the cache and long-living. */
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len = allowed_ips ? allowed_ips->len : 0u;
+    obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf =
+        obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len > 0
+            ? (NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *) nm_memdup(allowed_ips->data,
+                                                  sizeof(NMPWireGuardAllowedIP) * allowed_ips->len)
+            : NULL;
+
+    i = 0;
+    c_list_for_each_entry_safe (peer_c, peer_c_safe, &parse_data.peers, lst) {
+        NMPWireGuardPeer *peer = (NMPWireGuardPeer *) &obj->_lnk_wireguard.peers[i++];
+
+        *peer = peer_c->data;
+
+        c_list_unlink_stale(&peer_c->lst);
+        nm_explicit_bzero(&peer_c->data.preshared_key, sizeof(peer_c->data.preshared_key));
+        g_slice_free(WireGuardPeerConstruct, peer_c);
+
+        if (peer->_construct_idx_end != 0) {
+            guint len;
+
+            nm_assert(obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_end > peer->_construct_idx_start);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_start < obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len);
+            nm_assert(peer->_construct_idx_end <= obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf_len);
+
+            len               = peer->_construct_idx_end - peer->_construct_idx_start;
+            peer->allowed_ips = &obj->_lnk_wireguard._allowed_ips_buf[peer->_construct_idx_start];
+            peer->allowed_ips_len = len;
+        } else {
+            nm_assert(!peer->_construct_idx_start);
+            nm_assert(!peer->_construct_idx_end);
+            peer->allowed_ips     = NULL;
+            peer->allowed_ips_len = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_get_family_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex_try)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv                = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                     wireguard_family_id = -1;
+
+    if (ifindex_try > 0) {
+        const NMPlatformLink *plink;
+
+        if (nm_platform_link_get_lnk_wireguard(platform, ifindex_try, &plink))
+            wireguard_family_id = NMP_OBJECT_UP_CAST(plink)->_link.wireguard_family_id;
+    }
+    if (wireguard_family_id < 0)
+        wireguard_family_id = genl_ctrl_resolve(priv->genl, "wireguard");
+    return wireguard_family_id;
+}
+
+static const NMPObject *
+_wireguard_refresh_link(NMPlatform *platform, int wireguard_family_id, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv            = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *lnk_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+    const NMPObject *               plink = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj         = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(wireguard_family_id >= 0);
+    nm_assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+    nm_platform_process_events(platform);
+
+    plink = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+
+    if (!plink || plink->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD) {
+        nm_platform_link_refresh(platform, ifindex);
+        plink = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+        if (!plink || plink->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD)
+            return NULL;
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(plink->_link.netlink.lnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)
+            lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+    } else {
+        lnk_new = _wireguard_read_info(platform, priv->genl, wireguard_family_id, ifindex);
+        if (!lnk_new) {
+            if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(plink->_link.netlink.lnk) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)
+                lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        } else if (nmp_object_equal(plink->_link.netlink.lnk, lnk_new)) {
+            nmp_object_unref(lnk_new);
+            lnk_new = nmp_object_ref(plink->_link.netlink.lnk);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (plink->_link.wireguard_family_id == wireguard_family_id
+        && plink->_link.netlink.lnk == lnk_new)
+        return plink;
+
+    /* we use nmp_cache_update_netlink() to re-inject the new object into the cache.
+     * For that, we need to clone it, and tweak it so that it's suitable. It's a bit
+     * of a hack, in particular that we need to clear driver and udev-device. */
+    obj                            = nmp_object_clone(plink, FALSE);
+    obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = wireguard_family_id;
+    nmp_object_unref(obj->_link.netlink.lnk);
+    obj->_link.netlink.lnk = g_steal_pointer(&lnk_new);
+    obj->link.driver       = NULL;
+    nm_clear_pointer(&obj->_link.udev.device, udev_device_unref);
+
+    cache_op =
+        nmp_cache_update_netlink(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj, FALSE, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED));
+    if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+        cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    }
+
+    nm_assert(!obj_new
+              || (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_new) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK
+                  && obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD
+                  && (!obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                      || NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk)
+                             == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LNK_WIREGUARD)));
+    return obj_new;
+}
+
+static int
+_wireguard_create_change_nlmsgs(NMPlatform *                              platform,
+                                int                                       ifindex,
+                                int                                       wireguard_family_id,
+                                const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                                const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                                const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                                guint                                     peers_len,
+                                NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags,
+                                GPtrArray **                              out_msgs)
+{
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *      msgs    = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *      msg     = NULL;
+    const guint                        IDX_NIL = G_MAXUINT;
+    guint                              idx_peer_curr;
+    guint                              idx_allowed_ips_curr;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_peers;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_curr_peer;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_allowed_ips;
+    struct nlattr *                    nest_curr_allowed_ip;
+    NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags p_flags = NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_DEFAULT;
+
+#define _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_start)             \
+    G_STMT_START                                   \
+    {                                              \
+        if (nla_nest_end((msg), (nest_start)) < 0) \
+            g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);     \
+    }                                              \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+    /* Adapted from LGPL-2.1+ code [1].
+     *
+     * [1] https://git.zx2c4.com/WireGuard/tree/contrib/examples/embeddable-wg-library/wireguard.c?id=5e99a6d43fe2351adf36c786f5ea2086a8fe7ab8#n1073 */
+
+    idx_peer_curr        = IDX_NIL;
+    idx_allowed_ips_curr = IDX_NIL;
+
+    /* TODO: for the moment, we always reset all peers and allowed-ips (WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS, WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS).
+     * The platform API should be extended to also support partial updates. In particular, configuring the same configuration
+     * multiple times, should not clear and re-add all settings, but rather sync the existing settings with the desired configuration. */
+
+again:
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc();
+    if (!genlmsg_put(msg,
+                     NL_AUTO_PORT,
+                     NL_AUTO_SEQ,
+                     wireguard_family_id,
+                     0,
+                     NLM_F_REQUEST,
+                     WG_CMD_SET_DEVICE,
+                     1))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_IFINDEX, (guint32) ifindex);
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr == IDX_NIL) {
+        guint32 flags;
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_PRIVATE_KEY))
+            NLA_PUT(msg,
+                    WGDEVICE_A_PRIVATE_KEY,
+                    sizeof(lnk_wireguard->private_key),
+                    lnk_wireguard->private_key);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_LISTEN_PORT))
+            NLA_PUT_U16(msg, WGDEVICE_A_LISTEN_PORT, lnk_wireguard->listen_port);
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_HAS_FWMARK))
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_FWMARK, lnk_wireguard->fwmark);
+
+        flags = 0;
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(change_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_FLAG_REPLACE_PEERS))
+            flags |= WGDEVICE_F_REPLACE_PEERS;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, WGDEVICE_A_FLAGS, flags);
+    }
+
+    if (peers_len == 0)
+        goto send;
+
+    nest_curr_peer       = NULL;
+    nest_allowed_ips     = NULL;
+    nest_curr_allowed_ip = NULL;
+
+    nest_peers = nla_nest_start(msg, WGDEVICE_A_PEERS);
+    if (!nest_peers)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr == IDX_NIL)
+        idx_peer_curr = 0;
+    for (; idx_peer_curr < peers_len; idx_peer_curr++) {
+        const NMPWireGuardPeer *p = &peers[idx_peer_curr];
+
+        if (peer_flags) {
+            p_flags = peer_flags[idx_peer_curr];
+            if (!NM_FLAGS_ANY(p_flags,
+                              NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS
+                                  | NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS)) {
+                /* no flags set. We take that as indication to skip configuring the peer
+                 * entirely. */
+                nm_assert(p_flags == NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_NONE);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        nest_curr_peer = nla_nest_start(msg, 0);
+        if (!nest_curr_peer)
+            goto toobig_peers;
+
+        if (nla_put(msg, WGPEER_A_PUBLIC_KEY, NMP_WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN, p->public_key) < 0)
+            goto toobig_peers;
+
+        if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REMOVE_ME)) {
+            /* all other p_flags are silently ignored. */
+            if (nla_put_uint32(msg, WGPEER_A_FLAGS, WGPEER_F_REMOVE_ME) < 0)
+                goto toobig_peers;
+        } else {
+            if (idx_allowed_ips_curr == IDX_NIL) {
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_PRESHARED_KEY)
+                    && nla_put(msg,
+                               WGPEER_A_PRESHARED_KEY,
+                               sizeof(p->preshared_key),
+                               p->preshared_key)
+                           < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags,
+                                 NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL)
+                    && nla_put_uint16(msg,
+                                      WGPEER_A_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL,
+                                      p->persistent_keepalive_interval)
+                           < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS)
+                    && nla_put_uint32(msg, WGPEER_A_FLAGS, WGPEER_F_REPLACE_ALLOWEDIPS) < 0)
+                    goto toobig_peers;
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ENDPOINT)) {
+                    if (NM_IN_SET(p->endpoint.sa.sa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        if (nla_put(msg,
+                                    WGPEER_A_ENDPOINT,
+                                    p->endpoint.sa.sa_family == AF_INET ? sizeof(p->endpoint.in)
+                                                                        : sizeof(p->endpoint.in6),
+                                    &p->endpoint)
+                            < 0)
+                            goto toobig_peers;
+                    } else {
+                        /* I think there is no way to clear an endpoint, though there should be. */
+                        nm_assert(p->endpoint.sa.sa_family == AF_UNSPEC);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(p_flags, NM_PLATFORM_WIREGUARD_CHANGE_PEER_FLAG_HAS_ALLOWEDIPS)
+                && p->allowed_ips_len > 0) {
+                if (idx_allowed_ips_curr == IDX_NIL)
+                    idx_allowed_ips_curr = 0;
+
+                nest_allowed_ips = nla_nest_start(msg, WGPEER_A_ALLOWEDIPS);
+                if (!nest_allowed_ips)
+                    goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                for (; idx_allowed_ips_curr < p->allowed_ips_len; idx_allowed_ips_curr++) {
+                    const NMPWireGuardAllowedIP *aip = &p->allowed_ips[idx_allowed_ips_curr];
+
+                    nest_curr_allowed_ip = nla_nest_start(msg, 0);
+                    if (!nest_curr_allowed_ip)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IN_SET(aip->family, AF_INET, AF_INET6), -NME_BUG);
+
+                    if (nla_put_uint16(msg, WGALLOWEDIP_A_FAMILY, aip->family) < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+                    if (nla_put(msg,
+                                WGALLOWEDIP_A_IPADDR,
+                                nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(aip->family),
+                                &aip->addr)
+                        < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+                    if (nla_put_uint8(msg, WGALLOWEDIP_A_CIDR_MASK, aip->mask) < 0)
+                        goto toobig_allowedips;
+
+                    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_allowed_ip);
+                    nest_curr_allowed_ip = NULL;
+                }
+                idx_allowed_ips_curr = IDX_NIL;
+
+                _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_allowed_ips);
+                nest_allowed_ips = NULL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+        nest_curr_peer = NULL;
+    }
+
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+toobig_allowedips:
+    if (nest_curr_allowed_ip)
+        nla_nest_cancel(msg, nest_curr_allowed_ip);
+    if (nest_allowed_ips)
+        _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_allowed_ips);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+toobig_peers:
+    if (nest_curr_peer)
+        nla_nest_cancel(msg, nest_curr_peer);
+    _nla_nest_end(msg, nest_peers);
+    goto send;
+
+send:
+    if (!msgs)
+        msgs = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func((GDestroyNotify) nlmsg_free);
+    g_ptr_array_add(msgs, g_steal_pointer(&msg));
+
+    if (idx_peer_curr != IDX_NIL && idx_peer_curr < peers_len)
+        goto again;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_msgs, g_steal_pointer(&msgs));
+    return 0;
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+#undef _nla_nest_end
+}
+
+static int
+link_wireguard_change(NMPlatform *                              platform,
+                      int                                       ifindex,
+                      const NMPlatformLnkWireGuard *            lnk_wireguard,
+                      const NMPWireGuardPeer *                  peers,
+                      const NMPlatformWireGuardChangePeerFlags *peer_flags,
+                      guint                                     peers_len,
+                      NMPlatformWireGuardChangeFlags            change_flags)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv      = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *msgs = NULL;
+    int                          wireguard_family_id;
+    guint                        i;
+    int                          r;
+
+    wireguard_family_id = _wireguard_get_family_id(platform, ifindex);
+    if (wireguard_family_id < 0)
+        return -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE;
+
+    r = _wireguard_create_change_nlmsgs(platform,
+                                        ifindex,
+                                        wireguard_family_id,
+                                        lnk_wireguard,
+                                        peers,
+                                        peer_flags,
+                                        peers_len,
+                                        change_flags,
+                                        &msgs);
+    if (r < 0) {
+        _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, cannot construct netlink message: %s", nm_strerror(r));
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < msgs->len; i++) {
+        r = nl_send_auto(priv->genl, msgs->pdata[i]);
+        if (r < 0) {
+            _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, send netlink message #%u failed: %s", i, nm_strerror(r));
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        do {
+            r = nl_recvmsgs(priv->genl, NULL);
+        } while (r == -EAGAIN);
+        if (r < 0) {
+            _LOGW("wireguard: set-device, message #%u was rejected: %s", i, nm_strerror(r));
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        _LOGT("wireguard: set-device, message #%u sent and confirmed", i);
+    }
+
+    _wireguard_refresh_link(platform, wireguard_family_id, ifindex);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+_nmp_link_address_set(NMPLinkAddress *dst, const struct nlattr *nla)
+{
+    *dst = (NMPLinkAddress){
+        .len = 0,
+    };
+    if (nla) {
+        int l = nla_len(nla);
+
+        if (l > 0 && l <= NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX) {
+            G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(dst->data) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
+            memcpy(dst->data, nla_data(nla), l);
+            dst->len = l;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's link_msg_parser(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_link(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                  const NMPCache * cache,
+                  struct nlmsghdr *nlh,
+                  gboolean         id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFLA_IFNAME]        = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [IFLA_MTU]           = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_TXQLEN]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_LINK]          = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_WEIGHT]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_MASTER]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_OPERSTATE]     = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_LINKMODE]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_LINKINFO]      = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_QDISC]         = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFQDISCSIZ},
+        [IFLA_STATS]         = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_stats, tx_compressed)},
+        [IFLA_STATS64]       = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_compressed)},
+        [IFLA_MAP]           = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rtnl_link_ifmap, port)},
+        [IFLA_IFALIAS]       = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFALIASZ},
+        [IFLA_NUM_VF]        = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_AF_SPEC]       = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [IFLA_PROMISCUITY]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_GROUP]         = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_CARRIER]       = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [IFLA_PHYS_PORT_ID]  = {.type = NLA_UNSPEC},
+        [IFLA_NET_NS_PID]    = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_NET_NS_FD]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [IFLA_LINK_NETNSID]  = {},
+    };
+    const struct ifinfomsg *ifi;
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    struct nlattr *         nl_info_data               = NULL;
+    const char *            nl_info_kind               = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj                      = NULL;
+    gboolean                  completed_from_cache_val = FALSE;
+    gboolean *                completed_from_cache     = cache ? &completed_from_cache_val : NULL;
+    const NMPObject *         link_cached              = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *         lnk_data                 = NULL;
+    gboolean                  address_complete_from_cache   = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  broadcast_complete_from_cache = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  lnk_data_complete_from_cache  = TRUE;
+    gboolean                  need_ext_data                 = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  af_inet6_token_valid          = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid  = FALSE;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*ifi)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ifi = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    if (ifi->ifi_family != AF_UNSPEC)
+        return NULL;
+    if (ifi->ifi_index <= 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new_link(ifi->ifi_index);
+
+    if (id_only)
+        return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*ifi), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_IFNAME])
+        return NULL;
+    nla_strlcpy(obj->link.name, tb[IFLA_IFNAME], IFNAMSIZ);
+    if (!obj->link.name[0])
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[IFLA_MTU]) {
+        /* Kernel has two places that send RTM_GETLINK messages:
+         * net/core/rtnetlink.c and net/wireless/ext-core.c.
+         * Unfortunately ext-core.c sets only IFLA_WIRELESS and
+         * IFLA_IFNAME. This confuses code in this function, because
+         * it cannot get complete set of data for the interface and
+         * later incomplete object this function creates is used to
+         * overwrite existing data in NM's cache.
+         * Since ext-core.c doesn't set IFLA_MTU we can use it as a
+         * signal to ignore incoming message.
+         * To some extent this is a hack and correct approach is to
+         * merge objects per-field.
+         */
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    obj->link.mtu = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MTU]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_LINKINFO]) {
+        static const struct nla_policy policy_link_info[] = {
+            [IFLA_INFO_KIND]   = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+            [IFLA_INFO_DATA]   = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+            [IFLA_INFO_XSTATS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        };
+        struct nlattr *li[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy_link_info)];
+
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(li, tb[IFLA_LINKINFO], policy_link_info) < 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (li[IFLA_INFO_KIND])
+            nl_info_kind = nla_get_string(li[IFLA_INFO_KIND]);
+
+        nl_info_data = li[IFLA_INFO_DATA];
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_STATS64]) {
+        const char *stats = nla_data(tb[IFLA_STATS64]);
+
+        obj->link.rx_packets =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, rx_packets)]);
+        obj->link.rx_bytes =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, rx_bytes)]);
+        obj->link.tx_packets =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_packets)]);
+        obj->link.tx_bytes =
+            unaligned_read_ne64(&stats[G_STRUCT_OFFSET(struct rtnl_link_stats64, tx_bytes)]);
+    }
+
+    obj->link.n_ifi_flags = ifi->ifi_flags;
+    obj->link.connected   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP);
+    obj->link.arptype     = ifi->ifi_type;
+
+    obj->link.type = _linktype_get_type(platform,
+                                        cache,
+                                        nl_info_kind,
+                                        obj->link.ifindex,
+                                        obj->link.name,
+                                        obj->link.n_ifi_flags,
+                                        obj->link.arptype,
+                                        completed_from_cache,
+                                        &link_cached,
+                                        &obj->link.kind);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_MASTER])
+        obj->link.master = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_MASTER]);
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_LINK]) {
+        if (!tb[IFLA_LINK_NETNSID])
+            obj->link.parent = nla_get_u32(tb[IFLA_LINK]);
+        else
+            obj->link.parent = NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_ADDRESS]) {
+        _nmp_link_address_set(&obj->link.l_address, tb[IFLA_ADDRESS]);
+        address_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_BROADCAST]) {
+        _nmp_link_address_set(&obj->link.l_broadcast, tb[IFLA_BROADCAST]);
+        broadcast_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[IFLA_AF_SPEC]) {
+        struct nlattr *af_attr;
+        int            remaining;
+
+        nla_for_each_nested (af_attr, tb[IFLA_AF_SPEC], remaining) {
+            switch (nla_type(af_attr)) {
+            case AF_INET6:
+                _parse_af_inet6(platform,
+                                af_attr,
+                                &obj->link.inet6_token,
+                                &af_inet6_token_valid,
+                                &obj->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv,
+                                &af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (obj->link.type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_bridge(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_gre(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_infiniband(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ip6tnl(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ip6gre(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_ipip(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_macsec(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_macvlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_sit(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_tun(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vrf(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+        lnk_data = _parse_lnk_vxlan(nl_info_kind, nl_info_data);
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN:
+        need_ext_data                = TRUE;
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+        break;
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD:
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = TRUE;
+        break;
+    default:
+        lnk_data_complete_from_cache = FALSE;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (completed_from_cache
+        && (lnk_data_complete_from_cache || need_ext_data || address_complete_from_cache
+            || broadcast_complete_from_cache || !af_inet6_token_valid
+            || !af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid || !tb[IFLA_STATS64])) {
+        _lookup_cached_link(cache, obj->link.ifindex, completed_from_cache, &link_cached);
+        if (link_cached && link_cached->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+            if (lnk_data_complete_from_cache && link_cached->link.type == obj->link.type
+                && link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk
+                && (!lnk_data || nmp_object_equal(lnk_data, link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk))) {
+                /* We always try to look into the cache and reuse the object there.
+                 * We do that, because we consider the lnk object as immutable and don't
+                 * modify it after creating. Hence we can share it and reuse.
+                 *
+                 * Also, sometimes the info-data is missing for updates. In this case
+                 * we want to keep the previously received lnk_data. */
+                nmp_object_unref(lnk_data);
+                lnk_data = nmp_object_ref(link_cached->_link.netlink.lnk);
+            }
+
+            if (need_ext_data && link_cached->link.type == obj->link.type
+                && link_cached->_link.ext_data) {
+                /* Prefer reuse of existing ext_data object */
+                obj->_link.ext_data = g_object_ref(link_cached->_link.ext_data);
+            }
+
+            if (address_complete_from_cache)
+                obj->link.l_address = link_cached->link.l_address;
+            if (broadcast_complete_from_cache)
+                obj->link.l_broadcast = link_cached->link.l_broadcast;
+            if (!af_inet6_token_valid)
+                obj->link.inet6_token = link_cached->link.inet6_token;
+            if (!af_inet6_addr_gen_mode_valid)
+                obj->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv = link_cached->link.inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv;
+            if (!tb[IFLA_STATS64]) {
+                obj->link.rx_packets = link_cached->link.rx_packets;
+                obj->link.rx_bytes   = link_cached->link.rx_bytes;
+                obj->link.tx_packets = link_cached->link.tx_packets;
+                obj->link.tx_bytes   = link_cached->link.tx_bytes;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->_link.netlink.lnk = lnk_data;
+
+    if (need_ext_data && obj->_link.ext_data == NULL) {
+        switch (obj->link.type) {
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI:
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_OLPC_MESH:
+            obj->_link.ext_data =
+                (GObject *) nm_wifi_utils_new(ifi->ifi_index,
+                                              _genl_sock(NM_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform)),
+                                              TRUE);
+            break;
+        case NM_LINK_TYPE_WPAN:
+            obj->_link.ext_data =
+                (GObject *) nm_wpan_utils_new(ifi->ifi_index,
+                                              _genl_sock(NM_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform)),
+                                              TRUE);
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (obj->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD) {
+        const NMPObject *lnk_data_new = NULL;
+        struct nl_sock * genl         = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform)->genl;
+
+        /* The WireGuard kernel module does not yet send link update
+         * notifications, so we don't actually update the cache. For
+         * now, always refetch link data here. */
+
+        _lookup_cached_link(cache, obj->link.ifindex, completed_from_cache, &link_cached);
+        if (link_cached && link_cached->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+            && link_cached->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIREGUARD)
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = link_cached->_link.wireguard_family_id;
+        else
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = -1;
+
+        if (obj->_link.wireguard_family_id < 0)
+            obj->_link.wireguard_family_id = genl_ctrl_resolve(genl, "wireguard");
+
+        if (obj->_link.wireguard_family_id >= 0) {
+            lnk_data_new = _wireguard_read_info(platform,
+                                                genl,
+                                                obj->_link.wireguard_family_id,
+                                                obj->link.ifindex);
+        }
+
+        if (lnk_data_new && obj->_link.netlink.lnk
+            && nmp_object_equal(obj->_link.netlink.lnk, lnk_data_new))
+            nmp_object_unref(lnk_data_new);
+        else {
+            nmp_object_unref(obj->_link.netlink.lnk);
+            obj->_link.netlink.lnk = lnk_data_new;
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink = TRUE;
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's addr_msg_parser(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_addr(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [IFA_LABEL]     = {.type = NLA_STRING, .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ},
+        [IFA_CACHEINFO] = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct ifa_cacheinfo, tstamp)},
+        [IFA_FLAGS]     = {},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *         tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct ifaddrmsg *ifa;
+    gboolean                is_v4;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_len;
+    guint32                   lifetime, preferred, timestamp;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*ifa)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ifa = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(ifa->ifa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+        return NULL;
+
+    is_v4 = ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*ifa), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (ifa->ifa_prefixlen > (is_v4 ? 32 : 128))
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_v4 ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, NULL);
+
+    obj->ip_address.ifindex = ifa->ifa_index;
+    obj->ip_address.plen    = ifa->ifa_prefixlen;
+
+    _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len);
+    _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_LOCAL, addr_len);
+    if (is_v4) {
+        /* For IPv4, kernel omits IFA_LOCAL/IFA_ADDRESS if (and only if) they
+         * are effectively 0.0.0.0 (all-zero). */
+        if (tb[IFA_LOCAL])
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_LOCAL]), addr_len);
+        if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS])
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_address.peer_address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+
+        _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, IFA_BROADCAST, addr_len);
+        obj->ip4_address.broadcast_address =
+            tb[IFA_BROADCAST] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFA_BROADCAST]) : 0u;
+        obj->ip4_address.use_ip4_broadcast_address = TRUE;
+    } else {
+        /* For IPv6, IFA_ADDRESS is always present.
+         *
+         * If IFA_LOCAL is missing, IFA_ADDRESS is @address and @peer_address
+         * is :: (all-zero).
+         *
+         * If unexpectedly IFA_ADDRESS is missing, make the best of it -- but it _should_
+         * actually be there. */
+        if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS] || tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+            if (tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+                memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_LOCAL]), addr_len);
+                if (tb[IFA_ADDRESS])
+                    memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.peer_address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+                else
+                    obj->ip6_address.peer_address = obj->ip6_address.address;
+            } else
+                memcpy(&obj->ip6_address.address, nla_data(tb[IFA_ADDRESS]), addr_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_address.addr_source = NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_KERNEL;
+
+    obj->ip_address.n_ifa_flags = tb[IFA_FLAGS] ? nla_get_u32(tb[IFA_FLAGS]) : ifa->ifa_flags;
+
+    if (is_v4) {
+        if (tb[IFA_LABEL]) {
+            char label[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+            nla_strlcpy(label, tb[IFA_LABEL], IFNAMSIZ);
+
+            /* Check for ':'; we're only interested in labels used as interface aliases */
+            if (strchr(label, ':'))
+                g_strlcpy(obj->ip4_address.label, label, sizeof(obj->ip4_address.label));
+        }
+    }
+
+    lifetime  = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    preferred = NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT;
+    timestamp = 0;
+    /* IPv6 only */
+    if (tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]) {
+        const struct ifa_cacheinfo *ca;
+
+        ca        = nla_data_as(struct ifa_cacheinfo, tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]);
+        lifetime  = ca->ifa_valid;
+        preferred = ca->ifa_prefered;
+        timestamp = ca->tstamp;
+    }
+    _addrtime_get_lifetimes(timestamp,
+                            lifetime,
+                            preferred,
+                            &obj->ip_address.timestamp,
+                            &obj->ip_address.lifetime,
+                            &obj->ip_address.preferred);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+/* Copied and heavily modified from libnl3's rtnl_route_parse() and parse_multipath(). */
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_route(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [RTA_TABLE]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_IIF]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_OIF]       = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_PRIORITY]  = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_PREF]      = {.type = NLA_U8},
+        [RTA_FLOW]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        [RTA_CACHEINFO] = {.minlen = nm_offsetofend(struct rta_cacheinfo, rta_tsage)},
+        [RTA_METRICS]   = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+        [RTA_MULTIPATH] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    const struct rtmsg *rtm;
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    gboolean            is_v4;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_len;
+    struct {
+        gboolean is_present;
+        int      ifindex;
+        NMIPAddr gateway;
+    } nh = {
+        .is_present = FALSE,
+    };
+    guint32 mss;
+    guint32 window   = 0;
+    guint32 cwnd     = 0;
+    guint32 initcwnd = 0;
+    guint32 initrwnd = 0;
+    guint32 mtu      = 0;
+    guint32 lock     = 0;
+
+    if (!nlmsg_valid_hdr(nlh, sizeof(*rtm)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    rtm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    /*****************************************************************
+     * only handle ~supported~ routes.
+     *****************************************************************/
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(rtm->rtm_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(rtm->rtm_type, RTN_UNICAST, RTN_LOCAL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(struct rtmsg), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    is_v4    = rtm->rtm_family == AF_INET;
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (rtm->rtm_dst_len > (is_v4 ? 32 : 128))
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************
+     * parse nexthops. Only handle routes with one nh.
+     *****************************************************************/
+
+    if (tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]) {
+        size_t            tlen = nla_len(tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]);
+        struct rtnexthop *rtnh;
+
+        if (tlen < sizeof(*rtnh))
+            goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+        rtnh = nla_data_as(struct rtnexthop, tb[RTA_MULTIPATH]);
+
+        if (tlen < rtnh->rtnh_len)
+            goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+        while (TRUE) {
+            if (nh.is_present) {
+                /* we don't support multipath routes. */
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            nh.is_present = TRUE;
+            nh.ifindex    = rtnh->rtnh_ifindex;
+
+            if (rtnh->rtnh_len > sizeof(*rtnh)) {
+                struct nlattr *ntb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+
+                if (nla_parse_arr(ntb,
+                                  (struct nlattr *) RTNH_DATA(rtnh),
+                                  rtnh->rtnh_len - sizeof(*rtnh),
+                                  policy)
+                    < 0)
+                    return NULL;
+
+                if (_check_addr_or_return_null(ntb, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len))
+                    memcpy(&nh.gateway, nla_data(ntb[RTA_GATEWAY]), addr_len);
+            }
+
+            if (tlen < RTNH_ALIGN(rtnh->rtnh_len) + sizeof(*rtnh))
+                goto rta_multipath_done;
+
+            tlen -= RTNH_ALIGN(rtnh->rtnh_len);
+            rtnh = RTNH_NEXT(rtnh);
+        }
+rta_multipath_done:;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[RTA_OIF] || tb[RTA_GATEWAY] || tb[RTA_FLOW]) {
+        int      ifindex = 0;
+        NMIPAddr gateway = {};
+
+        if (tb[RTA_OIF])
+            ifindex = nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_OIF]);
+        if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len))
+            memcpy(&gateway, nla_data(tb[RTA_GATEWAY]), addr_len);
+
+        if (!nh.is_present) {
+            /* If no nexthops have been provided via RTA_MULTIPATH
+             * we add it as regular nexthop to maintain backwards
+             * compatibility */
+            nh.ifindex = ifindex;
+            nh.gateway = gateway;
+        } else {
+            /* Kernel supports new style nexthop configuration,
+             * verify that it is a duplicate and ignore old-style nexthop. */
+            if (nh.ifindex != ifindex || memcmp(&nh.gateway, &gateway, addr_len) != 0)
+                return NULL;
+        }
+    } else if (!nh.is_present)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    mss = 0;
+    if (tb[RTA_METRICS]) {
+        static const struct nla_policy rtax_policy[] = {
+            [RTAX_LOCK]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_ADVMSS]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_WINDOW]   = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_CWND]     = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_INITCWND] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_INITRWND] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+            [RTAX_MTU]      = {.type = NLA_U32},
+        };
+        struct nlattr *mtb[G_N_ELEMENTS(rtax_policy)];
+
+        if (nla_parse_nested_arr(mtb, tb[RTA_METRICS], rtax_policy) < 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (mtb[RTAX_LOCK])
+            lock = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_LOCK]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_ADVMSS])
+            mss = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_ADVMSS]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_WINDOW])
+            window = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_WINDOW]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_CWND])
+            cwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_CWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_INITCWND])
+            initcwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_INITCWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_INITRWND])
+            initrwnd = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_INITRWND]);
+        if (mtb[RTAX_MTU])
+            mtu = nla_get_u32(mtb[RTAX_MTU]);
+    }
+
+    /*****************************************************************/
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(is_v4 ? NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE : NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, NULL);
+
+    obj->ip_route.type_coerced  = nm_platform_route_type_coerce(rtm->rtm_type);
+    obj->ip_route.table_coerced = nm_platform_route_table_coerce(
+        tb[RTA_TABLE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_TABLE]) : (guint32) rtm->rtm_table);
+
+    obj->ip_route.ifindex = nh.ifindex;
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_DST, addr_len))
+        memcpy(obj->ip_route.network_ptr, nla_data(tb[RTA_DST]), addr_len);
+
+    obj->ip_route.plen = rtm->rtm_dst_len;
+
+    if (tb[RTA_PRIORITY])
+        obj->ip_route.metric = nla_get_u32(tb[RTA_PRIORITY]);
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.gateway = nh.gateway.addr4;
+    else
+        obj->ip6_route.gateway = nh.gateway.addr6;
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.scope_inv = nm_platform_route_scope_inv(rtm->rtm_scope);
+
+    if (_check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len)) {
+        if (is_v4)
+            memcpy(&obj->ip4_route.pref_src, nla_data(tb[RTA_PREFSRC]), addr_len);
+        else
+            memcpy(&obj->ip6_route.pref_src, nla_data(tb[RTA_PREFSRC]), addr_len);
+    }
+
+    if (is_v4)
+        obj->ip4_route.tos = rtm->rtm_tos;
+    else {
+        if (tb[RTA_SRC]) {
+            _check_addr_or_return_null(tb, RTA_SRC, addr_len);
+            memcpy(&obj->ip6_route.src, nla_data(tb[RTA_SRC]), addr_len);
+        }
+        obj->ip6_route.src_plen = rtm->rtm_src_len;
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_route.mss           = mss;
+    obj->ip_route.window        = window;
+    obj->ip_route.cwnd          = cwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.initcwnd      = initcwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.initrwnd      = initrwnd;
+    obj->ip_route.mtu           = mtu;
+    obj->ip_route.lock_window   = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_WINDOW);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_cwnd     = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_CWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_initcwnd = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_INITCWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_initrwnd = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_INITRWND);
+    obj->ip_route.lock_mtu      = NM_FLAGS_HAS(lock, 1 << RTAX_MTU);
+
+    if (!is_v4) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF)) {
+            /* Detect support for RTA_PREF by inspecting the netlink message.
+             * RTA_PREF was added in kernel 4.1, dated 21 June, 2015. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_RTA_PREF,
+                                             tb[RTA_PREF] ? 1 : -1);
+        }
+
+        if (tb[RTA_PREF])
+            obj->ip6_route.rt_pref = nla_get_u8(tb[RTA_PREF]);
+    }
+
+    obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags = rtm->rtm_flags;
+    obj->ip_route.rt_source   = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_from_rtprot(rtm->rtm_protocol);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_routing_rule(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [FRA_UNSPEC] = {},
+        [FRA_DST]    = {/* struct in_addr, struct in6_addr */},
+        [FRA_SRC]    = {/* struct in_addr, struct in6_addr */},
+        [FRA_IIFNAME] =
+            {
+                .type   = NLA_STRING,
+                .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ,
+            },
+        [FRA_GOTO] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_UNUSED2] = {},
+        [FRA_PRIORITY] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_UNUSED3] = {},
+        [FRA_UNUSED4] = {},
+        [FRA_UNUSED5] = {},
+        [FRA_FWMARK] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_FLOW] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_TUN_ID] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U64,
+            },
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_TABLE] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_FWMASK] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_OIFNAME] =
+            {
+                .type   = NLA_STRING,
+                .maxlen = IFNAMSIZ,
+            },
+        [FRA_PAD] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U32,
+            },
+        [FRA_L3MDEV] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_UID_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange),
+            },
+        [FRA_PROTOCOL] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_IP_PROTO] =
+            {
+                .type = NLA_U8,
+            },
+        [FRA_SPORT_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+            },
+        [FRA_DPORT_RANGE] =
+            {
+                .minlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+                .maxlen = sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange),
+            },
+    };
+    struct nlattr *            tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct fib_rule_hdr *frh;
+    NMPlatformRoutingRule *    props;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    int                       addr_family;
+    guint8                    addr_size;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*frh), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    frh = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    addr_family = frh->family;
+
+    if (!NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+        /* we don't care about other address families. */
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    addr_size = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(addr_family);
+
+    obj   = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, NULL);
+    props = &obj->routing_rule;
+
+    props->addr_family = addr_family;
+    props->action      = frh->action;
+    props->flags       = frh->flags;
+    props->tos         = frh->tos;
+
+    props->table = tb[FRA_TABLE] ? nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_TABLE]) : frh->table;
+
+    if (tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN])
+        props->suppress_prefixlen_inverse = ~nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP])
+        props->suppress_ifgroup_inverse = ~nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_IIFNAME])
+        nla_strlcpy(props->iifname, tb[FRA_IIFNAME], sizeof(props->iifname));
+
+    if (tb[FRA_OIFNAME])
+        nla_strlcpy(props->oifname, tb[FRA_OIFNAME], sizeof(props->oifname));
+
+    if (tb[FRA_PRIORITY])
+        props->priority = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_PRIORITY]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FWMARK])
+        props->fwmark = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FWMARK]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FWMASK])
+        props->fwmask = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FWMASK]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_GOTO])
+        props->goto_target = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_GOTO]);
+
+    props->src_len = frh->src_len;
+    if (props->src_len > addr_size * 8)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!tb[FRA_SRC]) {
+        if (props->src_len > 0)
+            return NULL;
+    } else if (!nm_ip_addr_set_from_untrusted(addr_family,
+                                              &props->src,
+                                              nla_data(tb[FRA_SRC]),
+                                              nla_len(tb[FRA_SRC]),
+                                              NULL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    props->dst_len = frh->dst_len;
+    if (props->dst_len > addr_size * 8)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!tb[FRA_DST]) {
+        if (props->dst_len > 0)
+            return NULL;
+    } else if (!nm_ip_addr_set_from_untrusted(addr_family,
+                                              &props->dst,
+                                              nla_data(tb[FRA_DST]),
+                                              nla_len(tb[FRA_DST]),
+                                              NULL))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (tb[FRA_FLOW])
+        props->flow = nla_get_u32(tb[FRA_FLOW]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_TUN_ID])
+        props->tun_id = nla_get_be64(tb[FRA_TUN_ID]);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_L3MDEV]) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV)) {
+            /* support for FRA_L3MDEV was added in 96c63fa7393d0a346acfe5a91e0c7d4c7782641b,
+             * kernel 4.8, 3 October 2017.
+             *
+             * We can only detect support if the attribute is present. A missing attribute
+             * is not conclusive. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_L3MDEV, 1);
+        }
+
+        /* actually, kernel only allows this attribute to be missing or
+         * "1". Still, encode it as full uint8.
+         *
+         * Note that FRA_L3MDEV and FRA_TABLE are mutally exclusive. */
+        props->l3mdev = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_L3MDEV]);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[FRA_PROTOCOL])
+        props->protocol = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_PROTOCOL]);
+    else
+        nm_assert(props->protocol == RTPROT_UNSPEC);
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL)) {
+        /* FRA_PROTOCOL was added in kernel 4.17, dated 3 June, 2018.
+         * See commit 1b71af6053af1bd2f849e9fda4f71c1e3f145dcf. */
+        _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_PROTOCOL,
+                                         tb[FRA_PROTOCOL] ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    if (tb[FRA_IP_PROTO])
+        props->ip_proto = nla_get_u8(tb[FRA_IP_PROTO]);
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(NMFibRulePortRange) == 4);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRulePortRange, start) == 0);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRulePortRange, end) == 2);
+
+    nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->sport_range, tb[FRA_SPORT_RANGE], sizeof(props->sport_range));
+    nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->dport_range, tb[FRA_DPORT_RANGE], sizeof(props->dport_range));
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO)) {
+        /* support for FRA_IP_PROTO, FRA_SPORT_RANGE, and FRA_DPORT_RANGE was added together
+         * by bfff4862653bb96001ab57c1edd6d03f48e5f035, kernel 4.17, 4 June 2018.
+         *
+         * Unfortunately, a missing attribute does not tell us anything about support.
+         * We can only tell for sure when we have support, but not when we don't have.  */
+        if (tb[FRA_IP_PROTO] || tb[FRA_SPORT_RANGE] || tb[FRA_DPORT_RANGE])
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_IP_PROTO, 1);
+    }
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(NMFibRuleUidRange) == 8);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRuleUidRange, start) == 0);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT_EXPR(G_STRUCT_OFFSET(NMFibRuleUidRange, end) == 4);
+
+    if (tb[FRA_UID_RANGE]) {
+        if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE)) {
+            /* support for FRA_UID_RANGE was added in 622ec2c9d52405973c9f1ca5116eb1c393adfc7d,
+             * kernel 4.10, 19 February 2017.
+             *
+             * We can only detect support if the attribute is present. A missing attribute
+             * is not conclusive. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_FRA_UID_RANGE, 1);
+        }
+
+        nla_memcpy_checked_size(&props->uid_range, tb[FRA_UID_RANGE], sizeof(props->uid_range));
+        props->uid_range_has = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static guint32
+psched_tick_to_time(NMPlatform *platform, guint32 tick)
+{
+    static gboolean initialized;
+    static double   tick_in_usec = 1;
+
+    if (!initialized) {
+        gs_free char *params       = NULL;
+        double        clock_factor = 1;
+        guint32       clock_res;
+        guint32       t2us;
+        guint32       us2t;
+
+        initialized = TRUE;
+        params = nm_platform_sysctl_get(platform, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/proc/net/psched"));
+        if (!params || sscanf(params, "%08x%08x%08x", &t2us, &us2t, &clock_res) != 3) {
+            _LOGW("packet scheduler parameters not available");
+        } else {
+            /* See tc_core_init() in iproute2 */
+            if (clock_res == 1000000000)
+                t2us = us2t;
+
+            clock_factor = (double) clock_res / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC;
+            tick_in_usec = (double) t2us / us2t * clock_factor;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return tick / tick_in_usec;
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_qdisc(NMPlatform *platform, struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [TCA_KIND]    = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+        [TCA_OPTIONS] = {.type = NLA_NESTED},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    const struct tcmsg *tcm;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*tcm), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[TCA_KIND])
+        return NULL;
+
+    tcm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, NULL);
+
+    obj->qdisc.kind        = g_intern_string(nla_get_string(tb[TCA_KIND]));
+    obj->qdisc.ifindex     = tcm->tcm_ifindex;
+    obj->qdisc.addr_family = tcm->tcm_family;
+    obj->qdisc.handle      = tcm->tcm_handle;
+    obj->qdisc.parent      = tcm->tcm_parent;
+    obj->qdisc.info        = tcm->tcm_info;
+
+    if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "fq_codel")) {
+        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.memory_limit = NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET;
+        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ce_threshold = NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED;
+    }
+
+    if (tb[TCA_OPTIONS]) {
+        struct nlattr *options_attr;
+        int            remaining;
+
+        if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "sfq")) {
+            struct tc_sfq_qopt_v1 opt;
+
+            if (tb[TCA_OPTIONS]->nla_len >= nla_attr_size(sizeof(opt))) {
+                memcpy(&opt, nla_data(tb[TCA_OPTIONS]), sizeof(opt));
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.quantum        = opt.v0.quantum;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.perturb_period = opt.v0.perturb_period;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.limit          = opt.v0.limit;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.divisor        = opt.v0.divisor;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.flows          = opt.v0.flows;
+                obj->qdisc.sfq.depth          = opt.depth;
+            }
+        } else if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "tbf")) {
+            static const struct nla_policy tbf_policy[] = {
+                [TCA_TBF_PARMS]  = {.minlen = sizeof(struct tc_tbf_qopt)},
+                [TCA_TBF_RATE64] = {.type = NLA_U64},
+            };
+            struct nlattr *    tbf_tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(tbf_policy)];
+            struct tc_tbf_qopt opt;
+
+            if (nla_parse_nested_arr(tbf_tb, tb[TCA_OPTIONS], tbf_policy) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+            if (!tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_PARMS])
+                return NULL;
+
+            nla_memcpy_checked_size(&opt, tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_PARMS], sizeof(opt));
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.rate = opt.rate.rate;
+            if (tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_RATE64])
+                obj->qdisc.tbf.rate = nla_get_u64(tbf_tb[TCA_TBF_RATE64]);
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.burst =
+                ((double) obj->qdisc.tbf.rate * psched_tick_to_time(platform, opt.buffer))
+                / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC;
+            obj->qdisc.tbf.limit = opt.limit;
+        } else {
+            nla_for_each_nested (options_attr, tb[TCA_OPTIONS], remaining) {
+                if (nla_len(options_attr) < sizeof(uint32_t))
+                    continue;
+
+                if (nm_streq0(obj->qdisc.kind, "fq_codel")) {
+                    switch (nla_type(options_attr)) {
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_LIMIT:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.limit = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_FLOWS:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.flows = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_TARGET:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.target = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_INTERVAL:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.interval = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_QUANTUM:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.quantum = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ce_threshold = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.memory_limit = nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    case TCA_FQ_CODEL_ECN:
+                        obj->qdisc.fq_codel.ecn = !!nla_get_u32(options_attr);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&obj);
+}
+
+static NMPObject *
+_new_from_nl_tfilter(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, gboolean id_only)
+{
+    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+        [TCA_KIND] = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+    };
+    struct nlattr *     tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+    NMPObject *         obj = NULL;
+    const struct tcmsg *tcm;
+
+    if (nlmsg_parse_arr(nlh, sizeof(*tcm), tb, policy) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!tb[TCA_KIND])
+        return NULL;
+
+    tcm = nlmsg_data(nlh);
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new(NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, NULL);
+
+    obj->tfilter.kind        = g_intern_string(nla_get_string(tb[TCA_KIND]));
+    obj->tfilter.ifindex     = tcm->tcm_ifindex;
+    obj->tfilter.addr_family = tcm->tcm_family;
+    obj->tfilter.handle      = tcm->tcm_handle;
+    obj->tfilter.parent      = tcm->tcm_parent;
+    obj->tfilter.info        = tcm->tcm_info;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nmp_object_new_from_nl:
+ * @platform: (allow-none): for creating certain objects, the constructor wants to check
+ *   sysfs. For this the platform instance is needed. If missing, the object might not
+ *   be correctly detected.
+ * @cache: (allow-none): for certain objects, the netlink message doesn't contain all the information.
+ *   If a cache is given, the object is completed with information from the cache.
+ * @nlh: the netlink message header
+ * @id_only: whether only to create an empty object with only the ID fields set.
+ *
+ * Returns: %NULL or a newly created NMPObject instance.
+ **/
+static NMPObject *
+nmp_object_new_from_nl(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                       const NMPCache *cache,
+                       struct nl_msg * msg,
+                       gboolean        id_only)
+{
+    struct nlmsghdr *msghdr;
+
+    if (nlmsg_get_proto(msg) != NETLINK_ROUTE)
+        return NULL;
+
+    msghdr = nlmsg_hdr(msg);
+
+    switch (msghdr->nlmsg_type) {
+    case RTM_NEWLINK:
+    case RTM_DELLINK:
+    case RTM_GETLINK:
+    case RTM_SETLINK:
+        return _new_from_nl_link(platform, cache, msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWADDR:
+    case RTM_DELADDR:
+    case RTM_GETADDR:
+        return _new_from_nl_addr(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+    case RTM_DELROUTE:
+    case RTM_GETROUTE:
+        return _new_from_nl_route(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWRULE:
+    case RTM_DELRULE:
+    case RTM_GETRULE:
+        return _new_from_nl_routing_rule(msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWQDISC:
+    case RTM_DELQDISC:
+    case RTM_GETQDISC:
+        return _new_from_nl_qdisc(platform, msghdr, id_only);
+    case RTM_NEWTFILTER:
+    case RTM_DELTFILTER:
+    case RTM_GETTFILTER:
+        return _new_from_nl_tfilter(msghdr, id_only);
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(struct nl_msg *msg, int addr_gen_mode, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId *iid)
+{
+    struct nlattr *af_spec;
+    struct nlattr *af_attr;
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    if (!(af_spec = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_AF_SPEC)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (addr_gen_mode >= 0 || iid) {
+        if (!(af_attr = nla_nest_start(msg, AF_INET6)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (addr_gen_mode >= 0)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_INET6_ADDR_GEN_MODE, addr_gen_mode);
+
+        if (iid) {
+            struct in6_addr i6_token = {.s6_addr = {
+                                            0,
+                                        }};
+
+            nm_utils_ipv6_addr_set_interface_identifier(&i6_token, *iid);
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_INET6_TOKEN, sizeof(struct in6_addr), &i6_token);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, af_attr);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, af_spec);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo(struct nl_msg *msg, NMLinkType link_type, gconstpointer extra_data)
+{
+    struct nlattr *info;
+    struct nlattr *data = NULL;
+    const char *   kind;
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    kind = nm_link_type_to_rtnl_type_string(link_type);
+    if (!kind)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (!(info = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_LINKINFO)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_INFO_KIND, kind);
+
+    switch (link_type) {
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkBridge *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_FORWARD_DELAY, props->forward_delay);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_HELLO_TIME, props->hello_time);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MAX_AGE, props->max_age);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_AGEING_TIME, props->ageing_time);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_STP_STATE, !!props->stp_state);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_PRIORITY, props->priority);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_VLAN_PROTOCOL, htons(props->vlan_protocol));
+        if (props->vlan_stats_enabled)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_VLAN_STATS_ENABLED, !!props->vlan_stats_enabled);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_BR_GROUP_FWD_MASK, props->group_fwd_mask);
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_BR_GROUP_ADDR, sizeof(props->group_addr), &props->group_addr);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_SNOOPING, !!props->mcast_snooping);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_ROUTER, props->mcast_router);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_USE_IFADDR, !!props->mcast_query_use_ifaddr);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER, !!props->mcast_querier);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_HASH_MAX, props->mcast_hash_max);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_CNT, props->mcast_last_member_count);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_CNT, props->mcast_startup_query_count);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_LAST_MEMBER_INTVL, props->mcast_last_member_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_MEMBERSHIP_INTVL, props->mcast_membership_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERIER_INTVL, props->mcast_querier_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_INTVL, props->mcast_query_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_QUERY_RESPONSE_INTVL, props->mcast_query_response_interval);
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_BR_MCAST_STARTUP_QUERY_INTVL, props->mcast_startup_query_interval);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VLAN_ID, props->id);
+
+        {
+            struct ifla_vlan_flags flags = {
+                .flags = props->flags & NM_VLAN_FLAGS_ALL,
+                .mask  = NM_VLAN_FLAGS_ALL,
+            };
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS, sizeof(flags), &flags);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VRF:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVrf *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VRF_TABLE, props->table);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(extra_data);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_ID, props->id);
+
+        if (props->group)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP, sizeof(props->group), &props->group);
+        else if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->group6))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_GROUP6, sizeof(props->group6), &props->group6);
+
+        if (props->local)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        else if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local6))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LOCAL6, sizeof(props->local6), &props->local6);
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex >= 0)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        if (props->src_port_min || props->src_port_max) {
+            struct nm_ifla_vxlan_port_range port_range = {
+                .low  = htons(props->src_port_min),
+                .high = htons(props->src_port_max),
+            };
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PORT_RANGE, sizeof(port_range), &port_range);
+        }
+
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PORT, htons(props->dst_port));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_AGEING, props->ageing);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LIMIT, props->limit);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_LEARNING, !!props->learning);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_PROXY, !!props->proxy);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_RSC, !!props->rsc);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_L2MISS, !!props->l2miss);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_VXLAN_L3MISS, !!props->l3miss);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH:
+    {
+        const char *           veth_peer = extra_data;
+        const struct ifinfomsg ifi       = {};
+        struct nlattr *        info_peer;
+
+        nm_assert(veth_peer);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        if (!(info_peer = nla_nest_start(msg, 1 /*VETH_INFO_PEER*/)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &ifi) < 0)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_IFNAME, veth_peer);
+        nla_nest_end(msg, info_peer);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkGre *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(props->is_tap == (link_type == NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP));
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_IKEY, htonl(props->input_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_OKEY, htonl(props->output_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS, htons(props->input_flags));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS, htons(props->output_flags));
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkSit *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props = extra_data;
+        guint32                    flowinfo;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(!props->is_gre);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->remote))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, sizeof(props->remote), &props->remote);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_ENCAP_LIMIT, props->encap_limit);
+
+        flowinfo = props->flow_label & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        flowinfo |= (props->tclass << IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT) & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_FLOWINFO, htonl(flowinfo));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PROTO, props->proto);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_FLAGS, props->flags);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props = extra_data;
+        guint32                    flowinfo;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+        nm_assert(props->is_gre);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_IKEY, htonl(props->input_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_OKEY, htonl(props->output_key));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_IFLAGS, htons(props->input_flags));
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_GRE_OFLAGS, htons(props->output_flags));
+
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_GRE_LOCAL, sizeof(props->local), &props->local);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&props->local))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_GRE_REMOTE, sizeof(props->remote), &props->remote);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_GRE_ENCAP_LIMIT, props->encap_limit);
+
+        flowinfo = props->flow_label & IP6_FLOWINFO_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
+        flowinfo |= (props->tclass << IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_SHIFT) & IP6_FLOWINFO_TCLASS_MASK;
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_FLOWINFO, htonl(flowinfo));
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_GRE_FLAGS, props->flags);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->parent_ifindex)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LINK, props->parent_ifindex);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_LOCAL, props->local);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_REMOTE, props->remote);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TTL, props->ttl);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_TOS, props->tos);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_IPTUN_PMTUDISC, !!props->path_mtu_discovery);
+        break;
+    }
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (props->icv_length)
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ICV_LEN, 16);
+        if (props->cipher_suite)
+            NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_CIPHER_SUITE, props->cipher_suite);
+        if (props->replay_protect)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_WINDOW, props->window);
+
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_SCI, htobe64(props->sci));
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ENCODING_SA, props->encoding_sa);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ENCRYPT, props->encrypt);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_PROTECT, props->protect);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_INC_SCI, props->include_sci);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_ES, props->es);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_SCB, props->scb);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_REPLAY_PROTECT, props->replay_protect);
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_MACSEC_VALIDATION, props->validation);
+        break;
+    };
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP:
+    case NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN:
+    {
+        const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props = extra_data;
+
+        nm_assert(props);
+
+        if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE, props->mode);
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_MACVLAN_FLAGS, props->no_promisc ? MACVLAN_FLAG_NOPROMISC : 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!extra_data);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (data)
+        nla_nest_end(msg, data);
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, info);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo_vlan(struct nl_msg *         msg,
+                                   int                     vlan_id,
+                                   guint32                 flags_mask,
+                                   guint32                 flags_set,
+                                   const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_qos,
+                                   int                     ingress_qos_len,
+                                   const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_qos,
+                                   int                     egress_qos_len)
+{
+    struct nlattr *info;
+    struct nlattr *data;
+    guint          i;
+    gboolean       has_any_vlan_properties = FALSE;
+
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HEADERS == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_REORDER_HDR);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_GVRP == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_GVRP);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_LOOSE_BINDING == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_LOOSE_BINDING);
+    G_STATIC_ASSERT(NM_VLAN_FLAG_MVRP == (guint32) VLAN_FLAG_MVRP);
+
+#define VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(from) (((from) & ~(guint32) 0x07) == 0)
+
+    nm_assert(msg);
+
+    /* We must not create an empty IFLA_LINKINFO section. Otherwise, kernel
+     * rejects the request as invalid. */
+    if (flags_mask != 0 || vlan_id >= 0)
+        has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties && ingress_qos && ingress_qos_len > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < ingress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(ingress_qos[i].from)) {
+                has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties && egress_qos && egress_qos_len > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < egress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(egress_qos[i].to)) {
+                has_any_vlan_properties = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!has_any_vlan_properties)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    if (!(info = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_LINKINFO)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_INFO_KIND, "vlan");
+
+    if (!(data = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_INFO_DATA)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (vlan_id >= 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U16(msg, IFLA_VLAN_ID, vlan_id);
+
+    if (flags_mask != 0) {
+        struct ifla_vlan_flags flags = {
+            .flags = flags_mask & flags_set,
+            .mask  = flags_mask,
+        };
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS, sizeof(flags), &flags);
+    }
+
+    if (ingress_qos && ingress_qos_len > 0) {
+        struct nlattr *qos = NULL;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ingress_qos_len; i++) {
+            /* Silently ignore invalid mappings. Kernel would truncate
+             * them and modify the wrong mapping. */
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(ingress_qos[i].from)) {
+                if (!qos) {
+                    if (!(qos = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_VLAN_INGRESS_QOS)))
+                        goto nla_put_failure;
+                }
+                NLA_PUT(msg, i, sizeof(ingress_qos[i]), &ingress_qos[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (qos)
+            nla_nest_end(msg, qos);
+    }
+
+    if (egress_qos && egress_qos_len > 0) {
+        struct nlattr *qos = NULL;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < egress_qos_len; i++) {
+            if (VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(egress_qos[i].to)) {
+                if (!qos) {
+                    if (!(qos = nla_nest_start(msg, IFLA_VLAN_EGRESS_QOS)))
+                        goto nla_put_failure;
+                }
+                NLA_PUT(msg, i, sizeof(egress_qos[i]), &egress_qos[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (qos)
+            nla_nest_end(msg, qos);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, data);
+    nla_nest_end(msg, info);
+
+    return TRUE;
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_link_full(int         nlmsg_type,
+                      int         nlmsg_flags,
+                      int         ifindex,
+                      const char *ifname,
+                      guint8      family,
+                      unsigned    flags_mask,
+                      unsigned    flags_set)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    const struct ifinfomsg       ifi = {
+        .ifi_family = family,
+        .ifi_change = flags_mask,
+        .ifi_flags  = flags_set,
+        .ifi_index  = ifindex,
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_DELLINK, RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_GETLINK, RTM_SETLINK));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &ifi) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (ifname)
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFLA_IFNAME, ifname);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_link(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, int ifindex, const char *ifname)
+{
+    return _nl_msg_new_link_full(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags, ifindex, ifname, AF_UNSPEC, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/* Copied and modified from libnl3's build_addr_msg(). */
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_address(int           nlmsg_type,
+                    int           nlmsg_flags,
+                    int           family,
+                    int           ifindex,
+                    gconstpointer address,
+                    guint8        plen,
+                    gconstpointer peer_address,
+                    guint32       flags,
+                    int           scope,
+                    guint32       lifetime,
+                    guint32       preferred,
+                    in_addr_t     ip4_broadcast_address,
+                    const char *  label)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct ifaddrmsg             am  = {
+        .ifa_family    = family,
+        .ifa_index     = ifindex,
+        .ifa_prefixlen = plen,
+        .ifa_flags     = flags,
+    };
+    gsize addr_len;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWADDR, RTM_DELADDR));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    if (scope == -1) {
+        /* Allow having scope unset, and detect the scope (including IPv4 compatibility hack). */
+        if (family == AF_INET && address && *((char *) address) == 127)
+            scope = RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+        else
+            scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+    }
+    am.ifa_scope = scope,
+
+    addr_len = family == AF_INET ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &am) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_LOCAL, addr_len, address);
+
+    if (peer_address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len, peer_address);
+    else if (address)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_ADDRESS, addr_len, address);
+
+    if (label && label[0])
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, IFA_LABEL, label);
+
+    if (ip4_broadcast_address != 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_BROADCAST, sizeof(in_addr_t), &ip4_broadcast_address);
+
+    if (lifetime != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || preferred != NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT) {
+        struct ifa_cacheinfo ca = {
+            .ifa_valid    = lifetime,
+            .ifa_prefered = preferred,
+        };
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, IFA_CACHEINFO, sizeof(ca), &ca);
+    }
+
+    if (flags & ~((guint32) 0xFF)) {
+        /* only set the IFA_FLAGS attribute, if they actually contain additional
+         * flags that are not already set to am.ifa_flags.
+         *
+         * Older kernels refuse RTM_NEWADDR and RTM_NEWROUTE messages with EINVAL
+         * if they contain unknown netlink attributes. See net/core/rtnetlink.c, which
+         * was fixed by kernel commit 661d2967b3f1b34eeaa7e212e7b9bbe8ee072b59. */
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFA_FLAGS, flags);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static guint32
+ip_route_get_lock_flag(const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    return (((guint32) route->lock_window) << RTAX_WINDOW)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_cwnd) << RTAX_CWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_initcwnd) << RTAX_INITCWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_initrwnd) << RTAX_INITRWND)
+           | (((guint32) route->lock_mtu) << RTAX_MTU);
+}
+
+/* Copied and modified from libnl3's build_route_msg() and rtnl_route_build_msg(). */
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_route(int nlmsg_type, guint16 nlmsgflags, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg   = NULL;
+    const NMPClass *             klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj);
+    gboolean                     is_v4 = klass->addr_family == AF_INET;
+    const guint32                lock  = ip_route_get_lock_flag(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj));
+    const guint32                table =
+        nm_platform_route_table_uncoerce(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->table_coerced, TRUE);
+    const struct rtmsg rtmsg = {
+        .rtm_family   = klass->addr_family,
+        .rtm_tos      = is_v4 ? obj->ip4_route.tos : 0,
+        .rtm_table    = table <= 0xFF ? table : RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
+        .rtm_protocol = nmp_utils_ip_config_source_coerce_to_rtprot(obj->ip_route.rt_source),
+        .rtm_scope =
+            is_v4 ? nm_platform_route_scope_inv(obj->ip4_route.scope_inv) : RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+        .rtm_type    = nm_platform_route_type_uncoerce(NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(obj)->type_coerced),
+        .rtm_flags   = obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags & ((unsigned) (RTNH_F_ONLINK)),
+        .rtm_dst_len = obj->ip_route.plen,
+        .rtm_src_len = is_v4 ? 0 : NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->src_plen,
+    };
+
+    gsize addr_len;
+
+    nm_assert(
+        NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWROUTE, RTM_DELROUTE));
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, (int) nlmsgflags);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &rtmsg) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    addr_len = is_v4 ? sizeof(in_addr_t) : sizeof(struct in6_addr);
+
+    NLA_PUT(msg,
+            RTA_DST,
+            addr_len,
+            is_v4 ? (gconstpointer) &obj->ip4_route.network
+                  : (gconstpointer) &obj->ip6_route.network);
+
+    if (!is_v4) {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->src))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_SRC, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.src);
+    }
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg,
+                RTA_PRIORITY,
+                is_v4 ? nm_platform_ip4_route_get_effective_metric(&obj->ip4_route)
+                      : nm_platform_ip6_route_get_effective_metric(&obj->ip6_route));
+
+    if (table > 0xFF)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTA_TABLE, table);
+
+    if (is_v4) {
+        if (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ROUTE(obj)->pref_src)
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len, &obj->ip4_route.pref_src);
+    } else {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ROUTE(obj)->pref_src))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_PREFSRC, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.pref_src);
+    }
+
+    if (obj->ip_route.mss || obj->ip_route.window || obj->ip_route.cwnd || obj->ip_route.initcwnd
+        || obj->ip_route.initrwnd || obj->ip_route.mtu || lock) {
+        struct nlattr *metrics;
+
+        metrics = nla_nest_start(msg, RTA_METRICS);
+        if (!metrics)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (obj->ip_route.mss)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_ADVMSS, obj->ip_route.mss);
+        if (obj->ip_route.window)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_WINDOW, obj->ip_route.window);
+        if (obj->ip_route.cwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_CWND, obj->ip_route.cwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.initcwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_INITCWND, obj->ip_route.initcwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.initrwnd)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_INITRWND, obj->ip_route.initrwnd);
+        if (obj->ip_route.mtu)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_MTU, obj->ip_route.mtu);
+        if (lock)
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTAX_LOCK, lock);
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, metrics);
+    }
+
+    /* We currently don't have need for multi-hop routes... */
+    if (is_v4) {
+        NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len, &obj->ip4_route.gateway);
+    } else {
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&obj->ip6_route.gateway))
+            NLA_PUT(msg, RTA_GATEWAY, addr_len, &obj->ip6_route.gateway);
+    }
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, RTA_OIF, obj->ip_route.ifindex);
+
+    if (!is_v4 && obj->ip6_route.rt_pref != NM_ICMPV6_ROUTER_PREF_MEDIUM)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, RTA_PREF, obj->ip6_route.rt_pref);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_routing_rule(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    const guint8 addr_size           = nm_utils_addr_family_to_size(routing_rule->addr_family);
+    guint32      table;
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags);
+
+    table = routing_rule->table;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(routing_rule->addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)
+        && routing_rule->action == FR_ACT_TO_TBL && routing_rule->l3mdev == 0
+        && table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
+        /* for IPv6, this setting is invalid and rejected by kernel. That's fine.
+         *
+         * for IPv4, kernel will automatically assign an unused table. That's not
+         * fine, because we don't know what we will get.
+         *
+         * The caller must not allow that to happen. */
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    {
+        const struct fib_rule_hdr frh = {
+            .family  = routing_rule->addr_family,
+            .src_len = routing_rule->src_len,
+            .dst_len = routing_rule->dst_len,
+            .tos     = routing_rule->tos,
+            .table   = table < 0x100u ? (guint8) table : (guint8) RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
+            .action  = routing_rule->action,
+
+            /* we only allow setting the "not" flag. */
+            .flags = routing_rule->flags & ((guint32) FIB_RULE_INVERT),
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &frh) < 0)
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+    }
+
+    if (table > G_MAXINT8)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_TABLE, table);
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN, ~routing_rule->suppress_prefixlen_inverse);
+
+    if (routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_SUPPRESS_IFGROUP, ~routing_rule->suppress_ifgroup_inverse);
+
+    if (routing_rule->iifname[0] != '\0')
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, FRA_IIFNAME, routing_rule->iifname);
+
+    if (routing_rule->oifname[0] != '\0')
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, FRA_OIFNAME, routing_rule->oifname);
+
+    /* we always set the priority and don't support letting kernel pick one. */
+    NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_PRIORITY, routing_rule->priority);
+
+    if (routing_rule->fwmark != 0 || routing_rule->fwmask != 0) {
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FWMARK, routing_rule->fwmark);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FWMASK, routing_rule->fwmask);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->src_len > 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_SRC, addr_size, &routing_rule->src);
+
+    if (routing_rule->dst_len > 0)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_DST, addr_size, &routing_rule->dst);
+
+    if (routing_rule->flow != 0) {
+        /* only relevant for IPv4. */
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_FLOW, routing_rule->flow);
+    }
+
+    if (routing_rule->tun_id != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U64(msg, FRA_TUN_ID, htobe64(routing_rule->tun_id));
+
+    if (routing_rule->l3mdev)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_L3MDEV, routing_rule->l3mdev);
+
+    if (routing_rule->protocol != RTPROT_UNSPEC)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_PROTOCOL, routing_rule->protocol);
+
+    if (routing_rule->ip_proto != 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, FRA_IP_PROTO, routing_rule->ip_proto);
+
+    if (routing_rule->sport_range.start || routing_rule->sport_range.end)
+        NLA_PUT(msg,
+                FRA_SPORT_RANGE,
+                sizeof(routing_rule->sport_range),
+                &routing_rule->sport_range);
+
+    if (routing_rule->dport_range.start || routing_rule->dport_range.end)
+        NLA_PUT(msg,
+                FRA_DPORT_RANGE,
+                sizeof(routing_rule->dport_range),
+                &routing_rule->dport_range);
+
+    if (routing_rule->uid_range_has)
+        NLA_PUT(msg, FRA_UID_RANGE, sizeof(routing_rule->uid_range), &routing_rule->uid_range);
+
+    switch (routing_rule->action) {
+    case FR_ACT_GOTO:
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, FRA_GOTO, routing_rule->goto_target);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_qdisc(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              tc_options;
+    const struct tcmsg           tcm = {
+        .tcm_family  = qdisc->addr_family,
+        .tcm_ifindex = qdisc->ifindex,
+        .tcm_handle  = qdisc->handle,
+        .tcm_parent  = qdisc->parent,
+        .tcm_info    = qdisc->info,
+    };
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &tcm) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_KIND, qdisc->kind);
+
+    if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "sfq")) {
+        struct tc_sfq_qopt_v1 opt = {};
+
+        opt.v0.quantum        = qdisc->sfq.quantum;
+        opt.v0.limit          = qdisc->sfq.limit;
+        opt.v0.perturb_period = qdisc->sfq.perturb_period;
+        opt.v0.flows          = qdisc->sfq.flows;
+        opt.v0.divisor        = qdisc->sfq.divisor;
+        opt.depth             = qdisc->sfq.depth;
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_OPTIONS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+    } else if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "tbf")) {
+        struct tc_tbf_qopt opt = {};
+
+        if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        opt.rate.rate = (qdisc->tbf.rate >= (1ULL << 32)) ? ~0U : (guint32) qdisc->tbf.rate;
+        if (qdisc->tbf.limit)
+            opt.limit = qdisc->tbf.limit;
+        else if (qdisc->tbf.latency) {
+            opt.limit = qdisc->tbf.rate * (double) qdisc->tbf.latency / PSCHED_TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC
+                        + qdisc->tbf.burst;
+        }
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_TBF_PARMS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+        if (qdisc->tbf.rate >= (1ULL << 32))
+            NLA_PUT_U64(msg, TCA_TBF_RATE64, qdisc->tbf.rate);
+        NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_TBF_BURST, qdisc->tbf.burst);
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+    } else if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "prio")) {
+        struct tc_prio_qopt opt = {3, {1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}};
+
+        NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_OPTIONS, sizeof(opt), &opt);
+    } else {
+        if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (nm_streq(qdisc->kind, "fq_codel")) {
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.limit)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_LIMIT, qdisc->fq_codel.limit);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.flows)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_FLOWS, qdisc->fq_codel.flows);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.target)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_TARGET, qdisc->fq_codel.target);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.interval)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_INTERVAL, qdisc->fq_codel.interval);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.quantum)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_QUANTUM, qdisc->fq_codel.quantum);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_CE_THRESHOLD, qdisc->fq_codel.ce_threshold);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit != NM_PLATFORM_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_UNSET)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_MEMORY_LIMIT, qdisc->fq_codel.memory_limit);
+            if (qdisc->fq_codel.ecn)
+                NLA_PUT_U32(msg, TCA_FQ_CODEL_ECN, qdisc->fq_codel.ecn);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_tfilter(int nlmsg_type, int nlmsg_flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              tc_options;
+    struct nlattr *              act_tab;
+    const struct tcmsg           tcm = {
+        .tcm_family  = tfilter->addr_family,
+        .tcm_ifindex = tfilter->ifindex,
+        .tcm_handle  = tfilter->handle,
+        .tcm_parent  = tfilter->parent,
+        .tcm_info    = tfilter->info,
+    };
+
+    msg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(nlmsg_type, nlmsg_flags | NMP_NLM_FLAG_F_ECHO);
+
+    if (nlmsg_append_struct(msg, &tcm) < 0)
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_KIND, tfilter->kind);
+
+    if (!(tc_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (!(act_tab = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_OPTIONS)))  // 3 TCA_ACT_KIND TCA_ACT_KIND
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    if (tfilter->action.kind) {
+        const NMPlatformAction *action = &tfilter->action;
+        struct nlattr *         prio;
+        struct nlattr *         act_options;
+
+        if (!(prio = nla_nest_start(msg, 1 /* priority */)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, TCA_ACT_KIND, action->kind);
+
+        if (nm_streq(action->kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_SIMPLE)) {
+            const NMPlatformActionSimple *simple = &action->simple;
+            struct tc_defact              sel    = {
+                0,
+            };
+
+            if (!(act_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_ACT_OPTIONS)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_DEF_PARMS, sizeof(sel), &sel);
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_DEF_DATA, sizeof(simple->sdata), simple->sdata);
+
+            nla_nest_end(msg, act_options);
+
+        } else if (nm_streq(action->kind, NM_PLATFORM_ACTION_KIND_MIRRED)) {
+            const NMPlatformActionMirred *mirred = &action->mirred;
+            struct tc_mirred              sel    = {
+                0,
+            };
+
+            if (!(act_options = nla_nest_start(msg, TCA_ACT_OPTIONS)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            if (mirred->egress && mirred->redirect)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_EGRESS_REDIR;
+            else if (mirred->egress && mirred->mirror)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_EGRESS_MIRROR;
+            else if (mirred->ingress && mirred->redirect)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_INGRESS_REDIR;
+            else if (mirred->ingress && mirred->mirror)
+                sel.eaction = TCA_INGRESS_MIRROR;
+            sel.ifindex = mirred->ifindex;
+
+            NLA_PUT(msg, TCA_MIRRED_PARMS, sizeof(sel), &sel);
+
+            nla_nest_end(msg, act_options);
+        }
+
+        nla_nest_end(msg, prio);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, tc_options);
+
+    nla_nest_end(msg, act_tab);
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&msg);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static struct nl_sock *
+_genl_sock(NMLinuxPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+
+    return priv->genl;
+}
+
+#define ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path)                                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                \
+    {                                                                                           \
+        const char *const _pathid = (pathid);                                                   \
+        const int         _dirfd  = (dirfd);                                                    \
+        const char *const _path   = (path);                                                     \
+                                                                                                \
+        nm_assert(_path &&_path[0]);                                                            \
+        g_assert(!strstr(_path, "/../"));                                                       \
+        if (_dirfd < 0) {                                                                       \
+            nm_assert(!_pathid);                                                                \
+            nm_assert(_path[0] == '/');                                                         \
+            nm_assert(g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/proc/sys/") || g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/sys/") \
+                      || g_str_has_prefix(_path, "/proc/net"));                                 \
+        } else {                                                                                \
+            nm_assert(_pathid &&_pathid[0] && _pathid[0] != '/');                               \
+            nm_assert(_path[0] != '/');                                                         \
+        }                                                                                       \
+    }                                                                                           \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* core sysctl-set functions can be called from a non-main thread.
+ * Hence, we require locking from nm-logging. Indicate that by
+ * setting NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD to zero. */
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 0
+
+static void
+_log_dbg_sysctl_set_impl(NMPlatform *platform,
+                         const char *pathid,
+                         int         dirfd,
+                         const char *path,
+                         const char *value)
+{
+    GError *      error         = NULL;
+    gs_free char *contents      = NULL;
+    gs_free char *value_escaped = g_strescape(value, NULL);
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    path,
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    &error)) {
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value cannot be read: %s)",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped,
+              error->message);
+        g_clear_error(&error);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_strstrip(contents);
+    if (nm_streq(contents, value))
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value is identical)",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped);
+    else {
+        gs_free char *contents_escaped = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+
+        _LOGD("sysctl: setting '%s' to '%s' (current value is '%s')",
+              pathid ?: path,
+              value_escaped,
+              contents_escaped);
+    }
+}
+
+#define _log_dbg_sysctl_set(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value)           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                            \
+    {                                                                       \
+        if (_LOGD_ENABLED()) {                                              \
+            _log_dbg_sysctl_set_impl(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value); \
+        }                                                                   \
+    }                                                                       \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static gboolean
+sysctl_set_internal(NMPlatform *platform,
+                    const char *pathid,
+                    int         dirfd,
+                    const char *path,
+                    const char *value)
+{
+    int           fd, tries;
+    gssize        nwrote;
+    gssize        len;
+    char *        actual;
+    gs_free char *actual_free = NULL;
+    int           errsv;
+
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        pathid = path;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == ENOENT) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: failed to open '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            } else {
+                _LOGE("sysctl: failed to open '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            }
+            errno = errsv;
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    } else {
+        fd = openat(dirfd, path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == ENOENT) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: failed to openat '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            } else {
+                _LOGE("sysctl: failed to openat '%s': (%d) %s",
+                      pathid,
+                      errsv,
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            }
+            errno = errsv;
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    _log_dbg_sysctl_set(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+
+    /* Most sysfs and sysctl options don't care about a trailing LF, while some
+     * (like infiniband) do.  So always add the LF.  Also, neither sysfs nor
+     * sysctl support partial writes so the LF must be added to the string we're
+     * about to write.
+     */
+    len = strlen(value) + 1;
+    nm_assert(len > 0);
+    if (len > 512)
+        actual = actual_free = g_malloc(len + 1);
+    else
+        actual = g_alloca(len + 1);
+    memcpy(actual, value, len - 1);
+    actual[len - 1] = '\n';
+    actual[len]     = '\0';
+
+    /* Try to write the entire value three times if a partial write occurs */
+    errsv = 0;
+    for (tries = 0, nwrote = 0; tries < 3 && nwrote < len - 1; tries++) {
+        nwrote = write(fd, actual, len);
+        if (nwrote == -1) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == EINTR) {
+                _LOGD("sysctl: interrupted, will try again");
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (nwrote == -1) {
+        NMLogLevel level = LOGL_ERR;
+
+        if (errsv == EEXIST) {
+            level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        } else if (errsv == EINVAL
+                   && nm_utils_sysctl_ip_conf_is_path(AF_INET6, path, NULL, "mtu")) {
+            /* setting the MTU can fail under regular conditions. Suppress
+             * logging a warning. */
+            level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        }
+
+        _NMLOG(level,
+               "sysctl: failed to set '%s' to '%s': (%d) %s",
+               path,
+               value,
+               errsv,
+               nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+    } else if (nwrote < len - 1) {
+        _LOGE("sysctl: failed to set '%s' to '%s' after three attempts", path, value);
+    }
+
+    if (nwrote < len - 1) {
+        if (nm_close(fd) != 0) {
+            if (errsv != 0)
+                errno = errsv;
+        } else if (errsv != 0)
+            errno = errsv;
+        else
+            errno = EIO;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (nm_close(fd) != 0) {
+        /* errno is already properly set. */
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* success. errno is undefined (no need to set). */
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+#undef NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+#define NM_THREAD_SAFE_ON_MAIN_THREAD 1
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+sysctl_set(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, const char *value)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(path, FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(value, FALSE);
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd < 0 && !nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        errno = ENETDOWN;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return sysctl_set_internal(platform, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    NMPlatform *            platform;
+    char *                  pathid;
+    int                     dirfd;
+    char *                  path;
+    char **                 values;
+    GCancellable *          cancellable;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+} SysctlAsyncInfo;
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_info_free(SysctlAsyncInfo *info)
+{
+    g_object_unref(info->platform);
+    g_free(info->pathid);
+    if (info->dirfd >= 0)
+        nm_close(info->dirfd);
+    g_free(info->path);
+    g_strfreev(info->values);
+    g_object_unref(info->cancellable);
+    g_slice_free(SysctlAsyncInfo, info);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_cb(GObject *object, GAsyncResult *res, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMPlatform *     platform;
+    GTask *          task = G_TASK(res);
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *info;
+    gs_free_error GError *error      = NULL;
+    gs_free char *        values_str = NULL;
+
+    info = g_task_get_task_data(task);
+
+    if (g_task_propagate_boolean(task, &error)) {
+        platform = info->platform;
+        _LOGD("sysctl: successfully set-async '%s' to values '%s'",
+              info->pathid ?: info->path,
+              (values_str = g_strjoinv(", ", info->values)));
+    }
+
+    if (info->callback)
+        info->callback(error, info->callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_async_thread_fn(GTask *       task,
+                       gpointer      source_object,
+                       gpointer      task_data,
+                       GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *           info  = task_data;
+    GError *                    error = NULL;
+    char **                     value;
+
+    if (g_task_return_error_if_cancelled(task))
+        return;
+
+    if (info->dirfd < 0 && !nm_platform_netns_push(info->platform, &netns)) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "sysctl: failed changing namespace");
+        g_task_return_error(task, error);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (value = info->values; *value; value++) {
+        if (!sysctl_set_internal(info->platform, info->pathid, info->dirfd, info->path, *value)) {
+            g_set_error(&error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "sysctl: failed setting '%s' to value '%s': %s",
+                        info->pathid ?: info->path,
+                        *value,
+                        nm_strerror_native(errno));
+            g_task_return_error(task, error);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (g_task_return_error_if_cancelled(task))
+            return;
+    }
+    g_task_return_boolean(task, TRUE);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_set_async_return_idle(gpointer user_data, GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform  = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *cancelled_error = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *  error         = NULL;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+
+    nm_utils_user_data_unpack(user_data, &platform, &callback, &callback_data, &error);
+    g_cancellable_set_error_if_cancelled(cancellable, &cancelled_error);
+    callback(cancelled_error ?: error, callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+sysctl_set_async(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                 const char *            pathid,
+                 int                     dirfd,
+                 const char *            path,
+                 const char *const *     values,
+                 NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                 gpointer                data,
+                 GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    SysctlAsyncInfo *info;
+    GTask *          task;
+    int              dirfd_dup, errsv;
+    gpointer         packed;
+    GError *         error = NULL;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(platform);
+    g_return_if_fail(path);
+    g_return_if_fail(values && values[0]);
+    g_return_if_fail(cancellable);
+    g_return_if_fail(!data || callback);
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd >= 0) {
+        dirfd_dup = fcntl(dirfd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (dirfd_dup < 0) {
+            if (!callback)
+                return;
+            errsv = errno;
+            g_set_error(&error,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                        NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                        "sysctl: failure duplicating directory fd: %s",
+                        nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+            packed = nm_utils_user_data_pack(g_object_ref(platform), callback, data, error);
+            nm_utils_invoke_on_idle(cancellable, sysctl_set_async_return_idle, packed);
+            return;
+        }
+    } else
+        dirfd_dup = -1;
+
+    info                = g_slice_new0(SysctlAsyncInfo);
+    info->platform      = g_object_ref(platform);
+    info->pathid        = g_strdup(pathid);
+    info->dirfd         = dirfd_dup;
+    info->path          = g_strdup(path);
+    info->values        = g_strdupv((char **) values);
+    info->callback      = callback;
+    info->callback_data = data;
+    info->cancellable   = g_object_ref(cancellable);
+
+    task = g_task_new(platform, cancellable, sysctl_async_cb, NULL);
+    g_task_set_task_data(task, info, (GDestroyNotify) sysctl_async_info_free);
+    g_task_set_return_on_cancel(task, FALSE);
+    g_task_run_in_thread(task, sysctl_async_thread_fn);
+    g_object_unref(task);
+}
+
+static GSList *sysctl_clear_cache_list;
+
+void
+_nm_logging_clear_platform_logging_cache(void)
+{
+    while (sysctl_clear_cache_list) {
+        NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(sysctl_clear_cache_list->data);
+
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list =
+            g_slist_delete_link(sysctl_clear_cache_list, sysctl_clear_cache_list);
+
+        g_hash_table_destroy(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values);
+        priv->sysctl_get_prev_values = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *path;
+    CList       lst;
+    char *      value;
+    char        path_data[];
+} SysctlCacheEntry;
+
+static void
+sysctl_cache_entry_free(SysctlCacheEntry *entry)
+{
+    c_list_unlink_stale(&entry->lst);
+    g_free(entry->value);
+    g_free(entry);
+}
+
+static void
+_log_dbg_sysctl_get_impl(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, const char *contents)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    SysctlCacheEntry *      entry = NULL;
+
+    if (!priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) {
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list = g_slist_prepend(sysctl_clear_cache_list, platform);
+        c_list_init(&priv->sysctl_list);
+        priv->sysctl_get_prev_values =
+            g_hash_table_new_full(nm_pstr_hash,
+                                  nm_pstr_equal,
+                                  (GDestroyNotify) sysctl_cache_entry_free,
+                                  NULL);
+    } else
+        entry = g_hash_table_lookup(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, &pathid);
+
+    if (entry) {
+        if (!nm_streq(entry->value, contents)) {
+            gs_free char *contents_escaped   = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+            gs_free char *prev_value_escaped = g_strescape(entry->value, NULL);
+
+            _LOGD("sysctl: reading '%s': '%s' (changed from '%s' on last read)",
+                  pathid,
+                  contents_escaped,
+                  prev_value_escaped);
+            g_free(entry->value);
+            entry->value = g_strdup(contents);
+        }
+        nm_c_list_move_front(&priv->sysctl_list, &entry->lst);
+    } else {
+        gs_free char *    contents_escaped = g_strescape(contents, NULL);
+        SysctlCacheEntry *old;
+        size_t            len;
+
+        len          = strlen(pathid);
+        entry        = g_malloc(sizeof(SysctlCacheEntry) + len + 1);
+        entry->value = g_strdup(contents);
+        entry->path  = entry->path_data;
+        memcpy(entry->path_data, pathid, len + 1);
+
+        /* Remove oldest entry when the cache becomes too big */
+        if (g_hash_table_size(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) > 1000) {
+            old = c_list_last_entry(&priv->sysctl_list, SysctlCacheEntry, lst);
+            g_hash_table_remove(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, old);
+        }
+
+        _LOGD("sysctl: reading '%s': '%s'", pathid, contents_escaped);
+
+        g_hash_table_add(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values, entry);
+        c_list_link_front(&priv->sysctl_list, &entry->lst);
+    }
+}
+
+#define _log_dbg_sysctl_get(platform, pathid, contents)           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                  \
+    {                                                             \
+        if (_LOGD_ENABLED())                                      \
+            _log_dbg_sysctl_get_impl(platform, pathid, contents); \
+    }                                                             \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+static char *
+sysctl_get(NMPlatform *platform, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns    = NULL;
+    GError *                    error    = NULL;
+    gs_free char *              contents = NULL;
+
+    ASSERT_SYSCTL_ARGS(pathid, dirfd, path);
+
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+            errno = EBUSY;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        pathid = path;
+    }
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_get_contents(dirfd,
+                                    path,
+                                    1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                    NM_UTILS_FILE_GET_CONTENTS_FLAG_NONE,
+                                    &contents,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    &error)) {
+        NMLogLevel log_level = LOGL_ERR;
+        int        errsv     = EBUSY;
+
+        if (g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_NOENT)) {
+            errsv     = ENOENT;
+            log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        } else if (g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_NODEV)
+                   || g_error_matches(error, G_FILE_ERROR, G_FILE_ERROR_FAILED)) {
+            /* We assume FAILED means EOPNOTSUP and don't log a error message. */
+            log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        }
+
+        _NMLOG(log_level, "error reading %s: %s", pathid, error->message);
+        g_clear_error(&error);
+        errno = errsv;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    g_strstrip(contents);
+
+    _log_dbg_sysctl_get(platform, pathid, contents);
+
+    /* errno is left undefined (as we don't return NULL). */
+    return g_steal_pointer(&contents);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+process_events(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static const RefreshAllInfo *
+refresh_all_type_get_info(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type)
+{
+    static const RefreshAllInfo infos[] = {
+#define R(_refresh_all_type, _obj_type, _addr_family) \
+    [_refresh_all_type] = {                           \
+        .obj_type    = _obj_type,                     \
+        .addr_family = _addr_family,                  \
+    }
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, AF_INET),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE, AF_INET6),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC, AF_UNSPEC),
+        R(REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER, AF_UNSPEC),
+#undef R
+    };
+
+    nm_assert(_NM_INT_NOT_NEGATIVE(refresh_all_type));
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type < G_N_ELEMENTS(infos));
+    nm_assert(nmp_class_from_type(infos[refresh_all_type].obj_type));
+
+    return &infos[refresh_all_type];
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFINE(
+    delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type,
+    DelayedActionType,
+    RefreshAllType,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT_NM_ASSERT(0),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+                         REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS, REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE_OTHER(), );
+
+static DelayedActionType
+delayed_action_type_from_refresh_all_type(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type)
+{
+    DelayedActionType t;
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type));
+
+    t = (((DelayedActionType) 1) << refresh_all_type);
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_type == delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(t));
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+static RefreshAllType
+refresh_all_type_from_needle_object(const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_needle)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESSES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESSES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP4_ROUTES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_IP6_ROUTES;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_QDISCS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_TFILTERS;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        switch (NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj_needle)->addr_family) {
+        case AF_INET:
+            return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            return REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6;
+        }
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    default:
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static const NMPLookup *
+refresh_all_type_init_lookup(RefreshAllType refresh_all_type, NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    const RefreshAllInfo *refresh_all_info;
+
+    nm_assert(lookup);
+
+    refresh_all_info = refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type);
+
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_info);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(refresh_all_info->obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE)) {
+        return nmp_lookup_init_object_by_addr_family(lookup,
+                                                     refresh_all_info->obj_type,
+                                                     refresh_all_info->addr_family);
+    }
+
+    /* not yet implemented. */
+    nm_assert(refresh_all_info->addr_family == AF_UNSPEC);
+
+    return nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(lookup, refresh_all_info->obj_type);
+}
+
+static DelayedActionType
+delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    return delayed_action_type_from_refresh_all_type(
+        refresh_all_type_from_needle_object(obj_needle));
+}
+
+static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
+    delayed_action_to_string,
+    DelayedActionType,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT_NM_ASSERT("unknown"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS, "refresh-all-links"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES,
+                             "refresh-all-ip4-addresses"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES,
+                             "refresh-all-ip6-addresses"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES, "refresh-all-ip4-routes"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES, "refresh-all-ip6-routes"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP4,
+                             "refresh-all-routing-rules-ip4"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_IP6,
+                             "refresh-all-routing-rules-ip6"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS, "refresh-all-qdiscs"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS, "refresh-all-tfilters"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, "refresh-link"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED, "master-connected"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, "read-netlink"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, "wait-for-nl-response"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE(__DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MAX), );
+
+static const char *
+delayed_action_to_string_full(DelayedActionType action_type,
+                              gpointer          user_data,
+                              char *            buf,
+                              gsize             buf_size)
+{
+    char *                                    buf0 = buf;
+    const DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+
+    nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, delayed_action_to_string(action_type));
+    switch (action_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, " (master-ifindex %d)", GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK:
+        nm_utils_strbuf_append(&buf, &buf_size, " (ifindex %d)", GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE:
+        data = user_data;
+
+        if (data) {
+            gint64 timeout = data->timeout_abs_ns - nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec();
+            char   b[255];
+
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append(
+                &buf,
+                &buf_size,
+                " (seq %u, timeout in %s%" G_GINT64_FORMAT ".%09" G_GINT64_FORMAT
+                ", response-type %d%s%s)",
+                data->seq_number,
+                timeout < 0 ? "-" : "",
+                (timeout < 0 ? -timeout : timeout) / NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC,
+                (timeout < 0 ? -timeout : timeout) % NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC,
+                (int) data->response_type,
+                data->seq_result ? ", " : "",
+                data->seq_result
+                    ? wait_for_nl_response_to_string(data->seq_result, NULL, b, sizeof(b))
+                    : "");
+        } else
+            nm_utils_strbuf_append_str(&buf, &buf_size, " (any)");
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!user_data);
+        break;
+    }
+    return buf0;
+}
+
+#define _LOGt_delayed_action(action_type, user_data, operation)                           \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                          \
+    {                                                                                     \
+        char _buf[255];                                                                   \
+                                                                                          \
+        _LOGt("delayed-action: %s %s",                                                    \
+              "" operation,                                                               \
+              delayed_action_to_string_full(action_type, user_data, _buf, sizeof(_buf))); \
+    }                                                                                     \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_refresh_all_in_progress(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    RefreshAllType          refresh_all_type;
+
+    nm_assert(nm_utils_is_power_of_two(action_type));
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(priv->delayed_action.flags, action_type))
+        return TRUE;
+
+    refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(action_type);
+    return (priv->delayed_action.refresh_all_in_progress[refresh_all_type] > 0);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                             guint                   idx,
+                                             WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+    nm_assert(idx < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len);
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                          DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                          idx);
+
+    _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, data, "complete");
+
+    if (priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len <= 1)
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE;
+    if (data->out_seq_result)
+        *data->out_seq_result = seq_result;
+    switch (data->response_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID:
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS:
+        if (data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress) {
+            nm_assert(*data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress > 0);
+            *data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+            data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress = NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET:
+        if (data->response.out_route_get) {
+            nm_assert(!*data->response.out_route_get);
+            data->response.out_route_get = NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    g_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response, idx);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                                   WaitForNlResponseResult force_result,
+                                                   guint32 *               out_next_seq_number,
+                                                   gint64 *                out_next_timeout_abs_ns,
+                                                   gint64 *                p_now_ns)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    guint                   i;
+    guint32                 next_seq_number     = 0;
+    gint64                  next_timeout_abs_ns = 0;
+    int                     now_ns              = 0;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len;) {
+        const DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data =
+            &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                           DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                           i);
+
+        if (data->seq_result)
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(platform, i, data->seq_result);
+        else if (p_now_ns
+                 && ((now_ns ?: (now_ns = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec()))
+                     >= data->timeout_abs_ns)) {
+            /* the caller can optionally check for timeout by providing a p_now_ns argument. */
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(
+                platform,
+                i,
+                WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_TIMEOUT);
+        } else if (force_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN)
+            delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete(platform, i, force_result);
+        else {
+            if (next_seq_number == 0 || next_timeout_abs_ns > data->timeout_abs_ns) {
+                next_seq_number     = data->seq_number;
+                next_timeout_abs_ns = data->timeout_abs_ns;
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (force_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN) {
+        nm_assert(
+            !NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len == 0);
+    }
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_next_seq_number, next_seq_number);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_next_timeout_abs_ns, next_timeout_abs_ns);
+    NM_SET_OUT(p_now_ns, now_ns);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                                                 WaitForNlResponseResult fallback_result)
+{
+    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(platform, fallback_result, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_MASTER_CONNECTED(NMPlatform *platform, int master_ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_link_master_connected(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                                      master_ifindex,
+                                                      &obj_old,
+                                                      &obj_new);
+    if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED)
+        return;
+    cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_LINK(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_ALL(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType flags)
+{
+    do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(platform, flags);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_READ_NETLINK(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_handle_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, TRUE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_handle_one(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gpointer                user_data;
+
+    if (priv->delayed_action.flags == DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* First process DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED actions.
+     * This type of action is entirely cache-internal and is here to resolve a
+     * cache inconsistency. It should be fixed right away. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len > 0);
+
+        user_data = priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata[0];
+        g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, 0);
+        if (priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len == 0)
+            priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED;
+        nm_assert(_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                      (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata,
+                      priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len,
+                      user_data)
+                  < 0);
+
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED, user_data, "handle");
+        delayed_action_handle_MASTER_CONNECTED(platform, GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len == 0);
+
+    /* Next we prefer read-netlink, because the buffer size is limited and we want to process events
+     * from netlink early. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK)) {
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, NULL, "handle");
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK;
+        delayed_action_handle_READ_NETLINK(platform);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL)) {
+        DelayedActionType flags, iflags;
+
+        flags = priv->delayed_action.flags & DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+        if (_LOGt_ENABLED()) {
+            FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, flags)
+            _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, NULL, "handle");
+        }
+
+        delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_ALL(platform, flags);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len > 0);
+
+        user_data = priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata[0];
+        g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+        if (priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len == 0)
+            priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK;
+        nm_assert(_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                      (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata,
+                      priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len,
+                      user_data)
+                  < 0);
+
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, user_data, "handle");
+
+        delayed_action_handle_REFRESH_LINK(platform, GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data));
+
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, NULL, "handle");
+        delayed_action_handle_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+delayed_action_handle_all(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean read_netlink)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    gboolean                any  = FALSE;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(priv->delayed_action.is_handling == 0, FALSE);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.is_handling++;
+    if (read_netlink)
+        delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_READ_NETLINK, NULL);
+    while (delayed_action_handle_one(platform))
+        any = TRUE;
+    priv->delayed_action.is_handling--;
+
+    cache_prune_all(platform);
+
+    return any;
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionType       iflags;
+
+    nm_assert(action_type != DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE);
+
+    switch (action_type) {
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK:
+        if (_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->pdata,
+                priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len,
+                user_data)
+            < 0)
+            g_ptr_array_add(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, user_data);
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED:
+        if (_nm_utils_ptrarray_find_first(
+                (gconstpointer *) priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->pdata,
+                priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected->len,
+                user_data)
+            < 0)
+            g_ptr_array_add(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, user_data);
+        break;
+    case DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE:
+        g_array_append_vals(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response, user_data, 1);
+        break;
+    default:
+        nm_assert(!user_data);
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK));
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED));
+        nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_HAS(action_type, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE));
+        break;
+    }
+
+    priv->delayed_action.flags |= action_type;
+
+    if (_LOGt_ENABLED()) {
+        FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type)
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, user_data, "schedule");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                                             guint32                            seq_number,
+                                             WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+                                             char **                            out_errmsg,
+                                             DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+                                             gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData data = {
+        .seq_number = seq_number,
+        .timeout_abs_ns =
+            nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_nsec() + (200 * (NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC / 1000)),
+        .out_seq_result    = out_seq_result,
+        .out_errmsg        = out_errmsg,
+        .response_type     = response_type,
+        .response.out_data = response_out_data,
+    };
+
+    delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE, &data);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+cache_prune_one_type(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPLookup *lookup)
+{
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+    NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op;
+    NMPCache *       cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    nm_dedup_multi_iter_init(&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, lookup));
+    while (nm_dedup_multi_iter_next(&iter)) {
+        const NMDedupMultiEntry *main_entry;
+
+        /* we only track the dirty flag for the OBJECT-TYPE index. That means,
+         * for other lookup types we need to check the dirty flag of the main-entry. */
+        main_entry = nmp_cache_reresolve_main_entry(cache, iter.current, lookup);
+        if (!main_entry->dirty)
+            continue;
+
+        obj = main_entry->obj;
+
+        _LOGt("cache-prune: prune %s",
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, NULL, 0));
+
+        {
+            nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(cache, obj, TRUE, TRUE, &obj_old);
+            nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+            cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, NULL);
+            nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+cache_prune_all(NMPlatform *platform)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    RefreshAllType          refresh_all_type;
+
+    for (refresh_all_type = _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_FIRST; refresh_all_type < _REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_NUM;
+         refresh_all_type++) {
+        NMPLookup lookup;
+
+        if (priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] == 0)
+            continue;
+        priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] -= 1;
+        if (priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] > 0)
+            continue;
+        refresh_all_type_init_lookup(refresh_all_type, &lookup);
+        cache_prune_one_type(platform, &lookup);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+cache_on_change(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                NMPCacheOpsType  cache_op,
+                const NMPObject *obj_old,
+                const NMPObject *obj_new)
+{
+    const NMPClass *klass;
+    char            str_buf[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    char            str_buf2[sizeof(_nm_utils_to_string_buffer)];
+    NMPCache *      cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops(cache, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    nm_assert(cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
+
+    klass = obj_old ? NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_old) : NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_new);
+
+    _LOGt(
+        "update-cache-%s: %s: %s%s%s",
+        klass->obj_type_name,
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED ? "UPDATE"
+                                           : (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED   ? "REMOVE"
+                                              : (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED) ? "ADD"
+                                                                                  : "???")),
+        (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED
+             ? nmp_object_to_string(obj_old, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf2, sizeof(str_buf2))
+             : nmp_object_to_string(obj_new, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf2, sizeof(str_buf2))),
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED) ? " -> " : "",
+        (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED
+             ? nmp_object_to_string(obj_new, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ALL, str_buf, sizeof(str_buf))
+             : ""));
+
+    switch (klass->obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    {
+        /* check whether changing a slave link can cause a master link (bridge or bond) to go up/down */
+        if (obj_old
+            && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(cache,
+                                                                obj_old->link.master,
+                                                                obj_new,
+                                                                obj_old))
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                    GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_old->link.master));
+        if (obj_new && (!obj_old || obj_old->link.master != obj_new->link.master)
+            && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle_by_ifindex(cache,
+                                                                obj_new->link.master,
+                                                                obj_new,
+                                                                obj_old))
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                    GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.master));
+    }
+        {
+            /* check whether we are about to change a master link that needs toggling connected state. */
+            if (obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && nmp_cache_link_connected_needs_toggle(cache, obj_new, obj_new, obj_old))
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_MASTER_CONNECTED,
+                                        GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.ifindex));
+        }
+        {
+            int ifindex = 0;
+
+            /* if we remove a link (from netlink), we must refresh the addresses, routes, qdiscs and tfilters */
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED
+                && obj_old /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */)
+                ifindex = obj_old->link.ifindex;
+            else if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                     && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                     && !obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                     && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                            != obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_new->link.ifindex;
+
+            if (ifindex > 0) {
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            int ifindex = -1;
+
+            /* removal of a link could be caused by moving the link to another netns.
+             * In this case, we potentially have to update other links that have this link as parent.
+             * Currently, kernel misses to sent us a notification in this case
+             * (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1262908). */
+
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED
+                && obj_old /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_old->link.ifindex;
+            else if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                     && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                     && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                     && !obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+                ifindex = obj_new->link.ifindex;
+
+            if (ifindex > 0) {
+                NMPLookup             lookup;
+                NMDedupMultiIter      iter;
+                const NMPlatformLink *l;
+
+                nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
+                nmp_cache_iter_for_each_link (&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup), &l) {
+                    if (l->parent == ifindex)
+                        delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                                DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                                GINT_TO_POINTER(l->ifindex));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            /* if a link goes down, we must refresh routes */
+            if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED && obj_old
+                && obj_new /* <-- nonsensical, make coverity happy */
+                && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                && ((NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP)
+                     && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+                    || (NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                        && !NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)))) {
+                /* FIXME: I suspect that IFF_LOWER_UP must not be considered, and I
+                 * think kernel does send RTM_DELROUTE events for IPv6 routes, so
+                 * we might not need to refresh IPv6 routes. */
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES,
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+        }
+        if (NM_IN_SET(cache_op, NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED, NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED)
+            && (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+            && (!obj_old || !obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)) {
+            gboolean                re_request_link = FALSE;
+            const NMPlatformLnkTun *lnk_tun;
+
+            if (!obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                && NM_IN_SET(obj_new->link.type,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_GRETAP,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRE,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6GRETAP,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN,
+                             NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN)) {
+                /* certain link-types also come with a IFLA_INFO_DATA/lnk_data. It may happen that
+                 * kernel didn't send this notification, thus when we first learn about a link
+                 * that lacks an lnk_data we re-request it again.
+                 *
+                 * For example https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1284001 */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN && obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk
+                       && (lnk_tun = &(obj_new->_link.netlink.lnk)->lnk_tun) && !lnk_tun->persist
+                       && lnk_tun->pi && !lnk_tun->vnet_hdr && !lnk_tun->multi_queue
+                       && !lnk_tun->owner_valid && !lnk_tun->group_valid) {
+                /* kernel has/had a know issue that the first notification for TUN device would
+                 * be sent with invalid parameters. The message looks like that kind, so refetch
+                 * it. */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH && obj_new->link.parent == 0) {
+                /* the initial notification when adding a veth pair can lack the parent/IFLA_LINK
+                 * (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1285827).
+                 * Request it again. */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            } else if (obj_new->link.type == NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET
+                       && obj_new->link.l_address.len == 0) {
+                /* Due to a kernel bug, we sometimes receive spurious NEWLINK
+                 * messages after a wifi interface has disappeared. Since the
+                 * link is not present anymore we can't determine its type and
+                 * thus it will show up as a Ethernet one, with no address
+                 * specified.  Request the link again to check if it really
+                 * exists.  https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1302037
+                 */
+                re_request_link = TRUE;
+            }
+            if (re_request_link) {
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                        GINT_TO_POINTER(obj_new->link.ifindex));
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            /* on enslave/release, we also refresh the master. */
+            int      ifindex1 = 0, ifindex2 = 0;
+            gboolean changed_master, changed_connected;
+
+            changed_master =
+                (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->link.master > 0
+                     ? obj_new->link.master
+                     : 0)
+                != (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_old->link.master > 0
+                        ? obj_old->link.master
+                        : 0);
+            changed_connected = (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                                     ? NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_new->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                                     : 2)
+                                != (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink
+                                        ? NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj_old->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_LOWER_UP)
+                                        : 2);
+
+            if (changed_master || changed_connected) {
+                ifindex1 =
+                    (obj_old && obj_old->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_old->link.master > 0)
+                        ? obj_old->link.master
+                        : 0;
+                ifindex2 =
+                    (obj_new && obj_new->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink && obj_new->link.master > 0)
+                        ? obj_new->link.master
+                        : 0;
+
+                if (ifindex1 > 0)
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                            GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex1));
+                if (ifindex2 > 0 && ifindex1 != ifindex2)
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                            GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex2));
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    {
+        /* Address deletion is sometimes accompanied by route deletion. We need to
+             * check all routes belonging to the same interface. */
+        if (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED) {
+            delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                    (klass->obj_type == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS)
+                                        ? DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                        : DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES,
+                                    NULL);
+        }
+    } break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint32
+_nlh_seq_next_get(NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv)
+{
+    /* generate a new sequence number, but never return zero.
+     * Wrapping numbers are not a problem, because we don't rely
+     * on strictly increasing sequence numbers. */
+    return (++priv->nlh_seq_next) ?: (++priv->nlh_seq_next);
+}
+
+/**
+ * _nl_send_nlmsghdr:
+ * @platform:
+ * @nlhdr:
+ * @out_seq_result:
+ * @response_type:
+ * @response_out_data:
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success or a negative errno.
+ */
+static int
+_nl_send_nlmsghdr(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                  struct nlmsghdr *                  nlhdr,
+                  WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+                  char **                            out_errmsg,
+                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+                  gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    guint32                 seq;
+    int                     errsv;
+
+    nm_assert(nlhdr);
+
+    seq              = _nlh_seq_next_get(priv);
+    nlhdr->nlmsg_seq = seq;
+
+    {
+        struct sockaddr_nl nladdr = {
+            .nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+        };
+        struct iovec  iov = {.iov_base = nlhdr, .iov_len = nlhdr->nlmsg_len};
+        struct msghdr msg = {
+            .msg_name    = &nladdr,
+            .msg_namelen = sizeof(nladdr),
+            .msg_iov     = &iov,
+            .msg_iovlen  = 1,
+        };
+        int try_count;
+
+        if (!nlhdr->nlmsg_pid)
+            nlhdr->nlmsg_pid = nl_socket_get_local_port(priv->nlh);
+        nlhdr->nlmsg_flags |= (NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
+
+        try_count = 0;
+again:
+        errsv = sendmsg(nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh), &msg, 0);
+        if (errsv < 0) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            if (errsv == EINTR && try_count++ < 100)
+                goto again;
+            _LOGD("netlink: nl-send-nlmsghdr: failed sending message: %s (%d)",
+                  nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                  errsv);
+            return -nm_errno_from_native(errsv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform,
+                                                 seq,
+                                                 out_seq_result,
+                                                 out_errmsg,
+                                                 response_type,
+                                                 response_out_data);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * _nl_send_nlmsg:
+ * @platform:
+ * @nlmsg:
+ * @out_seq_result:
+ * @response_type:
+ * @response_out_data:
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success, or a negative libnl3 error code (beware, it's not an errno).
+ */
+static int
+_nl_send_nlmsg(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+               struct nl_msg *                    nlmsg,
+               WaitForNlResponseResult *          out_seq_result,
+               char **                            out_errmsg,
+               DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseType response_type,
+               gpointer                           response_out_data)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    struct nlmsghdr *       nlhdr;
+    guint32                 seq;
+    int                     nle;
+
+    nlhdr            = nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg);
+    seq              = _nlh_seq_next_get(priv);
+    nlhdr->nlmsg_seq = seq;
+
+    nle = nl_send_auto(priv->nlh, nlmsg);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGD("netlink: nl-send-nlmsg: failed sending message: %s (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), nle);
+        return nle;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_schedule_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE(platform,
+                                                 seq,
+                                                 out_seq_result,
+                                                 out_errmsg,
+                                                 response_type,
+                                                 response_out_data);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *     priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+
+    if (name && !name[0])
+        name = NULL;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(ifindex > 0 || name);
+
+    _LOGD("do-request-link: %d %s", ifindex, name ?: "");
+
+    if (ifindex > 0) {
+        const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry;
+
+        entry = nmp_cache_lookup_entry_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+        if (entry) {
+            priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS] += 1;
+            nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry, TRUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_GETLINK, 0, ifindex, name);
+    if (nlmsg) {
+        nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform, nlmsg, NULL, NULL, DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID, NULL);
+        if (nle < 0) {
+            _LOGE("do-request-link: %d %s: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+                  ifindex,
+                  name ?: "",
+                  nm_strerror(nle),
+                  -nle);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_link(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    do_request_link_no_delayed_actions(platform, ifindex, name);
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static struct nl_msg *
+_nl_msg_new_dump(NMPObjectType obj_type, int preferred_addr_family)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const NMPClass *             klass;
+
+    klass = nmp_class_from_type(obj_type);
+
+    nm_assert(klass);
+    nm_assert(klass->rtm_gettype > 0);
+
+    nlmsg = nlmsg_alloc_simple(klass->rtm_gettype, NLM_F_DUMP);
+
+    if (klass->addr_family != AF_UNSPEC) {
+        /* if the class specifies a particular address family, then it is preferred. */
+        nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(preferred_addr_family, AF_UNSPEC, klass->addr_family));
+        preferred_addr_family = klass->addr_family;
+    }
+
+    switch (klass->obj_type) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+    {
+        const struct tcmsg tcmsg = {
+            .tcm_family = preferred_addr_family,
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(nlmsg, &tcmsg) < 0)
+            g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    } break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+    {
+        const struct rtgenmsg gmsg = {
+            .rtgen_family = preferred_addr_family,
+        };
+
+        if (nlmsg_append_struct(nlmsg, &gmsg) < 0)
+            g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    } break;
+    default:
+        g_return_val_if_reached(NULL);
+    }
+
+    return g_steal_pointer(&nlmsg);
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(NMPlatform *platform, DelayedActionType action_type)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionType       action_type_prune;
+    DelayedActionType       iflags;
+
+    nm_assert(!NM_FLAGS_ANY(action_type, ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL));
+    action_type &= DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL;
+
+    action_type_prune = action_type;
+
+    /* calling nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main() with a non-main lookup-index requires an extra
+     * cache lookup for every entry.
+     *
+     * Avoid that, by special casing routing-rules here. */
+    if (NM_FLAGS_ALL(action_type_prune, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL)) {
+        NMPLookup lookup;
+
+        priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP4] += 1;
+        priv->pruning[REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_ROUTING_RULES_IP6] += 1;
+        nmp_lookup_init_obj_type(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE);
+        nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), &lookup);
+        action_type_prune &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL;
+    }
+
+    FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type_prune)
+    {
+        RefreshAllType refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(iflags);
+        NMPLookup      lookup;
+
+        priv->pruning[refresh_all_type] += 1;
+        refresh_all_type_init_lookup(refresh_all_type, &lookup);
+        nmp_cache_dirty_set_all_main(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), &lookup);
+    }
+
+    FOR_EACH_DELAYED_ACTION(iflags, action_type)
+    {
+        RefreshAllType        refresh_all_type = delayed_action_type_to_refresh_all_type(iflags);
+        const RefreshAllInfo *refresh_all_info = refresh_all_type_get_info(refresh_all_type);
+        nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg     = NULL;
+        int *                        out_refresh_all_in_progress;
+
+        out_refresh_all_in_progress =
+            &priv->delayed_action.refresh_all_in_progress[refresh_all_type];
+        nm_assert(*out_refresh_all_in_progress >= 0);
+        *out_refresh_all_in_progress += 1;
+
+        /* clear any delayed action that request a refresh of this object type. */
+        priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~iflags;
+        _LOGt_delayed_action(iflags, NULL, "handle (do-request-all)");
+
+        if (refresh_all_type == REFRESH_ALL_TYPE_LINKS) {
+            nm_assert(
+                (priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link->len > 0)
+                == NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK));
+            if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK)) {
+                _LOGt_delayed_action(DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     "clear (do-request-all)");
+                priv->delayed_action.flags &= ~DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK;
+                g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_dump(refresh_all_info->obj_type, refresh_all_info->addr_family);
+        if (!nlmsg)
+            goto next_after_fail;
+
+        if (_nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                           nlmsg,
+                           NULL,
+                           NULL,
+                           DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS,
+                           out_refresh_all_in_progress)
+            < 0)
+            goto next_after_fail;
+
+        continue;
+
+next_after_fail:
+        nm_assert(*out_refresh_all_in_progress > 0);
+        *out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj_needle)
+{
+    do_request_all_no_delayed_actions(platform,
+                                      delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj_needle));
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+event_seq_check_refresh_all(NMPlatform *platform, guint32 seq_number)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+    guint                               i;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(seq_number, 0, priv->nlh_seq_last_seen))
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+            data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                  i);
+
+            if (data->response_type == DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IN_PROGRESS
+                && data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress
+                && data->seq_number == priv->nlh_seq_last_seen) {
+                *data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress -= 1;
+                data->response.out_refresh_all_in_progress = NULL;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    priv->nlh_seq_last_seen = seq_number;
+}
+
+static void
+event_seq_check(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                guint32                 seq_number,
+                WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result,
+                const char *            msg)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *            priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data;
+    guint                               i;
+
+    if (seq_number == 0)
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+        nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+            data = &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                  DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                  i);
+
+            if (data->seq_number == seq_number) {
+                /* We potentially receive many parts partial responses for the same sequence number.
+                 * Thus, we only remember the result, and collect it later. */
+                if (data->seq_result < 0) {
+                    /* we already saw an error for this sequence number.
+                     * Preserve it. */
+                } else if (seq_result != WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN
+                           || data->seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN)
+                    data->seq_result = seq_result;
+                if (data->out_errmsg && !*data->out_errmsg)
+                    *data->out_errmsg = g_strdup(msg);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#if NM_MORE_LOGGING
+    if (seq_number != priv->nlh_seq_last_handled)
+        _LOGt("netlink: recvmsg: unwaited sequence number %u", seq_number);
+    priv->nlh_seq_last_handled = seq_number;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+event_valid_msg(NMPlatform *platform, struct nl_msg *msg, gboolean handle_events)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *obj = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType           cache_op;
+    struct nlmsghdr *         msghdr;
+    char                      buf_nlmsghdr[400];
+    gboolean                  is_del  = FALSE;
+    gboolean                  is_dump = FALSE;
+    NMPCache *                cache   = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    msghdr = nlmsg_hdr(msg);
+
+    if (!_nm_platform_kernel_support_detected(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS)
+        && msghdr->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR) {
+        /* IFA_FLAGS is set for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. It was added first to IPv6,
+         * but if we encounter an IPv4 address with IFA_FLAGS, we surely have support. */
+        if (nlmsg_valid_hdr(msghdr, sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg))
+            && NM_IN_SET(((struct ifaddrmsg *) nlmsg_data(msghdr))->ifa_family,
+                         AF_INET,
+                         AF_INET6)) {
+            /* see if the nl_msg contains the IFA_FLAGS attribute. If it does,
+             * we assume, that the kernel supports extended flags, IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR
+             * and IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE for IPv6. They were added together in kernel 3.14,
+             * dated 30 March, 2014.
+             *
+             * For IPv4, IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE was added later, but there is no easy
+             * way to detect kernel support. */
+            _nm_platform_kernel_support_init(
+                NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_EXTENDED_IFA_FLAGS,
+                !!nlmsg_find_attr(msghdr, sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg), IFA_FLAGS) ? 1 : -1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!handle_events)
+        return;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(msghdr->nlmsg_type,
+                  RTM_DELLINK,
+                  RTM_DELADDR,
+                  RTM_DELROUTE,
+                  RTM_DELRULE,
+                  RTM_DELQDISC,
+                  RTM_DELTFILTER)) {
+        /* The event notifies about a deleted object. We don't need to initialize all
+         * fields of the object. */
+        is_del = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    obj = nmp_object_new_from_nl(platform, cache, msg, is_del);
+    if (!obj) {
+        _LOGT("event-notification: %s: ignore",
+              nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(msghdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!is_del
+        && NM_IN_SET(msghdr->nlmsg_type,
+                     RTM_NEWADDR,
+                     RTM_NEWLINK,
+                     RTM_NEWROUTE,
+                     RTM_NEWRULE,
+                     RTM_NEWQDISC,
+                     RTM_NEWTFILTER)) {
+        is_dump =
+            delayed_action_refresh_all_in_progress(platform,
+                                                   delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj));
+    }
+
+    _LOGT("event-notification: %s%s: %s",
+          nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(msghdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)),
+          is_dump ? ", in-dump" : "",
+          nmp_object_to_string(obj,
+                               is_del ? NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID : NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC,
+                               NULL,
+                               0));
+
+    {
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+        nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+
+        switch (msghdr->nlmsg_type) {
+        case RTM_GETLINK:
+        case RTM_NEWADDR:
+        case RTM_NEWLINK:
+        case RTM_NEWQDISC:
+        case RTM_NEWRULE:
+        case RTM_NEWTFILTER:
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink(cache, obj, is_dump, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+        {
+            nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_replace     = NULL;
+            gboolean                        resync_required = FALSE;
+            gboolean                        only_dirty      = FALSE;
+            gboolean                        is_ipv6;
+
+            /* IPv4 routes that are a response to RTM_GETROUTE must have
+             * the cloned flag while IPv6 routes don't have to. */
+            is_ipv6 = NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE;
+            if (is_ipv6 || NM_FLAGS_HAS(obj->ip_route.r_rtm_flags, RTM_F_CLONED)) {
+                nm_assert(is_ipv6 || !nmp_object_is_alive(obj));
+                priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags,
+                                 DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE)) {
+                    guint i;
+
+                    nm_assert(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len > 0);
+                    for (i = 0; i < priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response->len; i++) {
+                        DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData *data =
+                            &g_array_index(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response,
+                                           DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData,
+                                           i);
+
+                        if (data->response_type == DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET
+                            && data->response.out_route_get) {
+                            nm_assert(!*data->response.out_route_get);
+                            if (data->seq_number == nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq) {
+                                *data->response.out_route_get = nmp_object_clone(obj, FALSE);
+                                data->response.out_route_get  = NULL;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_update_netlink_route(cache,
+                                                      obj,
+                                                      is_dump,
+                                                      msghdr->nlmsg_flags,
+                                                      &obj_old,
+                                                      &obj_new,
+                                                      &obj_replace,
+                                                      &resync_required);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                if (obj_replace) {
+                    const NMDedupMultiEntry *entry_replace;
+
+                    /* we found an object that is to be replaced by the RTM_NEWROUTE message.
+                     * While we invoke the signal, the platform cache might change and invalidate
+                     * the findings. Mitigate that (for the most part), by marking the entry as
+                     * dirty and only delete @obj_replace if it is still dirty afterwards.
+                     *
+                     * Yes, there is a tiny tiny chance for still getting it wrong. But in practice,
+                     * the signal handlers do not cause to call the platform again, so the cache
+                     * is not really changing. -- if they would, it would anyway be dangerous to overflow
+                     * the stack and it's not ensured that the processing of netlink messages is
+                     * reentrant (maybe it is).
+                     */
+                    entry_replace = nmp_cache_lookup_entry(cache, obj_replace);
+                    nm_assert(entry_replace && entry_replace->obj == obj_replace);
+                    nm_dedup_multi_entry_set_dirty(entry_replace, TRUE);
+                    only_dirty = TRUE;
+                }
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+
+            if (obj_replace) {
+                /* the RTM_NEWROUTE message indicates that another route was replaced.
+                 * Remove it now. */
+                cache_op = nmp_cache_remove(cache, obj_replace, TRUE, only_dirty, NULL);
+                if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                    nm_assert(cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED);
+                    cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_replace, NULL);
+                    nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_replace, NULL);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (resync_required) {
+                /* we'd like to avoid such resyncs as they are expensive and we should only rely on the
+                 * netlink events. This needs investigation. */
+                _LOGT("schedule resync of routes after RTM_NEWROUTE");
+                delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                        delayed_action_refresh_from_needle_object(obj),
+                                        NULL);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case RTM_DELADDR:
+        case RTM_DELLINK:
+        case RTM_DELQDISC:
+        case RTM_DELROUTE:
+        case RTM_DELRULE:
+        case RTM_DELTFILTER:
+            cache_op = nmp_cache_remove_netlink(cache, obj, &obj_old, &obj_new);
+            if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+                cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+                nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+do_add_link_with_lookup(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                        NMLinkType             link_type,
+                        const char *           name,
+                        struct nl_msg *        nlmsg,
+                        const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    const NMPObject *       obj        = NULL;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+    NMPCache *              cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-link[%s/%s]: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              name,
+              nm_link_type_to_string(link_type),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        NM_SET_OUT(out_link, NULL);
+        return nle;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-link[%s/%s]: %s",
+           name,
+           nm_link_type_to_string(link_type),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (out_link) {
+        obj       = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(cache, 0, name, FALSE, link_type, NULL, NULL);
+        *out_link = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK(obj);
+    }
+
+    return wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(seq_result);
+}
+
+static int
+do_add_addrroute(NMPlatform *     platform,
+                 const NMPObject *obj_id,
+                 struct nl_msg *  nlmsg,
+                 gboolean         suppress_netlink_failure)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
+                        NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-%s[%s]: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG((seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK
+            || (suppress_netlink_failure && seq_result < 0))
+               ? LOGL_DEBUG
+               : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-%s[%s]: %s",
+           NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+           nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS) {
+        /* In rare cases, the object is not yet ready as we received the ACK from
+         * kernel. Need to refetch.
+         *
+         * We want to safe the expensive refetch, thus we look first into the cache
+         * whether the object exists.
+         *
+         * rh#1484434 */
+        if (!nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj_id))
+            do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(platform, obj_id);
+    }
+
+    return wait_for_nl_response_to_nmerr(seq_result);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+do_delete_object(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj_id, struct nl_msg *nlmsg)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *          errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                     nle;
+    char                    s_buf[256];
+    gboolean                success;
+    const char *            log_detail = "";
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-delete-%s[%s]: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+              NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+              nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+              nm_strerror(nle),
+              -nle);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    success = TRUE;
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        /* ok */
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ESRCH, ENOENT))
+        log_detail = ", meaning the object was already removed";
+    else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENXIO)
+             && NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS)) {
+        /* On RHEL7 kernel, deleting a non existing address fails with ENXIO */
+        log_detail = ", meaning the address was already removed";
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EADDRNOTAVAIL)
+               && NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS,
+                            NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS))
+        log_detail = ", meaning the address was already removed";
+    else
+        success = FALSE;
+
+    _NMLOG(success ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-delete-%s[%s]: %s%s",
+           NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(obj_id)->obj_type_name,
+           nmp_object_to_string(obj_id, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_ID, NULL, 0),
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)),
+           log_detail);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj_id),
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS,
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC,
+                  NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER)) {
+        /* In rare cases, the object is still there after we receive the ACK from
+         * kernel. Need to refetch.
+         *
+         * We want to safe the expensive refetch, thus we look first into the cache
+         * whether the object exists.
+         *
+         * rh#1484434 */
+        if (nmp_cache_lookup_obj(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), obj_id))
+            do_request_one_type_by_needle_object(platform, obj_id);
+    }
+
+    return success;
+}
+
+static int
+do_change_link(NMPlatform *          platform,
+               ChangeLinkType        change_link_type,
+               int                   ifindex,
+               struct nl_msg *       nlmsg,
+               const ChangeLinkData *data)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    int                         nle;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult     seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *              errmsg     = NULL;
+    char                        s_buf[256];
+    int                         result          = 0;
+    NMLogLevel                  log_level       = LOGL_DEBUG;
+    const char *                log_result      = "failure";
+    const char *                log_detail      = "";
+    gs_free char *              log_detail_free = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *           obj_cache;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        log_level  = LOGL_ERR;
+        log_detail = ", failure to change network namespace";
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+retry:
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         nlmsg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        log_level = LOGL_ERR;
+        log_detail_free =
+            g_strdup_printf(", failure sending netlink request: %s (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        log_detail = log_detail_free;
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* always refetch the link after changing it. There seems to be issues
+     * and we sometimes lack events. Nuke it from the orbit... */
+    delayed_action_schedule(platform, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_LINK, GINT_TO_POINTER(ifindex));
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EOPNOTSUPP) && nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg)->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWLINK) {
+        nlmsg_hdr(nlmsg)->nlmsg_type = RTM_SETLINK;
+        goto retry;
+    }
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        log_result = "success";
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), EEXIST, EADDRINUSE)) {
+        /* */
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ESRCH, ENOENT)) {
+        log_detail = ", firmware not found";
+        result     = -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ERANGE)
+               && change_link_type == CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU) {
+        log_detail = ", setting MTU to requested size is not possible";
+        result     = -NME_PL_CANT_SET_MTU;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENFILE)
+               && change_link_type == CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS
+               && (obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex))
+               && obj_cache->link.l_address.len == data->set_address.length
+               && memcmp(obj_cache->link.l_address.data,
+                         data->set_address.address,
+                         data->set_address.length)
+                      == 0) {
+        /* workaround ENFILE which may be wrongly returned (bgo #770456).
+         * If the MAC address is as expected, assume success? */
+        log_result = "success";
+        log_detail = " (assume success changing address)";
+        result     = 0;
+    } else if (NM_IN_SET(-((int) seq_result), ENODEV)) {
+        log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        result    = -NME_PL_NOT_FOUND;
+    } else if (-((int) seq_result) == EAFNOSUPPORT) {
+        log_level = LOGL_DEBUG;
+        result    = -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    } else {
+        log_level = LOGL_WARN;
+        result    = -NME_UNSPEC;
+    }
+
+out:
+    _NMLOG(log_level,
+           "do-change-link[%d]: %s changing link: %s%s",
+           ifindex,
+           log_result,
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)),
+           log_detail);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int
+link_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+         NMLinkType             type,
+         const char *           name,
+         int                    parent,
+         const void *           address,
+         size_t                 address_len,
+         guint32                mtu,
+         gconstpointer          extra_data,
+         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND) {
+        /* When the kernel loads the bond module, either via explicit modprobe
+         * or automatically in response to creating a bond master, it will also
+         * create a 'bond0' interface.  Since the bond we're about to create may
+         * or may not be named 'bond0' prevent potential confusion about a bond
+         * that the user didn't want by telling the bonding module not to create
+         * bond0 automatically.
+         */
+        if (!g_file_test("/sys/class/net/bonding_masters", G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS))
+            (void) nm_utils_modprobe(NULL, TRUE, "bonding", "max_bonds=0", NULL);
+    }
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL, 0, name);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    if (parent > 0)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_LINK, parent);
+
+    if (address && address_len)
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_ADDRESS, address_len, address);
+
+    if (mtu)
+        NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MTU, mtu);
+
+    if (!_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo(nlmsg, type, extra_data))
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+
+    return do_add_link_with_lookup(platform, type, name, nlmsg, out_link);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    const NMPObject *            obj;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj || !obj->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_DELLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_link(&obj_id, ifindex);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_refresh(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    do_request_link(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+    return !!nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_netns(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, int netns_fd)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_NET_NS_FD, 4, &netns_fd);
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static int
+link_change_flags(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, unsigned flags_mask, unsigned flags_set)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    char                         s_flags[100];
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: flags: set 0x%x/0x%x ([%s] / [%s])",
+          ifindex,
+          flags_set,
+          flags_mask,
+          nm_platform_link_flags2str(flags_set, s_flags, sizeof(s_flags)),
+          nm_platform_link_flags2str(flags_mask, NULL, 0));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link_full(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL, AF_UNSPEC, flags_mask, flags_set);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return -NME_UNSPEC;
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_up(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
+{
+    int r;
+
+    r = link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_UP, IFF_UP);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_no_firmware, (r == -NME_PL_NO_FIRMWARE));
+    return r >= 0;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_down(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_UP, 0) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_arp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_NOARP, 0) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_noarp(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    return (link_change_flags(platform, ifindex, IFF_NOARP, IFF_NOARP) >= 0);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean enabled)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    guint8 mode = enabled ? NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE : NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64;
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: user-ipv6ll: set IPv6 address generation mode to %s",
+          ifindex,
+          nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str(mode, NULL, 0));
+
+    if (!nm_platform_kernel_support_get(NM_PLATFORM_KERNEL_SUPPORT_TYPE_USER_IPV6LL)) {
+        _LOGD("link: change %d: user-ipv6ll: not supported", ifindex);
+        return -NME_PL_OPNOTSUPP;
+    }
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(nlmsg, mode, NULL))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_token(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    char                         sbuf[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+    _LOGD("link: change %d: token: set IPv6 address generation token to %s",
+          ifindex,
+          nm_utils_inet6_interface_identifier_to_token(iid, sbuf));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_afspec(nlmsg, -1, &iid))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_carrier_detect(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    /* We use netlink for the actual carrier detection, but netlink can't tell
+     * us whether the device actually supports carrier detection in the first
+     * place. We assume any device that does implements one of these two APIs.
+     */
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_supports_carrier_detect(ifindex)
+           || nmp_utils_mii_supports_carrier_detect(ifindex);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_vlans(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    const NMPObject *           obj;
+
+    obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+
+    /* Only ARPHRD_ETHER links can possibly support VLANs. */
+    if (!obj || obj->link.arptype != ARPHRD_ETHER)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_supports_vlans(ifindex);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_supports_sriov(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    nm_auto_close int           dirfd = -1;
+    char                        ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    int                         num = -1;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    num =
+        nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(platform,
+                                     NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+                                     -1);
+
+    return num != -1;
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_address(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const ChangeLinkData         d     = {
+        .set_address =
+            {
+                .address = address,
+                .length  = length,
+            },
+    };
+
+    if (!address || !length)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_ADDRESS, length, address);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_ADDRESS, ifindex, nlmsg, &d);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_name(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const char *name)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_IFNAME, strlen(name) + 1, name);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_permanent_address(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_permanent_address(ifindex, buf, length);
+}
+
+static int
+link_set_mtu(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MTU, mtu);
+
+    return do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_SET_MTU, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+sriov_idle_cb(gpointer user_data, GCancellable *cancellable)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMPlatform *platform  = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *cancelled_error = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *  error         = NULL;
+    NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback;
+    gpointer                callback_data;
+
+    g_cancellable_set_error_if_cancelled(cancellable, &cancelled_error);
+    nm_utils_user_data_unpack(user_data, &platform, &error, &callback, &callback_data);
+    callback(cancelled_error ?: error, callback_data);
+}
+
+static void
+link_set_sriov_params_async(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                            int                     ifindex,
+                            guint                   num_vfs,
+                            NMOptionBool            autoprobe,
+                            NMPlatformAsyncCallback callback,
+                            gpointer                data,
+                            GCancellable *          cancellable)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError *error       = NULL;
+    nm_auto_close int     dirfd       = -1;
+    int                   current_autoprobe;
+    guint                 i, total;
+    gint64                current_num;
+    char                  ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gpointer              packed;
+    const char *          values[3];
+    char                  buf[64];
+
+    g_return_if_fail(callback || !data);
+    g_return_if_fail(cancellable);
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "couldn't change namespace");
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname);
+    if (!dirfd) {
+        g_set_error_literal(&error, NM_UTILS_ERROR, NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN, "couldn't open netdir");
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    total = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_totalvfs"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT,
+        0);
+    if (!errno && num_vfs > total) {
+        _LOGW("link: %d only supports %u VFs (requested %u)", ifindex, total, num_vfs);
+        num_vfs = total;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Take special care when setting new values:
+     *  - don't touch anything if the right values are already set
+     *  - to change the number of VFs or autoprobe we need to destroy existing VFs
+     *  - the autoprobe setting is irrelevant when numvfs is zero
+     */
+    current_num = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT,
+        -1);
+    current_autoprobe = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_drivers_autoprobe"),
+        10,
+        0,
+        1,
+        -1);
+
+    if (current_autoprobe == -1 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        /* older kernel versions don't have this sysctl. Assume the value is
+         * "1". */
+        current_autoprobe = 1;
+    }
+
+    if (current_num == num_vfs
+        && (autoprobe == NM_OPTION_BOOL_DEFAULT || current_autoprobe == autoprobe))
+        goto out_idle;
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(autoprobe, NM_OPTION_BOOL_TRUE, NM_OPTION_BOOL_FALSE)
+        && current_autoprobe != autoprobe
+        && !nm_platform_sysctl_set(
+            NM_PLATFORM_GET,
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_drivers_autoprobe"),
+            nm_sprintf_buf(buf, "%d", (int) autoprobe))) {
+        g_set_error(&error,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                    NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                    "couldn't set SR-IOV drivers-autoprobe to %d: %s",
+                    (int) autoprobe,
+                    nm_strerror_native(errno));
+        goto out_idle;
+    }
+
+    if (current_num == 0 && num_vfs == 0)
+        goto out_idle;
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (current_num != 0)
+        values[i++] = "0";
+    if (num_vfs != 0)
+        values[i++] = nm_sprintf_bufa(32, "%u", num_vfs);
+    values[i++] = NULL;
+
+    sysctl_set_async(platform,
+                     NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname, "device/sriov_numvfs"),
+                     values,
+                     callback,
+                     data,
+                     cancellable);
+    return;
+
+out_idle:
+    if (callback) {
+        packed = nm_utils_user_data_pack(g_object_ref(platform),
+                                         g_steal_pointer(&error),
+                                         callback,
+                                         data);
+        nm_utils_invoke_on_idle(cancellable, sriov_idle_cb, packed);
+    }
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_sriov_vfs(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const NMPlatformVF *const *vfs)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              list, *info, *vlan_list;
+    guint                        i;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (!(list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VFINFO_LIST)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    for (i = 0; vfs[i]; i++) {
+        const NMPlatformVF *vf = vfs[i];
+
+        if (!(info = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_INFO)))
+            goto nla_put_failure;
+
+        if (vf->spoofchk >= 0) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_setting ivs = {0};
+
+            ivs.vf      = vf->index;
+            ivs.setting = vf->spoofchk;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_SPOOFCHK, sizeof(ivs), &ivs);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->trust >= 0) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_setting ivs = {0};
+
+            ivs.vf      = vf->index;
+            ivs.setting = vf->trust;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_TRUST, sizeof(ivs), &ivs);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->mac.len) {
+            struct ifla_vf_mac ivm = {0};
+
+            ivm.vf = vf->index;
+            memcpy(ivm.mac, vf->mac.data, vf->mac.len);
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_MAC, sizeof(ivm), &ivm);
+        }
+
+        if (vf->min_tx_rate || vf->max_tx_rate) {
+            struct _ifla_vf_rate ivr = {0};
+
+            ivr.vf          = vf->index;
+            ivr.min_tx_rate = vf->min_tx_rate;
+            ivr.max_tx_rate = vf->max_tx_rate;
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_RATE, sizeof(ivr), &ivr);
+        }
+
+        /* Kernel only supports one VLAN per VF now. If this
+         * changes in the future, we need to figure out how to
+         * clear existing VLANs and set new ones in one message
+         * with the new API.*/
+        if (vf->num_vlans > 1) {
+            _LOGW("multiple VLANs per VF are not supported at the moment");
+            return FALSE;
+        } else {
+            struct _ifla_vf_vlan_info ivvi = {0};
+
+            if (!(vlan_list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_VLAN_LIST)))
+                goto nla_put_failure;
+
+            ivvi.vf = vf->index;
+            if (vf->num_vlans == 1) {
+                ivvi.vlan       = vf->vlans[0].id;
+                ivvi.qos        = vf->vlans[0].qos;
+                ivvi.vlan_proto = htons(vf->vlans[0].proto_ad ? ETH_P_8021AD : ETH_P_8021Q);
+            } else {
+                /* Clear existing VLAN */
+                ivvi.vlan       = 0;
+                ivvi.qos        = 0;
+                ivvi.vlan_proto = htons(ETH_P_8021Q);
+            }
+
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_VF_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(ivvi), &ivvi);
+            nla_nest_end(nlmsg, vlan_list);
+        }
+        nla_nest_end(nlmsg, info);
+    }
+    nla_nest_end(nlmsg, list);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_set_bridge_vlans(NMPlatform *                       platform,
+                      int                                ifindex,
+                      gboolean                           on_master,
+                      const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *const *vlans)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    struct nlattr *              list;
+    struct bridge_vlan_info      vinfo = {};
+    guint                        i;
+
+    nlmsg =
+        _nl_msg_new_link_full(vlans ? RTM_SETLINK : RTM_DELLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL, AF_BRIDGE, 0, 0);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+
+    if (!(list = nla_nest_start(nlmsg, IFLA_AF_SPEC)))
+        goto nla_put_failure;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U16(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_FLAGS, on_master ? BRIDGE_FLAGS_MASTER : BRIDGE_FLAGS_SELF);
+
+    if (vlans) {
+        /* Add VLANs */
+        for (i = 0; vlans[i]; i++) {
+            const NMPlatformBridgeVlan *vlan     = vlans[i];
+            gboolean                    is_range = vlan->vid_start != vlan->vid_end;
+
+            vinfo.vid   = vlan->vid_start;
+            vinfo.flags = is_range ? BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN : 0;
+
+            if (vlan->untagged)
+                vinfo.flags |= BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_UNTAGGED;
+            if (vlan->pvid)
+                vinfo.flags |= BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_PVID;
+
+            NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+
+            if (is_range) {
+                vinfo.vid   = vlan->vid_end;
+                vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END;
+                NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Flush existing VLANs */
+        vinfo.vid   = 1;
+        vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_BEGIN;
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+
+        vinfo.vid   = 4094;
+        vinfo.flags = BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO_RANGE_END;
+        NLA_PUT(nlmsg, IFLA_BRIDGE_VLAN_INFO, sizeof(vinfo), &vinfo);
+    }
+
+    nla_nest_end(nlmsg, list);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static char *
+link_get_physical_port_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return sysctl_get(platform, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "phys_port_id"));
+}
+
+static guint
+link_get_dev_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, ifindex, ifname_verified);
+    if (dirfd < 0)
+        return 0;
+    return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked(
+        platform,
+        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_verified, "dev_id"),
+        16,
+        0,
+        G_MAXUINT16,
+        0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_tun_add(NMPlatform *            platform,
+             const char *            name,
+             const NMPlatformLnkTun *props,
+             const NMPlatformLink ** out_link,
+             int *                   out_fd)
+{
+    const NMPObject * obj;
+    struct ifreq      ifr = {};
+    nm_auto_close int fd  = -1;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(props->type, IFF_TAP, IFF_TUN));
+    nm_assert(props->persist || out_fd);
+
+    fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (fd < 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    nm_utils_ifname_cpy(ifr.ifr_name, name);
+    ifr.ifr_flags = ((short) props->type) | ((short) IFF_TUN_EXCL)
+                    | (!props->pi ? (short) IFF_NO_PI : (short) 0)
+                    | (props->vnet_hdr ? (short) IFF_VNET_HDR : (short) 0)
+                    | (props->multi_queue ? (short) NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE : (short) 0);
+    if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (props->owner_valid) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETOWNER, (uid_t) props->owner))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (props->group_valid) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETGROUP, (gid_t) props->group))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (props->persist) {
+        if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETPERSIST, 1))
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    do_request_link(platform, 0, name);
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                     0,
+                                     name,
+                                     FALSE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+
+    if (!obj)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_link, &obj->link);
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fd, nm_steal_fd(&fd));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static void
+_vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(gboolean                is_ingress_map,
+                                     gboolean                reset_all,
+                                     const NMVlanQosMapping *current_map,
+                                     guint                   current_n_map,
+                                     const NMVlanQosMapping *set_map,
+                                     guint                   set_n_map,
+                                     NMVlanQosMapping **     out_map,
+                                     guint *                 out_n_map)
+{
+    NMVlanQosMapping *map;
+    guint             i, j, len;
+    const guint       INGRESS_RANGE_LEN = 8;
+
+    nm_assert(out_map && !*out_map);
+    nm_assert(out_n_map && !*out_n_map);
+
+    if (!reset_all)
+        current_n_map = 0;
+    else if (is_ingress_map)
+        current_n_map = INGRESS_RANGE_LEN;
+
+    len = current_n_map + set_n_map;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return;
+
+    map = g_new(NMVlanQosMapping, len);
+
+    if (current_n_map) {
+        if (is_ingress_map) {
+            /* For the ingress-map, there are only 8 entries (0 to 7).
+             * When the user requests to reset all entries, we don't actually
+             * need the cached entries, we can just explicitly clear all possible
+             * ones.
+             *
+             * That makes only a real difference in case our cache is out-of-date.
+             *
+             * For the egress map we cannot do that, because there are far too
+             * many. There we can only clear the entries that we know about. */
+            for (i = 0; i < INGRESS_RANGE_LEN; i++) {
+                map[i].from = i;
+                map[i].to   = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (i = 0; i < current_n_map; i++) {
+                map[i].from = current_map[i].from;
+                map[i].to   = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (set_n_map)
+        memcpy(&map[current_n_map], set_map, sizeof(*set_map) * set_n_map);
+
+    g_qsort_with_data(map, len, sizeof(*map), _vlan_qos_mapping_cmp_from, NULL);
+
+    for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if ((is_ingress_map && !VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(map[i].from))
+            || (!is_ingress_map && !VLAN_XGRESS_PRIO_VALID(map[i].to)))
+            continue;
+        if (j > 0 && map[j - 1].from == map[i].from)
+            map[j - 1] = map[i];
+        else
+            map[j++] = map[i];
+    }
+
+    *out_map   = map;
+    *out_n_map = j;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_vlan_change(NMPlatform *            platform,
+                 int                     ifindex,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_mask,
+                 NMVlanFlags             flags_set,
+                 gboolean                ingress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_ingress_map,
+                 gboolean                egress_reset_all,
+                 const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
+                 gsize                   n_egress_map)
+{
+    const NMPObject *            obj_cache;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    const NMPObjectLnkVlan *     lnk;
+    guint                        new_n_ingress_map = 0;
+    guint                        new_n_egress_map  = 0;
+    gs_free NMVlanQosMapping *new_ingress_map      = NULL;
+    gs_free NMVlanQosMapping *new_egress_map       = NULL;
+
+    obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj_cache || !obj_cache->_link.netlink.is_in_netlink) {
+        _LOGD("link: change %d: %s: link does not exist", ifindex, "vlan");
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    lnk = obj_cache->_link.netlink.lnk ? &obj_cache->_link.netlink.lnk->_lnk_vlan : NULL;
+
+    flags_set &= flags_mask;
+
+    _vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(TRUE,
+                                         ingress_reset_all,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->ingress_qos_map : NULL,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->n_ingress_qos_map : 0,
+                                         ingress_map,
+                                         n_ingress_map,
+                                         &new_ingress_map,
+                                         &new_n_ingress_map);
+
+    _vlan_change_vlan_qos_mapping_create(FALSE,
+                                         egress_reset_all,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->egress_qos_map : NULL,
+                                         lnk ? lnk->n_egress_qos_map : 0,
+                                         egress_map,
+                                         n_egress_map,
+                                         &new_egress_map,
+                                         &new_n_egress_map);
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg
+        || !_nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo_vlan(nlmsg,
+                                               -1,
+                                               flags_mask,
+                                               flags_set,
+                                               new_ingress_map,
+                                               new_n_ingress_map,
+                                               new_egress_map,
+                                               new_n_egress_map))
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_enslave(NMPlatform *platform, int master, int slave)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg   = NULL;
+    int                          ifindex = slave;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_link(RTM_NEWLINK, 0, ifindex, NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    NLA_PUT_U32(nlmsg, IFLA_MASTER, master);
+
+    return (do_change_link(platform, CHANGE_LINK_TYPE_UNSPEC, ifindex, nlmsg, NULL) >= 0);
+nla_put_failure:
+    g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_release(NMPlatform *platform, int master, int slave)
+{
+    return link_enslave(platform, 0, slave);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+_infiniband_partition_action(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                             InfinibandAction       action,
+                             int                    parent,
+                             int                    p_key,
+                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
+    char              ifname_parent[IFNAMSIZ];
+    const NMPObject * obj;
+    char              id[20];
+    char              name[IFNAMSIZ];
+    gboolean          success;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(action, INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD, INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD));
+    nm_assert(p_key > 0 && p_key <= 0xffff && p_key != 0x8000);
+
+    dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir(platform, parent, ifname_parent);
+    if (dirfd < 0) {
+        errno = ENOENT;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    nm_sprintf_buf(id, "0x%04x", p_key);
+    if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD)
+        success =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_set(platform,
+                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_parent, "create_child"),
+                                   id);
+    else
+        success =
+            nm_platform_sysctl_set(platform,
+                                   NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR(dirfd, ifname_parent, "delete_child"),
+                                   id);
+
+    if (!success) {
+        if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD && errno == ENODEV)
+            return TRUE;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    nm_utils_new_infiniband_name(name, ifname_parent, p_key);
+    do_request_link(platform, 0, name);
+
+    if (action == INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                     0,
+                                     name,
+                                     FALSE,
+                                     NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND,
+                                     NULL,
+                                     NULL);
+    if (out_link)
+        *out_link = obj ? &obj->link : NULL;
+    return !!obj;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_add(NMPlatform *           platform,
+                         int                    parent,
+                         int                    p_key,
+                         const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
+{
+    return _infiniband_partition_action(platform,
+                                        INFINIBAND_ACTION_CREATE_CHILD,
+                                        parent,
+                                        p_key,
+                                        out_link);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+infiniband_partition_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int parent, int p_key)
+{
+    return _infiniband_partition_action(platform,
+                                        INFINIBAND_ACTION_DELETE_CHILD,
+                                        parent,
+                                        p_key,
+                                        NULL);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static GObject *
+get_ext_data(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    const NMPObject *obj;
+
+    obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link(nm_platform_get_cache(platform), ifindex);
+    if (!obj)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return obj->_link.ext_data;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, retval) \
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;                          \
+    NMWifiUtils *               wifi_data;                             \
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))                     \
+        return retval;                                                 \
+    wifi_data = NM_WIFI_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex));        \
+    if (!wifi_data)                                                    \
+        return retval;
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_capabilities(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    if (caps)
+        *caps = nm_wifi_utils_get_caps(wifi_data);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_get_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_freq(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_get_station(NMPlatform * platform,
+                 int          ifindex,
+                 NMEtherAddr *out_bssid,
+                 int *        out_quality,
+                 guint32 *    out_rate)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_station(wifi_data, out_bssid, out_quality, out_rate);
+}
+
+static NM80211Mode
+wifi_get_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_mode(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_mode(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_set_mode(wifi_data, mode);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_set_powersave(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_set_powersave(wifi_data, powersave);
+}
+
+static guint32
+wifi_find_frequency(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_find_freq(wifi_data, freqs);
+}
+
+static void
+wifi_indicate_addressing_running(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, gboolean running)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, );
+    nm_wifi_utils_indicate_addressing_running(wifi_data, running);
+}
+
+static NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan
+wifi_get_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wifi_set_wake_on_wlan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, NMSettingWirelessWakeOnWLan wowl)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data, wowl);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_can_assume(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    NMPLookup        lookup;
+    const NMPObject *link, *o;
+    NMDedupMultiIter iter;
+    NMPCache *       cache = nm_platform_get_cache(platform);
+
+    if (ifindex <= 0)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    link = nm_platform_link_get_obj(platform, ifindex, TRUE);
+    if (!link)
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(link->link.n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (link->link.master > 0)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+    if (nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup))
+        return TRUE;
+
+    nmp_lookup_init_object(&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS, ifindex);
+    nmp_cache_iter_for_each (&iter, nmp_cache_lookup(cache, &lookup), &o) {
+        nm_assert(NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(o) == NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
+        if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&o->ip6_address.address))
+            return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static guint32
+mesh_get_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, 0);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_get_mesh_channel(wifi_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_channel(wifi_data, channel);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+mesh_set_ssid(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
+{
+    WIFI_GET_WIFI_DATA_NETNS(wifi_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wifi_utils_set_mesh_ssid(wifi_data, ssid, len);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+#define WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, retval)             \
+    NMWpanUtils *wpan_data = NM_WPAN_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex)); \
+    if (!wpan_data)                                                          \
+        return retval;
+
+static guint16
+wpan_get_pan_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, G_MAXINT16);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_get_pan_id(wpan_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_pan_id(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint16 pan_id)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_pan_id(wpan_data, pan_id);
+}
+
+static guint16
+wpan_get_short_addr(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, G_MAXINT16);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_get_short_addr(wpan_data);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_short_addr(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint16 short_addr)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_short_addr(wpan_data, short_addr);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+wpan_set_channel(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, guint8 page, guint8 channel)
+{
+    WPAN_GET_WPAN_DATA(wpan_data, platform, ifindex, FALSE);
+    return nm_wpan_utils_set_channel(wpan_data, page, channel);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_wake_on_lan(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMLinkType                  type  = nm_platform_link_get_type(platform, ifindex);
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_ETHERNET)
+        return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_wake_on_lan(ifindex);
+    else if (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_WIFI) {
+        NMWifiUtils *wifi_data = NM_WIFI_UTILS(get_ext_data(platform, ifindex));
+
+        if (!wifi_data)
+            return FALSE;
+
+        return !NM_IN_SET(nm_wifi_utils_get_wake_on_wlan(wifi_data),
+                          NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_NONE,
+                          NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_WAKE_ON_WLAN_IGNORE);
+
+    } else
+        return FALSE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+link_get_driver_info(NMPlatform *platform,
+                     int         ifindex,
+                     char **     out_driver_name,
+                     char **     out_driver_version,
+                     char **     out_fw_version)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMPUtilsEthtoolDriverInfo   driver_info;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    if (!nmp_utils_ethtool_get_driver_info(ifindex, &driver_info))
+        return FALSE;
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_driver_name, g_strdup(driver_info.driver));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_driver_version, g_strdup(driver_info.version));
+    NM_SET_OUT(out_fw_version, g_strdup(driver_info.fw_version));
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_add(NMPlatform *platform,
+                int         ifindex,
+                in_addr_t   addr,
+                guint8      plen,
+                in_addr_t   peer_addr,
+                in_addr_t   broadcast_address,
+                guint32     lifetime,
+                guint32     preferred,
+                guint32     flags,
+                const char *label)
+{
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_NEWADDR,
+                                NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE,
+                                AF_INET,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                &peer_addr,
+                                flags,
+                                nm_utils_ip4_address_is_link_local(addr) ? RT_SCOPE_LINK
+                                                                         : RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE,
+                                lifetime,
+                                preferred,
+                                broadcast_address,
+                                label);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, addr, plen, peer_addr);
+    return (do_add_addrroute(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg, FALSE) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_add(NMPlatform *    platform,
+                int             ifindex,
+                struct in6_addr addr,
+                guint8          plen,
+                struct in6_addr peer_addr,
+                guint32         lifetime,
+                guint32         preferred,
+                guint32         flags)
+{
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_NEWADDR,
+                                NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE,
+                                AF_INET6,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&peer_addr) ? NULL : &peer_addr,
+                                flags,
+                                RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE,
+                                lifetime,
+                                preferred,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, &addr);
+    return (do_add_addrroute(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg, FALSE) >= 0);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip4_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform,
+                   int         ifindex,
+                   in_addr_t   addr,
+                   guint8      plen,
+                   in_addr_t   peer_address)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_DELADDR,
+                                0,
+                                AF_INET,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                &peer_address,
+                                0,
+                                RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address(&obj_id, ifindex, addr, plen, peer_address);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+ip6_address_delete(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct in6_addr addr, guint8 plen)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj_id;
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_address(RTM_DELADDR,
+                                0,
+                                AF_INET6,
+                                ifindex,
+                                &addr,
+                                plen,
+                                NULL,
+                                0,
+                                RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
+                                0,
+                                NULL);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address(&obj_id, ifindex, &addr);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, &obj_id, nlmsg);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+ip_route_add(NMPlatform *             platform,
+             NMPNlmFlags              flags,
+             int                      addr_family,
+             const NMPlatformIPRoute *route)
+{
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *nlmsg = NULL;
+    NMPObject                    obj;
+
+    nmp_object_stackinit(&obj,
+                         NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP_ROUTE(NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family)),
+                         (const NMPlatformObject *) route);
+
+    nm_platform_ip_route_normalize(addr_family, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP_ROUTE(&obj));
+
+    nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_route(RTM_NEWROUTE, flags & NMP_NLM_FLAG_FMASK, &obj);
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(-NME_BUG);
+    return do_add_addrroute(platform,
+                            &obj,
+                            nlmsg,
+                            NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NMP_NLM_FLAG_SUPPRESS_NETLINK_FAILURE));
+}
+
+static gboolean
+object_delete(NMPlatform *platform, const NMPObject *obj)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_keep_alive = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *   nlmsg          = NULL;
+
+    if (!NMP_OBJECT_IS_STACKINIT(obj))
+        obj_keep_alive = nmp_object_ref(obj);
+
+    switch (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE(obj)) {
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE:
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_route(RTM_DELROUTE, 0, obj);
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_ROUTING_RULE:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_routing_rule(RTM_DELRULE, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_ROUTING_RULE(obj));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_QDISC:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_qdisc(RTM_DELQDISC, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_QDISC(obj));
+        break;
+    case NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_TFILTER:
+        nlmsg = _nl_msg_new_tfilter(RTM_DELTFILTER, 0, NMP_OBJECT_CAST_TFILTER(obj));
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (!nlmsg)
+        g_return_val_if_reached(FALSE);
+    return do_delete_object(platform, obj, nlmsg);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+ip_route_get(NMPlatform *  platform,
+             int           addr_family,
+             gconstpointer address,
+             int           oif_ifindex,
+             NMPObject **  out_route)
+{
+    const gboolean          is_v4     = (addr_family == AF_INET);
+    const int               addr_len  = is_v4 ? 4 : 16;
+    int                     try_count = 0;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult seq_result;
+    int                     nle;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj NMPObject *route = NULL;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_LINUX_PLATFORM(platform));
+    nm_assert(NM_IN_SET(addr_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+    nm_assert(address);
+
+    do {
+        struct {
+            struct nlmsghdr n;
+            struct rtmsg    r;
+            char            buf[64];
+        } req = {
+            .n.nlmsg_len   = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg)),
+            .n.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST,
+            .n.nlmsg_type  = RTM_GETROUTE,
+            .r.rtm_family  = addr_family,
+            .r.rtm_tos     = 0,
+            .r.rtm_dst_len = is_v4 ? 32 : 128,
+            .r.rtm_flags   = 0x1000 /* RTM_F_LOOKUP_TABLE */,
+        };
+
+        nm_clear_pointer(&route, nmp_object_unref);
+
+        if (!_nl_addattr_l(&req.n, sizeof(req), RTA_DST, address, addr_len))
+            nm_assert_not_reached();
+
+        if (oif_ifindex > 0) {
+            gint32 ii = oif_ifindex;
+
+            if (!_nl_addattr_l(&req.n, sizeof(req), RTA_OIF, &ii, sizeof(ii)))
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+        nle        = _nl_send_nlmsghdr(platform,
+                                &req.n,
+                                &seq_result,
+                                NULL,
+                                DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_ROUTE_GET,
+                                &route);
+        if (nle < 0) {
+            _LOGE("get-route: failure sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)",
+                  nm_strerror_native(-nle),
+                  -nle);
+            return -NME_UNSPEC;
+        }
+
+        delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+        /* Retry, if we failed due to a cache resync. That can happen when the netlink
+         * socket fills up and we lost the response. */
+    } while (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC && ++try_count < 10);
+
+    if (seq_result < 0) {
+        /* negative seq_result is an errno from kernel. Map it to negative
+         * int (which are also errno). */
+        return (int) seq_result;
+    }
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK) {
+        if (route) {
+            NM_SET_OUT(out_route, g_steal_pointer(&route));
+            return 0;
+        }
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+routing_rule_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformRoutingRule *routing_rule)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg        = NULL;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    int                          nle;
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_routing_rule(RTM_NEWRULE, flags, routing_rule);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-rule: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-rule: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return seq_result;
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+qdisc_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformQdisc *qdisc)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    /* Note: @qdisc must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of qdisc.kind
+     * is undefined. */
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_qdisc(RTM_NEWQDISC, flags, qdisc);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-qdisc: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-qdisc: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+    if (seq_result < 0)
+        return seq_result;
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static int
+tfilter_add(NMPlatform *platform, NMPNlmFlags flags, const NMPlatformTfilter *tfilter)
+{
+    WaitForNlResponseResult      seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+    gs_free char *               errmsg     = NULL;
+    int                          nle;
+    char                         s_buf[256];
+    nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg = NULL;
+
+    /* Note: @tfilter must not be copied or kept alive because the lifetime of tfilter.kind
+     * and tfilter.action.kind is undefined. */
+
+    msg = _nl_msg_new_tfilter(RTM_NEWTFILTER, flags, tfilter);
+
+    event_handler_read_netlink(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nle = _nl_send_nlmsg(platform,
+                         msg,
+                         &seq_result,
+                         &errmsg,
+                         DELAYED_ACTION_RESPONSE_TYPE_VOID,
+                         NULL);
+    if (nle < 0) {
+        _LOGE("do-add-tfilter: failed sending netlink request \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        return -NME_PL_NETLINK;
+    }
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    nm_assert(seq_result);
+
+    _NMLOG(seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK ? LOGL_DEBUG : LOGL_WARN,
+           "do-add-tfilter: %s",
+           wait_for_nl_response_to_string(seq_result, errmsg, s_buf, sizeof(s_buf)));
+
+    if (seq_result == WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK)
+        return 0;
+
+    return -NME_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+event_handler(int fd, GIOCondition io_condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    delayed_action_handle_all(NM_PLATFORM(user_data), TRUE);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* copied from libnl3's recvmsgs() */
+static int
+event_handler_recvmsgs(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean handle_events)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *    priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    struct nl_sock *            sk   = priv->nlh;
+    int                         n;
+    int                         err         = 0;
+    gboolean                    multipart   = 0;
+    gboolean                    interrupted = FALSE;
+    struct nlmsghdr *           hdr;
+    WaitForNlResponseResult     seq_result;
+    struct sockaddr_nl          nla = {0};
+    struct ucred                creds;
+    gboolean                    creds_has;
+    nm_auto_free unsigned char *buf = NULL;
+
+continue_reading:
+    nm_clear_pointer(&buf, free);
+    n = nl_recv(sk, &nla, &buf, &creds, &creds_has);
+
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        if (n == -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC) {
+            int buf_size;
+
+            /* the message receive buffer was too small. We lost one message, which
+             * is unfortunate. Try to double the buffer size for the next time. */
+            buf_size = nl_socket_get_msg_buf_size(sk);
+            if (buf_size < 512 * 1024) {
+                buf_size *= 2;
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: increase message buffer size for recvmsg() to %d bytes",
+                      buf_size);
+                if (nl_socket_set_msg_buf_size(sk, buf_size) < 0)
+                    nm_assert_not_reached();
+                if (!handle_events)
+                    goto continue_reading;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    hdr = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf;
+    while (nlmsg_ok(hdr, n)) {
+        nm_auto_nlmsg struct nl_msg *msg               = NULL;
+        gboolean                     abort_parsing     = FALSE;
+        gboolean                     process_valid_msg = FALSE;
+        guint32                      seq_number;
+        char                         buf_nlmsghdr[400];
+        const char *                 extack_msg = NULL;
+
+        msg = nlmsg_alloc_convert(hdr);
+
+        nlmsg_set_proto(msg, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+        nlmsg_set_src(msg, &nla);
+
+        if (!creds_has || creds.pid) {
+            if (!creds_has)
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: received message without credentials");
+            else
+                _LOGT("netlink: recvmsg: received non-kernel message (pid %d)", creds.pid);
+            err = 0;
+            goto stop;
+        }
+
+        _LOGt("netlink: recvmsg: new message %s",
+              nl_nlmsghdr_to_str(hdr, buf_nlmsghdr, sizeof(buf_nlmsghdr)));
+
+        nlmsg_set_creds(msg, &creds);
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_MULTI)
+            multipart = TRUE;
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_DUMP_INTR) {
+            /*
+             * We have to continue reading to clear
+             * all messages until a NLMSG_DONE is
+             * received and report the inconsistency.
+             */
+            interrupted = TRUE;
+        }
+
+        /* Other side wishes to see an ack for this message */
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_ACK) {
+            /* FIXME: implement */
+        }
+
+        seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_UNKNOWN;
+
+        if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE) {
+            /* messages terminates a multipart message, this is
+             * usually the end of a message and therefore we slip
+             * out of the loop by default. the user may overrule
+             * this action by skipping this packet. */
+            multipart  = FALSE;
+            seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_NOOP) {
+            /* Message to be ignored, the default action is to
+             * skip this message if no callback is specified. The
+             * user may overrule this action by returning
+             * NL_PROCEED. */
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_OVERRUN) {
+            /* Data got lost, report back to user. The default action is to
+             * quit parsing. The user may overrule this action by returning
+             * NL_SKIP or NL_PROCEED (dangerous) */
+            err           = -NME_NL_MSG_OVERFLOW;
+            abort_parsing = TRUE;
+        } else if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) {
+            /* Message carries a nlmsgerr */
+            struct nlmsgerr *e = nlmsg_data(hdr);
+
+            if (hdr->nlmsg_len < nlmsg_size(sizeof(*e))) {
+                /* Truncated error message, the default action
+                 * is to stop parsing. The user may overrule
+                 * this action by returning NL_SKIP or
+                 * NL_PROCEED (dangerous) */
+                err           = -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC;
+                abort_parsing = TRUE;
+            } else if (e->error) {
+                int errsv = nm_errno_native(e->error);
+
+                if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(hdr->nlmsg_flags, NLM_F_ACK_TLVS)
+                    && hdr->nlmsg_len >= sizeof(*e) + e->msg.nlmsg_len) {
+                    static const struct nla_policy policy[] = {
+                        [NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG]  = {.type = NLA_STRING},
+                        [NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS] = {.type = NLA_U32},
+                    };
+                    struct nlattr *tb[G_N_ELEMENTS(policy)];
+                    struct nlattr *tlvs;
+
+                    tlvs = (struct nlattr *) ((char *) e + sizeof(*e) + e->msg.nlmsg_len
+                                              - NLMSG_HDRLEN);
+                    if (nla_parse_arr(tb,
+                                      tlvs,
+                                      hdr->nlmsg_len - sizeof(*e) - e->msg.nlmsg_len,
+                                      policy)
+                        >= 0) {
+                        if (tb[NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG])
+                            extack_msg = nla_get_string(tb[NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* Error message reported back from kernel. */
+                _LOGD("netlink: recvmsg: error message from kernel: %s (%d)%s%s%s for request %d",
+                      nm_strerror_native(errsv),
+                      errsv,
+                      NM_PRINT_FMT_QUOTED(extack_msg, " \"", extack_msg, "\"", ""),
+                      nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq);
+                seq_result = -NM_ERRNO_NATIVE(errsv);
+            } else
+                seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        } else
+            process_valid_msg = TRUE;
+
+        seq_number = nlmsg_hdr(msg)->nlmsg_seq;
+
+        /* check whether the seq number is different from before, and
+         * whether the previous number (@nlh_seq_last_seen) is a pending
+         * refresh-all request. In that case, the pending request is thereby
+         * completed.
+         *
+         * We must do that before processing the message with event_valid_msg(),
+         * because we must track the completion of the pending request before that. */
+        event_seq_check_refresh_all(platform, seq_number);
+
+        if (process_valid_msg) {
+            /* Valid message (not checking for MULTIPART bit to
+             * get along with broken kernels. NL_SKIP has no
+             * effect on this.  */
+
+            event_valid_msg(platform, msg, handle_events);
+
+            seq_result = WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_RESPONSE_OK;
+        }
+
+        event_seq_check(platform, seq_number, seq_result, extack_msg);
+
+        if (abort_parsing)
+            goto stop;
+
+        err = 0;
+        hdr = nlmsg_next(hdr, &n);
+    }
+
+    if (multipart) {
+        /* Multipart message not yet complete, continue reading */
+        goto continue_reading;
+    }
+stop:
+    if (!handle_events) {
+        /* when we don't handle events, we want to drain all messages from the socket
+         * without handling the messages (but still check for sequence numbers).
+         * Repeat reading. */
+        goto continue_reading;
+    }
+
+    if (interrupted)
+        return -NME_NL_DUMP_INTR;
+    return err;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static gboolean
+event_handler_read_netlink(NMPlatform *platform, gboolean wait_for_acks)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *    priv  = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                         r;
+    struct pollfd               pfd;
+    gboolean                    any = FALSE;
+    int                         timeout_msec;
+    struct {
+        guint32 seq_number;
+        gint64  timeout_abs_ns;
+        gint64  now_ns;
+    } next;
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns)) {
+        delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(platform,
+                                                         WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_SETNS);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    for (;;) {
+        for (;;) {
+            int nle;
+
+            nle = event_handler_recvmsgs(platform, TRUE);
+
+            if (nle < 0) {
+                switch (nle) {
+                case -EAGAIN:
+                    goto after_read;
+                case -NME_NL_DUMP_INTR:
+                    _LOGD("netlink: read: uncritical failure to retrieve incoming events: %s (%d)",
+                          nm_strerror(nle),
+                          nle);
+                    break;
+                case -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC:
+                case -ENOBUFS:
+                    _LOGI("netlink: read: %s. Need to resynchronize platform cache", ({
+                              const char *_reason = "unknown";
+                              switch (nle) {
+                              case -NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC:
+                                  _reason = "message truncated";
+                                  break;
+                              case -ENOBUFS:
+                                  _reason = "too many netlink events";
+                                  break;
+                              }
+                              _reason;
+                          }));
+                    event_handler_recvmsgs(platform, FALSE);
+                    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(
+                        platform,
+                        WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_RESYNC);
+
+                    delayed_action_schedule(platform,
+                                            DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS
+                                                | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+                                            NULL);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    _LOGE("netlink: read: failed to retrieve incoming events: %s (%d)",
+                          nm_strerror(nle),
+                          nle);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            any = TRUE;
+        }
+
+after_read:
+
+        if (!NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE))
+            return any;
+
+        delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_check(platform,
+                                                           WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_UNKNOWN,
+                                                           &next.seq_number,
+                                                           &next.timeout_abs_ns,
+                                                           &next.now_ns);
+
+        if (!wait_for_acks
+            || !NM_FLAGS_HAS(priv->delayed_action.flags, DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE))
+            return any;
+
+        nm_assert(next.seq_number);
+        nm_assert(next.now_ns > 0);
+        nm_assert(next.timeout_abs_ns > next.now_ns);
+
+        _LOGT("netlink: read: wait for ACK for sequence number %u...", next.seq_number);
+
+        timeout_msec = (next.timeout_abs_ns - next.now_ns) / (NM_UTILS_NSEC_PER_SEC / 1000);
+
+        memset(&pfd, 0, sizeof(pfd));
+        pfd.fd     = nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh);
+        pfd.events = POLLIN;
+        r          = poll(&pfd, 1, MAX(1, timeout_msec));
+
+        if (r == 0) {
+            /* timeout and there is nothing to read. */
+            goto after_read;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+            int errsv = errno;
+
+            if (errsv != EINTR) {
+                _LOGE("netlink: read: poll failed with %s", nm_strerror_native(errsv));
+                delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(
+                    platform,
+                    WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_POLL);
+                return any;
+            }
+            /* Continue to read again, even if there might be nothing to read after EINTR. */
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+cache_update_link_udev(NMPlatform *platform, int ifindex, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_old = NULL;
+    nm_auto_nmpobj const NMPObject *obj_new = NULL;
+    NMPCacheOpsType                 cache_op;
+
+    cache_op = nmp_cache_update_link_udev(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                          ifindex,
+                                          udevice,
+                                          &obj_old,
+                                          &obj_new);
+
+    if (cache_op != NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED) {
+        nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;
+
+        cache_on_change(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+        if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+            return;
+        nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal(platform, cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+udev_device_added(NMPlatform *platform, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    const char *ifname;
+    const char *ifindex_s;
+    int         ifindex;
+
+    ifname = udev_device_get_sysname(udevice);
+    if (!ifname) {
+        _LOGD("udev-add: failed to get device's interface");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ifindex_s = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    if (!ifindex_s) {
+        _LOGW("udev-add[%s]failed to get device's ifindex", ifname);
+        return;
+    }
+    ifindex = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(ifindex_s, 10, 1, G_MAXINT, 0);
+    if (ifindex <= 0) {
+        _LOGW("udev-add[%s]: retrieved invalid IFINDEX=%d", ifname, ifindex);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!udev_device_get_syspath(udevice)) {
+        _LOGD("udev-add[%s,%d]: couldn't determine device path; ignoring...", ifname, ifindex);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    _LOGT("udev-add[%s,%d]: device added", ifname, ifindex);
+    cache_update_link_udev(platform, ifindex, udevice);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+_udev_device_removed_match_link(const NMPObject *obj, gpointer udevice)
+{
+    return obj->_link.udev.device == udevice;
+}
+
+static void
+udev_device_removed(NMPlatform *platform, struct udev_device *udevice)
+{
+    const char *ifindex_s;
+    int         ifindex = 0;
+
+    ifindex_s = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    ifindex   = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64(ifindex_s, 10, 1, G_MAXINT, 0);
+    if (ifindex <= 0) {
+        const NMPObject *obj;
+
+        obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full(nm_platform_get_cache(platform),
+                                         0,
+                                         NULL,
+                                         FALSE,
+                                         NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
+                                         _udev_device_removed_match_link,
+                                         udevice);
+        if (obj)
+            ifindex = obj->link.ifindex;
+    }
+
+    _LOGD("udev-remove: IFINDEX=%d", ifindex);
+    if (ifindex <= 0)
+        return;
+
+    cache_update_link_udev(platform, ifindex, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+handle_udev_event(NMUdevClient *udev_client, struct udev_device *udevice, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns    = NULL;
+    NMPlatform *                platform = NM_PLATFORM(user_data);
+    const char *                subsys;
+    const char *                ifindex;
+    guint64                     seqnum;
+    const char *                action;
+
+    action = udev_device_get_action(udevice);
+    g_return_if_fail(action);
+
+    subsys = udev_device_get_subsystem(udevice);
+    g_return_if_fail(nm_streq0(subsys, "net"));
+
+    if (!nm_platform_netns_push(platform, &netns))
+        return;
+
+    ifindex = udev_device_get_property_value(udevice, "IFINDEX");
+    seqnum  = udev_device_get_seqnum(udevice);
+    _LOGD("UDEV event: action '%s' subsys '%s' device '%s' (%s); seqnum=%" G_GUINT64_FORMAT,
+          action,
+          subsys,
+          udev_device_get_sysname(udevice),
+          ifindex ?: "unknown",
+          seqnum);
+
+    if (NM_IN_STRSET(action, "add", "move"))
+        udev_device_added(platform, udevice);
+    else if (NM_IN_STRSET(action, "remove"))
+        udev_device_removed(platform, udevice);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+void
+nm_linux_platform_setup(void)
+{
+    nm_platform_setup(nm_linux_platform_new(FALSE, FALSE));
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+nm_linux_platform_init(NMLinuxPlatform *self)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected = g_ptr_array_new();
+    priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link     = g_ptr_array_new();
+    priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response =
+        g_array_new(FALSE, TRUE, sizeof(DelayedActionWaitForNlResponseData));
+}
+
+static void
+constructed(GObject *_object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *            platform = NM_PLATFORM(_object);
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv     = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+    int                     nle;
+    int                     fd;
+
+    nm_assert(!platform->_netns || platform->_netns == nmp_netns_get_current());
+
+    if (nm_platform_get_use_udev(platform)) {
+        priv->udev_client = nm_udev_client_new(NM_MAKE_STRV("net"), handle_udev_event, platform);
+    }
+
+    _LOGD("create (%s netns, %s, %s udev)",
+          !platform->_netns ? "ignore" : "use",
+          !platform->_netns && nmp_netns_is_initial()
+              ? "initial netns"
+              : (!nmp_netns_get_current()
+                     ? "no netns support"
+                     : nm_sprintf_bufa(100,
+                                       "in netns[%p]%s",
+                                       nmp_netns_get_current(),
+                                       nmp_netns_get_current() == nmp_netns_get_initial() ? "/main"
+                                                                                          : "")),
+          nm_platform_get_use_udev(platform) ? "use" : "no");
+
+    priv->genl = nl_socket_alloc();
+    g_assert(priv->genl);
+
+    nle = nl_connect(priv->genl, NETLINK_GENERIC);
+    if (nle) {
+        _LOGE("unable to connect the generic netlink socket \"%s\" (%d)", nm_strerror(nle), -nle);
+        nl_socket_free(priv->genl);
+        priv->genl = NULL;
+    }
+
+    priv->nlh = nl_socket_alloc();
+    g_assert(priv->nlh);
+
+    nle = nl_connect(priv->nlh, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+    nle = nl_socket_set_passcred(priv->nlh, 1);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    /* No blocking for event socket, so that we can drain it safely. */
+    nle = nl_socket_set_nonblocking(priv->nlh);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    /* use 8 MB for receive socket kernel queue. */
+    nle = nl_socket_set_buffer_size(priv->nlh, 8 * 1024 * 1024, 0);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    nle = nl_socket_set_ext_ack(priv->nlh, TRUE);
+    if (nle)
+        _LOGD("could not enable extended acks on netlink socket");
+
+    /* explicitly set the msg buffer size and disable MSG_PEEK.
+     * If we later encounter NME_NL_MSG_TRUNC, we will adjust the buffer size. */
+    nl_socket_disable_msg_peek(priv->nlh);
+    nle = nl_socket_set_msg_buf_size(priv->nlh, 32 * 1024);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    nle = nl_socket_add_memberships(priv->nlh,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_IFADDR,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_ROUTE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV4_RULE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_RULE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_IFADDR,
+                                    RTNLGRP_IPV6_ROUTE,
+                                    RTNLGRP_LINK,
+                                    RTNLGRP_TC,
+                                    0);
+    g_assert(!nle);
+
+    fd = nl_socket_get_fd(priv->nlh);
+
+    _LOGD("Netlink socket for events established: port=%u, fd=%d",
+          nl_socket_get_local_port(priv->nlh),
+          fd);
+
+    priv->event_source =
+        nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(fd,
+                                G_IO_IN | G_IO_NVAL | G_IO_PRI | G_IO_ERR | G_IO_HUP,
+                                G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                event_handler,
+                                platform,
+                                NULL);
+    g_source_attach(priv->event_source, NULL);
+
+    /* complete construction of the GObject instance before populating the cache. */
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->constructed(_object);
+
+    _LOGD("populate platform cache");
+    delayed_action_schedule(
+        platform,
+        DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_LINKS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ADDRESSES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ADDRESSES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP4_ROUTES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_IP6_ROUTES
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_ROUTING_RULES_ALL
+            | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_QDISCS | DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_REFRESH_ALL_TFILTERS,
+        NULL);
+
+    delayed_action_handle_all(platform, FALSE);
+
+    /* Set up udev monitoring */
+    if (priv->udev_client) {
+        struct udev_enumerate * enumerator;
+        struct udev_list_entry *devices, *l;
+
+        /* And read initial device list */
+        enumerator = nm_udev_client_enumerate_new(priv->udev_client);
+
+        udev_enumerate_add_match_is_initialized(enumerator);
+
+        udev_enumerate_scan_devices(enumerator);
+
+        devices = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(enumerator);
+        for (l = devices; l; l = udev_list_entry_get_next(l)) {
+            struct udev_device *udevice;
+
+            udevice = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev_enumerate_get_udev(enumerator),
+                                                   udev_list_entry_get_name(l));
+            if (!udevice)
+                continue;
+
+            udev_device_added(platform, udevice);
+            udev_device_unref(udevice);
+        }
+
+        udev_enumerate_unref(enumerator);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Similar to systemd's path_is_read_only_fs(), at
+ * https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/v246/src/basic/stat-util.c#L132 */
+static int
+path_is_read_only_fs(const char *path)
+{
+    struct statvfs st;
+
+    if (statvfs(path, &st) < 0)
+        return -errno;
+
+    if (st.f_flag & ST_RDONLY)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    /* On NFS, statvfs() might not reflect whether we can actually
+	 * write to the remote share. Let's try again with
+	 * access(W_OK) which is more reliable, at least sometimes. */
+    if (access(path, W_OK) < 0 && errno == EROFS)
+        return TRUE;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+NMPlatform *
+nm_linux_platform_new(gboolean log_with_ptr, gboolean netns_support)
+{
+    gboolean use_udev = FALSE;
+
+    if (nmp_netns_is_initial() && path_is_read_only_fs("/sys") == FALSE)
+        use_udev = TRUE;
+
+    return g_object_new(NM_TYPE_LINUX_PLATFORM,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR,
+                        log_with_ptr,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV,
+                        use_udev,
+                        NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT,
+                        netns_support,
+                        NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+dispose(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMPlatform *            platform = NM_PLATFORM(object);
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv     = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(platform);
+
+    _LOGD("dispose");
+
+    delayed_action_wait_for_nl_response_complete_all(platform,
+                                                     WAIT_FOR_NL_RESPONSE_RESULT_FAILED_DISPOSING);
+
+    priv->delayed_action.flags = DELAYED_ACTION_TYPE_NONE;
+    g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected, 0);
+    g_ptr_array_set_size(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link, 0);
+
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->dispose(object);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize(GObject *object)
+{
+    NMLinuxPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_LINUX_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(object);
+
+    g_ptr_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_master_connected);
+    g_ptr_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_refresh_link);
+    g_array_unref(priv->delayed_action.list_wait_for_nl_response);
+
+    nl_socket_free(priv->genl);
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&priv->event_source);
+
+    nl_socket_free(priv->nlh);
+
+    if (priv->sysctl_get_prev_values) {
+        sysctl_clear_cache_list = g_slist_remove(sysctl_clear_cache_list, object);
+        g_hash_table_destroy(priv->sysctl_get_prev_values);
+    }
+
+    priv->udev_client = nm_udev_client_destroy(priv->udev_client);
+
+    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_linux_platform_parent_class)->finalize(object);
+}
+
+static void
+nm_linux_platform_class_init(NMLinuxPlatformClass *klass)
+{
+    GObjectClass *   object_class   = G_OBJECT_CLASS(klass);
+    NMPlatformClass *platform_class = NM_PLATFORM_CLASS(klass);
+
+    object_class->constructed = constructed;
+    object_class->dispose     = dispose;
+    object_class->finalize    = finalize;
+
+    platform_class->sysctl_set       = sysctl_set;
+    platform_class->sysctl_set_async = sysctl_set_async;
+    platform_class->sysctl_get       = sysctl_get;
+
+    platform_class->link_add    = link_add;
+    platform_class->link_delete = link_delete;
+
+    platform_class->link_refresh = link_refresh;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_netns = link_set_netns;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_up    = link_set_up;
+    platform_class->link_set_down  = link_set_down;
+    platform_class->link_set_arp   = link_set_arp;
+    platform_class->link_set_noarp = link_set_noarp;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled = link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled;
+    platform_class->link_set_token               = link_set_token;
+
+    platform_class->link_set_address            = link_set_address;
+    platform_class->link_get_permanent_address  = link_get_permanent_address;
+    platform_class->link_set_mtu                = link_set_mtu;
+    platform_class->link_set_name               = link_set_name;
+    platform_class->link_set_sriov_params_async = link_set_sriov_params_async;
+    platform_class->link_set_sriov_vfs          = link_set_sriov_vfs;
+    platform_class->link_set_bridge_vlans       = link_set_bridge_vlans;
+
+    platform_class->link_get_physical_port_id = link_get_physical_port_id;
+    platform_class->link_get_dev_id           = link_get_dev_id;
+    platform_class->link_get_wake_on_lan      = link_get_wake_on_lan;
+    platform_class->link_get_driver_info      = link_get_driver_info;
+
+    platform_class->link_supports_carrier_detect = link_supports_carrier_detect;
+    platform_class->link_supports_vlans          = link_supports_vlans;
+    platform_class->link_supports_sriov          = link_supports_sriov;
+
+    platform_class->link_enslave = link_enslave;
+    platform_class->link_release = link_release;
+
+    platform_class->link_can_assume = link_can_assume;
+
+    platform_class->link_vlan_change      = link_vlan_change;
+    platform_class->link_wireguard_change = link_wireguard_change;
+
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_add    = infiniband_partition_add;
+    platform_class->infiniband_partition_delete = infiniband_partition_delete;
+
+    platform_class->wifi_get_capabilities            = wifi_get_capabilities;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_frequency               = wifi_get_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_station                 = wifi_get_station;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_mode                    = wifi_get_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_mode                    = wifi_set_mode;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_powersave               = wifi_set_powersave;
+    platform_class->wifi_find_frequency              = wifi_find_frequency;
+    platform_class->wifi_indicate_addressing_running = wifi_indicate_addressing_running;
+    platform_class->wifi_get_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_get_wake_on_wlan;
+    platform_class->wifi_set_wake_on_wlan            = wifi_set_wake_on_wlan;
+
+    platform_class->mesh_get_channel = mesh_get_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_channel = mesh_set_channel;
+    platform_class->mesh_set_ssid    = mesh_set_ssid;
+
+    platform_class->wpan_get_pan_id     = wpan_get_pan_id;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_pan_id     = wpan_set_pan_id;
+    platform_class->wpan_get_short_addr = wpan_get_short_addr;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_short_addr = wpan_set_short_addr;
+    platform_class->wpan_set_channel    = wpan_set_channel;
+
+    platform_class->link_tun_add = link_tun_add;
+
+    platform_class->object_delete      = object_delete;
+    platform_class->ip4_address_add    = ip4_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_add    = ip6_address_add;
+    platform_class->ip4_address_delete = ip4_address_delete;
+    platform_class->ip6_address_delete = ip6_address_delete;
+
+    platform_class->ip_route_add = ip_route_add;
+    platform_class->ip_route_get = ip_route_get;
+
+    platform_class->routing_rule_add = routing_rule_add;
+
+    platform_class->qdisc_add   = qdisc_add;
+    platform_class->tfilter_add = tfilter_add;
+
+    platform_class->process_events = process_events;
+}